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www.zyxel.com
ADSL Router Series
P-660HN-TxA, P-660HN-Tx, P-660N-TxA, P-660HN-T1H, P-
660HNU-Tx and P-660HU-Tx
ADSL2+ Gateway
Copyright © 2011
ZyXEL Communications Corporation
Firmware Version 1.02
Edition 1, 11/2011
Default Login Details
IP Address http://192.168.1.1
Username admin
Password 1234
About This User's Guide
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
3
About This User's Guide
Intended Audience
This manual is intended for people who want to configure the ZyXEL Device using the web
configurator. You should have at least a basic knowledge of TCP/IP networking concepts and
topology.
Related Documentation
•Quick Start Guide
The Quick Start Guide is designed to help you get up and running right away. It contains
information on setting up your network and configuring for Internet access.
•Support Disc
Refer to the included CD for support documents.
•ZyXEL Web Site
Please refer to www.zyxel.com
for additional support documentation and product certifications.
Documentation Feedback
Send your comments, questions or suggestions to: techwriters@zyxel.com.tw
Thank you!
The Technical Writing Team, ZyXEL Communications Corp.
Need More Help?
More help is available at www.zyxel.com.
Download Library
Search for the latest product updates and documentation from this link. Read the Tech Doc
Overview to find out how to efficiently use the User Guide, Quick Start Guide and Command Line
Interface Reference Guide in order to better understand how to use your product.
About This User's Guide
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
4
•Knowledge Base
If you have a specific question about your product, the answer may be here. This is a collection
of answers to previously asked questions about ZyXEL products.
•Forum
This contains discussions on ZyXEL products. Learn from others who use ZyXEL products and
share your experiences as well.
Customer Support
In the event of problems that cannot be solved by using this manual, you should contact your
vendor. If you cannot contact your vendor, then contact a ZyXEL office for the region in which you
bought the device. See http://www.zyxel.com/web/contact_us.php for contact information. Please
have the following information ready when you contact an office.
Product model and serial number.
Warranty Information.
Date that you received your device.
Brief description of the problem and the steps you took to solve it.
Disclaimer
Graphics in this book may differ slightly from the product due to differences in operating systems,
operating system versions, or if you installed updated firmware/software for your device. Every
effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual is accurate.
Document Conventions
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
5
Document Conventions
Warnings and Notes
These are how warnings and notes are shown in this User’s Guide.
Warnings tell you about things that could harm you or your device.
Note: Notes tell you other important information (for example, other things you may
need to configure or helpful tips) or recommendations.
Syntax Conventions
The ADSL Router may be referred to as the “ZyXEL Device”, the “device”, the “system” or the
“product” in this User’s Guide.
Product labels, screen names, field labels and field choices are all in bold font.
A key stroke is denoted by square brackets and uppercase text, for example, [ENTER] means the
“enter” or “return” key on your keyboard.
“Enter” means for you to type one or more characters and then press the [ENTER] key. “Select
or “choose” means for you to use one of the predefined choices.
A right angle bracket ( > ) within a screen name denotes a mouse click. For example,
Maintenance > Log > Log Setting means you first click Maintenance in the navigation panel,
then the Log sub menu and finally the Log Setting tab to get to that screen.
Units of measurement may denote the “metric” value or the “scientific” value. For example, “k”
for kilo may denote “1000” or “1024, “M” for mega may denote “1000000” or “1048576” and so
on.
“e.g.,” is a shorthand for “for instance”, and “i.e.,” means “that is” or “in other words”.
Icons Used in Figures
Figures in this User’s Guide may use the following generic icons. The ZyXEL Device icon is not an
exact representation of your device.
ZyXEL Device Computer Notebook computer
Document Conventions
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
6
Server Firewall Telephone
Router Switch
Safety Warnings
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
7
Safety Warnings
Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.
Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.
Do NOT store things on the device.
Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock
from lightning.
Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.
Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage
points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please
contact your vendor for further information.
Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.
Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.
Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.
Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.
Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or
230V AC in Europe).
Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can
walk on the power adaptor or cord.
Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.
If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source.
Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.
Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of
electric shock from lightning.
Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device.
Use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line cord.
Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included
antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s).
Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste
Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be
mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately.
Safety Warnings
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
8
Contents Overview
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
9
Contents Overview
Users Guide .......................................................................................................................................21
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................23
The Web Configurator .............................................................................................................................29
Status Screens ........................................................................................................................................35
Tutorials ..................................................................................................................................................41
Technical Reference ..........................................................................................................................77
Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard........................................................................................................ 79
WAN Setup .............................................................................................................................................93
LAN Setup .............................................................................................................................................109
Wireless LAN ........................................................................................................................................123
Network Address Translation (NAT) ......................................................................................................151
Firewall ..................................................................................................................................................163
Filters ....................................................................................................................................................181
Certificate ..............................................................................................................................................189
Static Route ...........................................................................................................................................193
Port Binding ...........................................................................................................................................199
802.1Q/1P .............................................................................................................................................203
Quality of Service (QoS) .......................................................................................................................209
Dynamic DNS Setup .............................................................................................................................217
Remote Management ............................................................................................................................219
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP) ...........................................................................................................230
File Sharing ...........................................................................................................................................241
Sharing a USB Printer ...........................................................................................................................245
CWMP ...................................................................................................................................................259
System Settings ....................................................................................................................................263
Logs ......................................................................................................................................................267
Tools ......................................................................................................................................................271
Diagnostic .............................................................................................................................................277
Troubleshooting ....................................................................................................................................281
Product Specifications ...........................................................................................................................285
Contents Overview
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Table of Contents
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
11
Table of Contents
About This User's Guide ......................................................................................................................3
Document Conventions .......................................................................................................................5
Safety Warnings....................................................................................................................................7
Contents Overview ..............................................................................................................................9
Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................11
Part I: Users Guide ......................................................................................... 21
Chapter 1
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................23
1.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................23
1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device .................................................................................................23
1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device ..................................................................................24
1.4 Applications for the ZyXEL Device ....................................................................................................24
1.4.1 Internet Access ........................................................................................................................24
1.5 Wireless Access ................................................................................................................................25
1.5.1 Using the WPS/WLAN Button .................................................................................................25
1.6 The RESET Button ............................................................................................................................26
1.6.1 Using the Reset Button ............................................................................................................27
Chapter 2
The Web Configurator ........................................................................................................................29
2.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................29
2.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator .............................................................................................29
2.2 The Main Screen ...............................................................................................................................31
2.2.1 Title Bar ...................................................................................................................................31
2.2.2 Navigation Panel .....................................................................................................................32
2.2.3 Main Window ...........................................................................................................................34
2.2.4 Status Bar ................................................................................................................................34
Chapter 3
Status Screens ....................................................................................................................................35
3.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................35
3.2 The Status Screen .............................................................................................................................36
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Chapter 4
Tutorials ...............................................................................................................................................41
4.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................41
4.2 Setting Up Your DSL Connection ......................................................................................................41
4.3 IPv6 Address Configuration ..............................................................................................................43
4.3.1 6to4 Tunneling .........................................................................................................................44
4.4 Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network .............................................................................................45
4.4.1 Configuring the Wireless Network Settings .............................................................................45
4.4.2 Using WPS ..............................................................................................................................46
4.4.3 Connecting Wirelessly to your ZyXEL Device .........................................................................50
4.5 Configuring the MAC Address Filter for Restricting Wireless Internet Access ..................................52
4.6 Multiple Public and Private IP Address Mappings .............................................................................54
4.6.1 Full Feature NAT + Many-to-Many No Overload Mapping ......................................................55
4.6.2 Full Feature NAT + One-to-One Mapping ................................................................................57
4.7 Setting Up NAT Forwarding for a Game Server ................................................................................58
4.7.1 Port Forwarding .......................................................................................................................58
4.8 Configuring Firewall Rules to Allow a Specified Service ...................................................................60
4.9 Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another Network .................................................................63
4.10 Port BindingConfiguration ..............................................................................................................65
4.10.1 Configuring ATM QoS for Multiple WAN Connections ...........................................................65
4.10.2 Configuring Port Binding ........................................................................................................67
4.11 Configuring QoS to Prioritize Traffic ................................................................................................68
4.12 Access the ZyXEL Device from the Internet Using DDNS ..............................................................71
4.12.1 Registering a DDNS Account on www.dyndns.org ................................................................71
4.12.2 Configuring DDNS on Your ZyXEL Device ............................................................................71
4.12.3 Testing the DDNS Setting ......................................................................................................72
4.13 How to Use File Sharing on the ZyXEL Device ...............................................................................72
4.13.1 Set up file sharing ..................................................................................................................72
4.13.2 Access Your Shared Files From a Computer ........................................................................73
4.14 How to Share a USB Printer via Your ZyXEL Device ......................................................................74
Part II: Technical Reference............................................................................ 77
Chapter 5
Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard..................................................................................................79
5.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................79
5.2 Internet Access Wizard Setup ...........................................................................................................79
5.2.1 Manual Configuration ..............................................................................................................82
5.3 Wireless Connection Wizard Setup ...................................................................................................87
5.3.1 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key ............................................................................................90
5.3.2 Manually Assign a WEP Key ...................................................................................................90
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Chapter 6
WAN Setup ..........................................................................................................................................93
6.1 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................93
6.1.1 What You Can Do in the WAN Screens ...................................................................................93
6.1.2 What You Need to Know About WAN ......................................................................................93
6.1.3 Before You Begin .....................................................................................................................94
6.2 The Internet Access Setup Screen ...................................................................................................95
6.2.1 Advanced Internet Access Setup ............................................................................................98
6.3 The More Connections Screen .......................................................................................................100
6.3.1 More Connections Edit ..........................................................................................................101
6.3.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup ...................................................................103
6.4 WAN Technical Reference ..............................................................................................................104
6.4.1 Encapsulation ........................................................................................................................104
6.4.2 Multiplexing ............................................................................................................................105
6.4.3 VPI and VCI ...........................................................................................................................106
6.4.4 IP Address Assignment .........................................................................................................106
6.4.5 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP) .................................................................................................106
6.4.6 NAT ........................................................................................................................................107
6.5 Traffic Shaping ................................................................................................................................107
6.5.1 ATM Traffic Classes ...............................................................................................................108
Chapter 7
LAN Setup .........................................................................................................................................109
7.1 Overview .........................................................................................................................................109
7.1.1 What You Can Do in the LAN Screens ..................................................................................109
7.1.2 What You Need To Know About LAN ....................................................................................109
7.1.3 Before You Begin ................................................................................................................... 110
7.2 The LAN IP Screen ......................................................................................................................... 110
7.2.1 The Advanced LAN IP Setup Screen .................................................................................... 111
7.3 The DHCP Setup Screen ................................................................................................................ 112
7.4 The Client List Screen ..................................................................................................................... 113
7.5 The IP Alias Screen ........................................................................................................................ 114
7.5.1 Configuring the LAN IP Alias Screen ..................................................................................... 115
7.6 The IPv6 Screen ............................................................................................................................. 116
7.7 LAN Technical Reference ................................................................................................................ 119
7.7.1 LANs, WANs and the ZyXEL Device ..................................................................................... 119
7.7.2 DHCP Setup .......................................................................................................................... 119
7.7.3 DNS Server Addresses ......................................................................................................... 119
7.7.4 LAN TCP/IP ...........................................................................................................................120
7.7.5 RIP Setup ..............................................................................................................................121
7.7.6 Multicast ................................................................................................................................121
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Chapter 8
Wireless LAN.....................................................................................................................................123
8.1 Overview .........................................................................................................................................123
8.1.1 What You Can Do in the Wireless LAN Screens ...................................................................123
8.1.2 What You Need to Know About Wireless ..............................................................................123
8.1.3 Before You Start .....................................................................................................................124
8.2 The AP Screen ................................................................................................................................125
8.2.1 No Security ............................................................................................................................126
8.2.2 WEP Encryption ....................................................................................................................127
8.2.3 WPA(2)-PSK ..........................................................................................................................128
8.2.4 Wireless LAN Advanced Setup .............................................................................................128
8.2.5 MAC Filter ..........................................................................................................................130
8.3 The More AP Screen .......................................................................................................................131
8.3.1 More AP Edit .........................................................................................................................132
8.4 The WPS Screen ............................................................................................................................133
8.5 The WPS Station Screen ................................................................................................................134
8.6 The WDS Screen ............................................................................................................................135
8.7 The Scheduling Screen ...................................................................................................................136
8.8 Wireless LAN Technical Reference .................................................................................................137
8.8.1 Wireless Network Overview ...................................................................................................137
8.8.2 Additional Wireless Terms .....................................................................................................139
8.8.3 Wireless Security Overview ...................................................................................................139
8.8.4 Signal Problems ....................................................................................................................141
8.8.5 BSS .......................................................................................................................................142
8.8.6 MBSSID .................................................................................................................................142
8.8.7 Wireless Distribution System (WDS) .....................................................................................143
8.8.8 WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) .................................................................................................143
Chapter 9
Network Address Translation (NAT)................................................................................................151
9.1 Overview .........................................................................................................................................151
9.1.1 What You Can Do in the NAT Screens ..................................................................................151
9.1.2 What You Need To Know About NAT ....................................................................................151
9.2 The NAT General Setup Screen .....................................................................................................152
9.3 The Port Forwarding Screen ...........................................................................................................153
9.3.1 Configuring the Port Forwarding Screen ...............................................................................154
9.3.2 The Port Forwarding Rule Edit Screen ..................................................................................155
9.4 The Address Mapping Screen .........................................................................................................156
9.4.1 The Address Mapping Rule Edit Screen ...............................................................................157
9.5 The ALG Screen .............................................................................................................................158
9.6 NAT Technical Reference ................................................................................................................159
9.6.1 NAT Definitions ......................................................................................................................159
9.6.2 What NAT Does .....................................................................................................................160
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9.6.3 How NAT Works ....................................................................................................................160
9.6.4 NAT Application .....................................................................................................................161
9.6.5 NAT Mapping Types ..............................................................................................................161
Chapter 10
Firewall ..............................................................................................................................................163
10.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................163
10.1.1 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens ...........................................................................163
10.1.2 What You Need to Know About Firewall ..............................................................................164
10.2 The Firewall Screen ......................................................................................................................166
10.3 The Firewall General Screen ........................................................................................................167
10.4 The Default Action Screen ............................................................................................................168
10.5 The Rules Screen .........................................................................................................................169
10.5.1 The Rules Add Screen ........................................................................................................170
10.5.2 Customized Services ..........................................................................................................172
10.5.3 Configuring a Customized Service .....................................................................................172
10.6 The DoS Screen ............................................................................................................................174
10.6.1 The DoS Advanced Screen .................................................................................................174
10.6.2 Configuring Firewall Thresholds ..........................................................................................175
10.7 Firewall Technical Reference ........................................................................................................176
10.7.1 Firewall Rules Overview ......................................................................................................176
10.7.2 Guidelines For Enhancing Security With Your Firewall .......................................................177
10.7.3 Security Considerations .......................................................................................................178
10.7.4 Triangle Route .....................................................................................................................178
Chapter 11
Filters .................................................................................................................................................181
11.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................181
11.1.1 What You Can Do in the Filter Screens ...............................................................................181
11.1.2 What You Need to Know About Filtering ..............................................................................181
11.2 The URL Filter Screen ..................................................................................................................182
11.3 The Application Filter Screen ........................................................................................................183
11.4 The IP/MAC Filter Screen .............................................................................................................184
11.5 IPv6/MAC Filter .............................................................................................................................186
Chapter 12
Certificate ..........................................................................................................................................189
12.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................189
12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter ........................................................................................189
12.2 What You Need to Know ...............................................................................................................189
12.3 The Trusted CA Screen ................................................................................................................189
12.3.1 View Trusted CA Certificate .................................................................................................191
12.3.2 Import Trusted CA Certificate ..............................................................................................192
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Chapter 13
Static Route .......................................................................................................................................193
13.1 Overview ......................................................................................................................................193
13.1.1 What You Can Do in the Static Route Screens ....................................................................194
13.2 The Static Route Screen ...............................................................................................................194
13.2.1 Static Route Edit ................................................................................................................195
13.2.2 IPv6 Static Route .................................................................................................................196
13.2.3 IPv6 Static Route Edit ........................................................................................................197
Chapter 14
Port Binding ......................................................................................................................................199
14.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................199
14.1.1 What You Can Do in the Port Binding Screens ...................................................................200
14.2 The Port Binding Screen ...............................................................................................................200
14.2.1 Port Binding Summary Screen ............................................................................................201
Chapter 15
802.1Q/1P...........................................................................................................................................203
15.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................203
15.1.1 What You Can Do in the 802.1Q/1P Screens ......................................................................203
15.1.2 What You Need to Know About 802.1Q/1P .........................................................................203
15.2 The 802.1Q/1P Group Setting Screen ..........................................................................................204
15.2.1 Editing 802.1Q/1P Group Setting ........................................................................................206
15.3 The 802.1Q/1P Port Setting Screen ..............................................................................................207
Chapter 16
Quality of Service (QoS)...................................................................................................................209
16.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................209
16.1.1 What You Can Do in the QoS Screens ................................................................................209
16.1.2 What You Need to Know About QoS ...................................................................................210
16.2 The General Screen ......................................................................................................................210
16.2.1 The QoS Summary List Screen ........................................................................................... 211
16.3 The Queue Setup Screen .............................................................................................................212
16.4 The Class Setup Screen ..............................................................................................................213
16.5 QoS Technical Reference .............................................................................................................215
16.5.1 IEEE 802.1p ........................................................................................................................215
16.5.2 IP Precedence .....................................................................................................................215
16.5.3 Automatic Priority Queue Assignment .................................................................................216
Chapter 17
Dynamic DNS Setup .........................................................................................................................217
17.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................217
17.1.1 What You Can Do in the DDNS Screen ...............................................................................217
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17.1.2 What You Need To Know About DDNS ...............................................................................217
17.2 The Dynamic DNS Screen ............................................................................................................218
Chapter 18
Remote Management........................................................................................................................219
18.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................219
18.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens ....................................................219
18.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote Management ........................................................220
18.2 The WWW Screen ........................................................................................................................220
18.2.1 Configuring the WWW Screen .............................................................................................221
18.3 The Telnet Screen .........................................................................................................................221
18.4 The FTP Screen ............................................................................................................................222
18.5 The SNMP Screen ........................................................................................................................223
18.5.1 Configuring SNMP ...............................................................................................................225
18.6 The DNS Screen ..........................................................................................................................225
18.7 The ICMP Screen ..........................................................................................................................226
18.8 The SSH Screen ...........................................................................................................................227
18.8.1 SSH Example ......................................................................................................................228
Chapter 19
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)......................................................................................................230
19.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................230
19.1.1 What You Can Do in the UPnP Screen ...............................................................................230
19.1.2 What You Need to Know About UPnP .................................................................................230
19.2 The UPnP Screen .........................................................................................................................231
19.3 Installing UPnP in Windows Example ...........................................................................................232
19.4 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example ..........................................................................................235
Chapter 20
File Sharing .......................................................................................................................................241
20.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................241
20.1.1 What You Can Do in this chapter .........................................................................................241
20.1.2 What You Need to Know ......................................................................................................241
20.1.3 Before You Begin .................................................................................................................242
20.2 The File Sharing Screen ..............................................................................................................243
20.2.1 User Edit .............................................................................................................................244
Chapter 21
Sharing a USB Printer ......................................................................................................................245
21.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................245
21.1.1 What You Can Do in this chapter .........................................................................................245
21.2 What You Need to Know ...............................................................................................................245
21.3 Before You Begin ..........................................................................................................................246
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21.4 The Print Server Screen ................................................................................................................246
21.5 Add a New Printer Using Windows ...............................................................................................247
21.6 Add a New Printer Using Macintosh OS X ....................................................................................251
21.6.1 Mac OS 10.3 and 10.4 .........................................................................................................251
21.6.2 Mac OS 10.5 and 10.6 .........................................................................................................254
Chapter 22
CWMP ................................................................................................................................................259
22.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................259
22.2 The CWMP Setup Screen .............................................................................................................260
Chapter 23
System Settings................................................................................................................................263
23.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................263
23.1.1 What You Can Do in the System Settings Screens .............................................................263
23.2 The General Screen ......................................................................................................................263
23.3 The Time Setting Screen .............................................................................................................264
Chapter 24
Logs ...................................................................................................................................................267
24.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................267
24.1.1 What You Need To Know About Logs ..................................................................................267
24.2 The View Log Screen ....................................................................................................................267
24.3 The Log Settings Screen ...............................................................................................................268
Chapter 25
Tools ..................................................................................................................................................271
25.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................271
25.1.1 What You Can Do in the Tool Screens ................................................................................271
25.2 The Firmware Screen ....................................................................................................................271
25.3 The Configuration Screen .............................................................................................................273
25.4 The Restart Screen .......................................................................................................................275
Chapter 26
Diagnostic .........................................................................................................................................277
26.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................................277
26.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens ......................................................................277
26.2 The General Screen ......................................................................................................................277
26.3 The DSL Line Screen ....................................................................................................................278
Chapter 27
Troubleshooting................................................................................................................................281
27.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs ....................................................................................281
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27.2 ZyXEL Device Access and Login ..................................................................................................282
27.3 Internet Access .............................................................................................................................283
Chapter 28
Product Specifications.....................................................................................................................285
28.1 Hardware Specifications ................................................................................................................285
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP Address.......................................................................287
Appendix B IP Addresses and Subnetting.......................................................................................309
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java Permissions .................................................317
Appendix D Wireless LANs..............................................................................................................327
Appendix E IPv6 ..............................................................................................................................341
Appendix F Services........................................................................................................................351
Appendix G Legal Information .........................................................................................................355
Index ..................................................................................................................................................363
Table of Contents
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
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21
PART I
Users Guide
22
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 23
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview
The ADSL Router series includes the P-660HN-TxA, P-660HN-Tx, P-660N-TxA, P-660HN-T1H, P-
660HNU-Tx and P-660HU-Tx (x stands for 1 or 3). The routers in this series are ADSL2+ routers. By
integrating DSL and NAT, you are provided with ease of installation and high-speed, shared Internet
access. The ZyXEL Device is also a complete security solution with a robust firewall and content
filtering.
Please refer to the following description of the product name format.
“H” denotes an integrated 4-port hub (switch).
“N” denotes 802.11n draft 2.0. The “N” models support 802.11n wireless connection mode.
“U” denotes a USB port used to share files via a USB memory stick or a USB hard drive. The
ZyXEL Device can also function as a print server with a USB printer connected.
Models ending in “1”, for example P-660HN-T1, denote a device that works over the analog
telephone system, POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service). Models ending in “3” denote a device that
works over ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) or T-ISDN (UR-2).
Only use firmware for your ZyXEL Device’s specific model. Refer to the
label on the bottom of your ZyXEL Device.
Note: Not all models have all of the features shown in this Users Guide.
1.2 Ways to Manage the ZyXEL Device
Use any of the following methods to manage the ZyXEL Device.
Web Configurator. This is recommended for everyday management of the ZyXEL Device using a
(supported) web browser.
Command Line Interface. Line commands are mostly used for troubleshooting by service
engineers.
FTP for firmware upgrades and configuration backup/restore.
TR-069. This is an auto-configuration server used to remotely configure your device.
Chapter 1 Introduction
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
24
1.3 Good Habits for Managing the ZyXEL Device
Do the following things regularly to make the ZyXEL Device more secure and to manage the ZyXEL
Device more effectively.
Change the password. Use a password that’s not easy to guess and that consists of different
types of characters, such as numbers and letters.
Write down the password and put it in a safe place.
Back up the configuration (and make sure you know how to restore it). Restoring an earlier
working configuration may be useful if the device becomes unstable or even crashes. If you
forget your password, you will have to reset the ZyXEL Device to its factory default settings. If
you backed up an earlier configuration file, you would not have to totally re-configure the ZyXEL
Device. You could simply restore your last configuration.
1.4 Applications for the ZyXEL Device
Here are some example uses for which the ZyXEL Device is well suited.
1.4.1 Internet Access
Your ZyXEL Device provides shared Internet access by connecting the DSL port to the DSL or
MODEM jack on a splitter or your telephone jack. Computers can connect to the ZyXEL Devices
LAN ports (or wirelessly).
Figure 1 ZyXEL Device’s Router Features
You can also configure firewall and filtering feature on the ZyXEL Device for secure Internet access.
When the firewall is on, all incoming traffic from the Internet to your network is blocked unless it is
initiated from your network. This means that probes from the outside to your network are not
allowed, but you can safely browse the Internet and download files.
Use the filtering feature to block access to specific web sites or Internet applications such as MSN or
Yahoo Messenger. You can also configure IP/MAC filtering rules for incoming or outgoing traffic.
DSL
LAN
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ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
25
Use QoS to efficiently manage traffic on your network by giving priority to certain types of traffic
and/or to particular computers. For example, you could make sure that the ZyXEL Device gives
voice over Internet calls high priority, and/or limit bandwidth devoted to the boss’s excessive file
downloading.
1.5 Wireless Access
The ZyXEL Device is a wireless Access Point (AP) for wireless clients, such as notebook computers
or PDAs and iPads. It allows them to connect to the Internet without having to rely on inconvenient
Ethernet cables.
You can configure your wireless network in either the built-in Web Configurator, or using the WPS
button.
Figure 2 Wireless Access Example
However, before you can use this ZyXEL Device to create a wireless network, you must set its
country code first in the Web Configurator. This is very important.
To set the wireless country code:
1 Log into the ZyXEL Device’s built-in Web Configurator. See Chapter 8 on page 123.
2 Open the Network > Wireless LAN > AP screen.
3 Select your country from the Channel Selection list. See Section 8.2 on page 125 for details.
4 Click Apply to save your changes.
5 Finally, open the Internet and Wireless Configuration wizards to set up your network. See Chapter 5
on page 79.
1.5.1 Using the WPS/WLAN Button
By default, the wireless network on the ZyXEL Device is turned on. To turn it off, simply press the
WPS/WLAN button on top of the device for over 5 seconds. When the WPS/WLAN LED is green,
the wireless network is active.
You can also use the WPS/WLAN button to quickly set up a secure wireless connection between
the ZyXEL Device and a WPS-compatible client by adding one device at a time.
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To activate WPS:
1 Make sure the POWER LED is on and not blinking.
2 Press the WPS/WLAN button for 1-5 seconds and release it. See below for WPS button location.
3 Press the WPS button on another WPS-enabled device within range of the ZyXEL Device. The WPS/
WLAN LED should flash while the ZyXEL Device sets up a WPS connection with the other wireless
device.
4 Once the connection is successfully made, the WPS/WLAN LED shines green.
1.6 The RESET Button
If you forget your password or cannot access the web configurator, you will need to use the RESET
button at the back of the device to reload the factory-default configuration file. This means that you
will lose all configurations that you had previously and the user name and password will be reset to
the default.
P-660HN-T1H
P-660HN-TxA, P-660HN-Tx,
P-660N-TxA
P-660HNU-Tx, P-660HU-Tx
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1.6.1 Using the Reset Button
1 Make sure the POWER LED is on (not blinking).
2 To set the device back to the factory default settings, press the RESET button for ten seconds or
until the POWER LED begins to blink and then release it. When the POWER LED begins to blink,
the defaults have been restored and the device restarts.
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ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 29
CHAPTER 2
The Web Configurator
2.1 Overview
The web configurator is an HTML-based management interface that allows easy device setup and
management via Internet browser. Use Internet Explorer 6.0 and later or Netscape Navigator 7.0
and later versions. The recommended screen resolution is 1024 by 768 pixels.
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
Web browser pop-up windows from your device. Web pop-up blocking is enabled by default in
Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2.
JavaScripts (enabled by default).
Java permissions (enabled by default).
See Appendix C on page 317 if you need to make sure these functions are allowed in Internet
Explorer.
2.1.1 Accessing the Web Configurator
1 Make sure your ZyXEL Device hardware is properly connected (refer to the Quick Start Guide).
2 Launch your web browser.
3 Type "192.168.1.1" as the URL.
4 A password screen displays. To access the administrative web configurator and manage the ZyXEL
Device, type the user name (admin by default) and admin password (1234 by default) in the
password screen and click Login. Click Cancel to revert to the default user password in the
password field. If you have changed the password, enter your password and click Login.
Figure 3 Password Screen
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5 The following screen displays if you have not yet changed your password. It is strongly
recommended you change the default password. Enter a new password, retype it to confirm and
click Apply; alternatively click Ignore to proceed to the main menu if you do not want to change
the password now.
Figure 4 Change Password Screen
6 Select Go to Wizard setup and click Apply to display the wizard main screen. Otherwise, select
Go to Advanced setup and click Apply to display the Status screen.
Figure 5 Replace Factory Default Certificate Screen
Note: For security reasons, the ZyXEL Device automatically logs you out if you do not use
the web configurator for five minutes (default). If this happens, log in again.
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2.2 The Main Screen
Figure 6 Main Screen
As illustrated above, the main screen is divided into these parts:
A - title bar
B - navigation panel
C - main window
D - status bar
2.2.1 Title Bar
The title bar provides some icons in the upper right corner.
The icons provide the following functions.
B
C
A
D
Table 1 Web Configurator Icons in the Title Bar
ICON DESCRIPTION
Wizards: Click this icon to go to the configuration wizards. See Chapter 5 on page 79 for
more information.
Logout: Click this icon to log out of the web configurator.
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2.2.2 Navigation Panel
Use the menu items on the navigation panel to open screens to configure ZyXEL Device features.
The following tables describe each menu item.
Table 2 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK TAB FUNCTION
Status This screen shows the ZyXEL Device’s general device and network
status information. Use this screen to access the statistics and client
list.
Network
WAN Internet
Connection
Use this screen to configure ISP parameters, WAN IP address
assignment, and other advanced properties.
More
Connections
Use this screen to configure additional WAN connections.
LAN IP Use this screen to configure LAN TCP/IP settings, and other advanced
properties.
DHCP Server Use this screen to configure LAN DHCP settings and DNS server.
Client List Use this screen to view current DHCP client information and to
assign specific IP addresses to individual MAC addresses (and host
names).
IP Alias Use this screen to partition your LAN interface into subnets.
IPv6 Use this screen to configure the IPv6 settings on the ZyXEL device’s
LAN interface.
Wireless LAN AP Use this screen to configure the wireless LAN settings and WLAN
authentication/security settings.
More AP Use this screen to configure multiple BSSs on the ZyXEL Device.
WPS Use this screen to configure and view your WPS (Wi-Fi Protected
Setup) settings.
WPS Station Use this screen to set up a WPS wireless network.
NAT General Use this screen to enable NAT.
Port Forwarding Use this screen to make your local servers visible to the outside
world.
ALG Use this screen to enable or disable SIP ALG.
Security
Firewall Firewall Use this screen to activate/deactivate the firewall and SPI (Security
Parameter Index).
General Use this screen to select the firewall protection level.
Default Action Use this screen to set the default action that the firewall takes on
packets that do not match any of the firewall rules.
Rules Use this screen to view the configured firewall rules and add, edit or
remove a firewall rule.
DoS Use this screen to set the thresholds that the ZyXEL Device uses to
determine when to start dropping sessions that do not become fully
established (half-open sessions).
Filter URL Filter Use this screen to block access to certain URL web sites.
IP/MAC Filter Use this screen to configure IP/MAC filtering rules for incoming or
outgoing traffic.
IPv6/MAC Filter Use this screen to configure IPv6/MAC filtering rules for incoming or
outgoing traffic
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Certificate Use this screen to view and manage the list of trusted CAs.
Advanced
Static Route Static Route Use this screen to configure IP static routes to tell your device about
networks beyond the directly connected remote nodes.
IPv6 Static
Route
Use this screen to configure IPv6 static routes.
Port Binding Use this screen to configure and view port binding groups.
QoS General Use this screen to enable QoS and traffic prioritizing.
Class Setup Use this screen to configure QoS rules and actions.
Dynamic DNS This screen allows you to use a static hostname alias for a dynamic IP
address.
Remote MGMT WWW Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the ZyXEL
Device.
Telnet Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the ZyXEL
Device.
FTP Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the ZyXEL Device.
SNMP Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can access the SNMP agent on the ZyXEL
Device.
DNS Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can send DNS queries to the ZyXEL
Device.
ICMP Use this screen to set whether or not your device will respond to
pings and probes for services that you have not made available.
SSH Use this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use SSH to manage the ZyXEL
Device.
UPnP Use this screen to turn UPnP on or off.
CWMP Use this screen to have a management server manage the ZyXEL
Device with TR-069.
USB
Application
File Sharing Use this screen to enable file sharing via the ZyXEL Device.
Print Server Use this screen to enable the print server on the ZyXEL Device and
get the model name of the associated printer.
Maintenance
System General Use this screen to configure your device’s password.
Time and Date Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s time and date.
Logs View Log Use this screen to view the logs for the level that you selected.
Log Settings Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Devices log settings.
Tools Firmware Use this screen to upload firmware to your device.
Configuration Use this screen to backup and restore your device’s configuration
(settings) or reset the factory default settings.
Restart This screen allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device without turning
the power off.
Table 2 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK TAB FUNCTION
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2.2.3 Main Window
The main window displays information and configuration fields. It is discussed in the rest of this
document.
Right after you log in, the Status screen is displayed. See Chapter 3 on page 35 for more
information about the Status screen.
2.2.4 Status Bar
Check the status bar when you click Apply or OK to verify that the configuration has been updated.
Diagnostic General Use this screen to test the connections to other devices.
DSL Line This screen displays information to help you identify problems with
the DSL connection.
Table 2 Navigation Panel Summary
LINK TAB FUNCTION
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 35
CHAPTER 3
Status Screens
3.1 Overview
Use the Status screens to look at the current status of the device, system resources, and
interfaces (LAN and WAN). The Status screen also provides detailed information from DHCP and
statistics from bandwidth management, and traffic.
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3.2 The Status Screen
Use this screen to view the status of the ZyXEL Device. Click Status to open this screen.
Figure 7 Status Screen
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 3 Status Screen
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Refresh Interval Select how often you want the ZyXEL Device to update this screen.
Apply Click this to update this screen immediately.
Device Information
User Name This field displays the ZyXEL Device system name. It is used for identification.
Model Number This is the model number of your device.
MAC Address This is the MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address unique to your ZyXEL
Device.
Firmware
Version
This is the current version of the firmware inside the device. Click this to go to the
screen where you can change it.
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DSL Firmware
Version
This is the current version of the device’s DSL modem code.
WAN Information
DSL Mode This is the DSL standard that your ZyXEL Device is using.
Annex Type This is the ADSL Annex Type that your ZyXEL Device is using.
IP Address This is the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the WAN. Click this to go to the
screen where you can change it.
IP Subnet Mask This is the current subnet mask in the WAN.
Default
Gateway
This is the IP address of the default gateway, if applicable.
Primary DNS
This is the primary DNS server IP address assigned to the ZyXEL Device.
Secondary DNS This is the secondary DNS server IP address assigned to the ZyXEL Device.
IPv6 Address This is the current IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the WAN. Click this to go to the
screen where you can change it.
IPv6 Prefix
Length
This is the current IPv6 prefix length in the WAN.
IPv6 Default
Gateway
This is the IPv6 address of the default gateway, if applicable.
IPv6 Primary
DNS
This is the primary DNS server IPv6 address assigned to the ZyXEL Device.
IPv6 Secondary
DNS
This is the secondary DNS server IPv6 address assigned to the ZyXEL Device.
Link Local
address
This is the link local address assigned to the ZyXEL Device within the LAN.
IPv4/IPv6 MTU This is the MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) for IPv4 and IPv6 packets passing
through the WAN interface.
VPI/VCI This is the Virtual Path Identifier and Virtual Channel Identifier that you entered in the
wizard or WAN screen.
LAN Information
IP Address This is the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the LAN. Click this to go to the
screen where you can change it.
IP Subnet Mask This is the current subnet mask in the LAN.
IPv6 Address This is the current IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the LAN. Click this to go to the
screen where you can change it.
IPv6 Prefix
Length
This is the current IPv6 prefix length in the LAN.
IPv6 Prefix This is the current IPv6 prefix in the LAN.
IPv6 Global IP This is the current global IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device.
DHCP This field displays what DHCP services the ZyXEL Device is providing to the LAN.
Choices are:
Server - The ZyXEL Device is a DHCP server in the LAN. It assigns IP addresses to
other computers in the LAN.
Relay - The ZyXEL Device acts as a surrogate DHCP server and relays DHCP requests
and responses between the remote server and the clients.
None - The ZyXEL Device is not providing any DHCP services to the LAN.
Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
IPv6 LAN DNS1 This is the first DNS server IPv6 address the ZyXEL Device passes to the DHCP clients.
Table 3 Status Screen
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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IPv6 LAN DNS2 This is the second DNS server IPv6 address the ZyXEL Device passes to the DHCP
clients.
LAN IPv4/IPv6
MTU
This is the MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) for IPv4 and IPv6 packets passing
through the LAN interfaces.
WLAN Information
ESSID This is the descriptive name used to identify the ZyXEL Device in a wireless LAN. Click
this to go to the screen where you can change it.
Channel This is the channel number used by the ZyXEL Device now.
Security Mode This displays the type of security mode the ZyXEL Device is using in the wireless LAN.
WPS This displays whether WPS is configured. Click this to go to the screen where you can
configure the settings.
Status This displays whether WLAN is activated.
Scheduling This displays whether WLAN scheduling is activated.
WiFi IPv4/IPv6
MTU
This is the MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) for IPv4 and IPv6 packets passing
through the WiFi interface.
WiFi MAC This is the MAC (Media Access Control) of the WiFi interface.
Security
Firewall This displays whether or not the ZyXEL Device’s firewall is activated. Click this to go to
the screen where you can change it.
IPv6 Firewall This displays whether or not the ZyXEL Device’s IPv6 firewall is activated. Click this to
go to the screen where you can change it.
System Status
System Uptime This field displays how long the ZyXEL Device has been running since it last started up.
The ZyXEL Device starts up when you plug it in, when you restart it (Maintenance >
Tools > Restart), or when you reset it.
Current Time This field displays the current date and time in the ZyXEL Device. You can change this in
Maintenance > System > Time Setting.
System Mode This displays whether the ZyXEL Device is functioning as a router or a bridge.
CPU Usage This field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s processing ability is currently
used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the ZyXEL Device is running at full load,
and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to
have more throughput, you should turn off other applications (for example, using QoS;
see Chapter 16 on page 209).
Memory Usage This field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s memory is currently used.
Usually, this percentage should not increase much. If memory usage does get close to
100%, the ZyXEL Device is probably becoming unstable, and you should restart the
device. See Section 25.4 on page 275, or turn off the device (unplug the power) for a
few seconds.
Interface Status
Interface This column displays each interface the ZyXEL Device has.
Table 3 Status Screen
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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Status This field indicates whether or not the ZyXEL Device is using the interface.
For the DSL interface, this field displays Down (line is down), Up (line is up or
connected) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE encapsulation.
For the LAN interface, this field displays Up when the ZyXEL Device is using the
interface and NoLink when the ZyXEL Device is not using the interface.
For the WLAN interface, it displays Active when WLAN is enabled or InActive when
WLAN is disabled.
Rate For the LAN interface, this displays the port speed and duplex setting.
For the DSL interface, it displays the downstream and upstream transmission rate.
For the WLAN interface, it displays the maximum transmission rate when WLAN is
enabled or N/A when WLAN is disabled.
Table 3 Status Screen
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 41
CHAPTER 4
Tutorials
4.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to use the ZyXEL Device’s various features.
Setting Up Your DSL Connection, see page 41
IPv6 Address Configuration, see page 43
Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network, see page 45
Configuring the MAC Address Filter for Restricting Wireless Internet Access, see page 52
Multiple Public and Private IP Address Mappings, see page 54
Setting Up NAT Forwarding for a Game Server, see page 58
Configuring Firewall Rules to Allow a Specified Service, see page 60
Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another Network, see page 63
Port BindingConfiguration, see page 65
Configuring QoS to Prioritize Traffic, see page 68
Access the ZyXEL Device from the Internet Using DDNS, see page 71
How to Use File Sharing on the ZyXEL Device, see page 72
How to Share a USB Printer via Your ZyXEL Device, see page 74
4.2 Setting Up Your DSL Connection
This tutorial shows you how to set up your Internet connection using the web configurator.
If you connect to the Internet through a DSL connection, use the information from your Internet
Service Provider (ISP) to configure the ZyXEL Device. Do the following steps:
1 Connect the ZyXEL Device properly. Refer to the Quick Start Guide for details on the ZyXEL Device’s
hardware connection.
2 Connect one end of a DSL cable to the DSL port of your ZyXEL Device. The other end should be
connected to the DSL port in your house or a DSL router/modem provided by your ISP.
3 Connect one end of Ethernet cable to an Ethernet port on the ZyXEL Device and the other end to a
computer that you will use to access the web configurator.
4 Connect the ZyXEL Device to a power source, turn it on and wait for the POWER LED to become a
steady green.
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Account Configuration
For this example, the interface type is ADSL and the connection has the following information.
General
Mode Router
Encapsulation PPPoE
User Name 1234@DSL-Ex.com
Password ABCDEF!
Service Name My DSL
Multiplex LLC
IPv6/IPv4 Dual
Stack
Enabled
PPP
Authentication
Auto
VPI 0
VCI 33
Others IP Address: Obtain IP Address Automatically
DNS Server: Obtained From ISP
IPv6 Address: Obtain IPv6 Address Automatically
DHCP IPv6: DHCP
DHCP PD: Enable
WAN Identifier Type: EUI64
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Enter or select these values and click Apply.
This completes your DSL WAN connection setting.
4.3 IPv6 Address Configuration
If the ISP’s network supports IPv6, the ISP may assign an IPv6 address to the ZyXEL Device
automatically.
IPv6
IPv6
IPv6
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In the Network > WAN screen’s IPv6 Address configuration section, select Obtain an IP
Address Automatically. In the DHCP IPv6 field select DHCP to obtain an IPv6 address from a
DHCPv6 server. In the DHCP PD field select Enable to have the ZyXEL Device pass the WAN prefix
to LAN hosts. The LAN hosts can then use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.
4.3.1 6to4 Tunneling
In 6to4 tunneling, ZyXEL Devices (A and B in the example network) forward IPv4 packets between
IPv6 networks (1 and 2) over the IPv4 Internet.
In the Network > WAN screen’s IPv6 Address configuration section, select 6to4 Tunneling and
6RD Enable.
The ZyXEL Device will attempt to obtain a 6to4 tunnel prefix from the ISP. For LAN addresses, the
ZyXEL Device will use this prefix for encapsulating IPv4 packets in IPv6 format. If it cannot obtain
this prefix, it will use the default prefix 2002://16 to encapsulate the packets.
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4.4 Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network
Thomas wants to set up a wireless network so that he can use his notebook to access the Internet.
In this wireless network, the ZyXEL Device serves as an access point (AP), and the notebook is the
wireless client. The wireless client can access the Internet through the AP.
Thomas has to configure the wireless network settings on the ZyXEL Device. Then he can set up a
wireless network using WPS (Section 4.4.2 on page 46) or manual configuration (Section 4.4.3 on
page 50).
4.4.1 Configuring the Wireless Network Settings
This example uses the following parameters to set up a wireless network. In the client, choose the
AP with the SSID configured here. When prompted for a key, use the Pre-Shared Key configured
here.
SSID SecureWirelessNetwork
Security Mode WPA2-PSK
Pre-Shared Key DoNotStealMyWirelessNetwork
802.11 Mode 802.11b+g+n
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1 Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the AP screen. Configure the screen using the provided
parameters (see page 45). Click Apply.
2 Click the Advanced Setup button and select 802.11b+g+n in the 802.11 Mode field. Click
Apply.
Thomas can now use the WPS feature to establish a wireless connection between his notebook and
the ZyXEL Device (see Section 4.4.2 on page 46). He can also use the notebook’s wireless client to
search for the ZyXEL Device (see Section 4.4.3 on page 50).
4.4.2 Using WPS
This section shows you how to set up a wireless network using WPS. WPS is a way to automatically
set up a secure wireless network connection between an AP and a notebook. Limitations of using
WPS are that is must be done two devices at a time and within two minutes. It uses the ZyXEL
Device as the AP and ZyXEL NWD210N as the wireless client which connects to the notebook.
EXAMPLE
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Note: The wireless client must be a WPS-aware device (for example, a WPS USB adapter
or PCMCIA card).
There are two WPS methods to set up the wireless client settings:
Push Button Configuration (PBC) - simply press a button. This is the easier of the two
methods.
PIN Configuration - configure a Personal Identification Number (PIN) on the ZyXEL Device. A
wireless client must also use the same PIN in order to download the wireless network settings
from the ZyXEL Device.
Push Button Configuration (PBC)
1 Make sure that your ZyXEL Device is turned on and your notebook is within the cover range of the
wireless signal.
2 Make sure that you have installed the wireless client driver and utility in your notebook.
3 In the wireless client utility, go to the WPS setting page. Enable WPS and press the WPS button
(Start or WPS button).
4 Push and hold the WPS button located on the ZyXEL Device’s rear panel for 1-5 seconds.
Alternatively, you may log into ZyXEL Device’s web configurator and click the Push Button in the
Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station screen.
Note: Your ZyXEL Device has a WPS button located on its rear panel as well as a WPS
button in its configuration utility. Both buttons have exactly the same function: you
can use one or the other.
Note: It doesn’t matter which button is pressed first. You must press the second button
within two minutes of pressing the first one.
The ZyXEL Device sends the proper configuration settings to the wireless client. This may take up to
two minutes. The wireless client is then able to communicate with the ZyXEL Device securely.
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The following figure shows you an example of how to set up a wireless network and its security by
pressing a button on both ZyXEL Device and wireless client.
Example WPS Process: PBC Method
PIN Configuration
When you use the PIN configuration method, you need to use both the ZyXEL Device’s web
configurator and the wireless client’s utility.
1 Launch your wireless client’s configuration utility. Go to the WPS settings and select the PIN method
to get a PIN number.
Wireless Client
ZyXEL Device
SECURITY INFO
COMMUNICATION
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
Press and hold for
5 seconds
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2 Enter the PIN number in the PIN field in the Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station screen on
the ZyXEL Device.
3 Click the Start buttons (or the button next to the PIN field) on both the wireless client utility screen
and the ZyXEL Device’s WPS Station screen within two minutes.
The ZyXEL Device authenticates the wireless client and sends the proper configuration settings to
the wireless client. This may take up to two minutes. The wireless client is then able to
communicate with the ZyXEL Device securely.
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The following figure shows you how to set up a wireless network and its security on a ZyXEL Device
and a wireless client by using PIN method.
Example WPS Process: PIN Method
4.4.3 Connecting Wirelessly to your ZyXEL Device
This section describes how to connect wirelessly to your ZyXEL Device. The connection procedure is
shown here using Windows XP as an example.
Authentication by PIN
SECURITY INFO
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
Wireless Client
ZyXEL Device
COMMUNICATION
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1 Right-click the wireless adapter icon which appears in the bottom right of your computer monitor.
Click View Available Wireless Networks.
Tutorial: Network > Wireless LAN > SecuritOpe n the Status screen . Verify your wirele ss and wireless security settings under Device In formation and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface Status
Tutorial: Status
2 Select the ZyXEL Device’s SSID name and click Connect (A). The SSID “SecureWirelessNetwork”
is given here as an example.
Tutorial: Network > Wireless LAN > SecuritOpe n the Status screen . Verify your wirele ss and wireless security settings under Device In formation and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface Status
Tutorial: Status
3 You are prompted to enter a password. Enter it and click Connect.
Tutorial: Network > Wireless LAN > SecuritOpe n the Status screen . Verify your wirele ss and wireless security settings under Device In formation and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface Status
Tutorial: Status
4 You may have to wait several minutes while your computer connects to the wireless network.
A
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5 You should now be securely connected wirelessly to the ZyXEL Device.
Tutorial: Network > Wireless LAN > SecuritOpe n the Status screen . Verify your wirele ss and wireless security settings under Device In formation and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface Status
Tutorial: Status
Congratulations! Your computer is now ready to connect to the Internet wirelessly through your
ZyXEL Device.
Note: If you cannot connect wirelessly to the ZyXEL Device, check you have selected the
correct SSID and entered the correct security key. If that does not work, ensure
your wireless network adapter is enabled by clicking on the wireless adapter icon
and clicking Enable.
4.5 Configuring the MAC Address Filter for Restricting
Wireless Internet Access
Thomas noticed that his daughter Josephine spends too much time surfing the web and
downloading media files. He decided to prevent Josephine from accessing the Internet so that she
can concentrate on preparing for her final exams.
Josephine’s computer connects wirelessly to the Internet through the ZyXEL Device. Thomas can
deny access to the wireless network using the MAC address of Josephine’s computer.
Thomas
Josephine
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1 Click Network > LAN > Client List to open the following screen. Look for the MAC address of
Josephine’s computer.
2 Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the AP screen. Click the Edit button in the MAC Filter
field.
EX
AMPLE
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3 Select Enable MAC Filter and Deny Association. Enter the MAC address you found in the Client
List screen. Click Apply.
Josephine will no longer be able to access the Internet through the ZyXEL Device.
4.6 Multiple Public and Private IP Address Mappings
If your ISP gives you more than one static IPv4 address for your Internet access, you can
map each IP address for a specific service. This tutorial assumes you are given two static
public IP addresses. You want to map them to two servers A and B.
A
B
IP-1
IP-2
C
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This tutorial uses the following example settings:
To do this, you can use either of the following settings:
Full Feature NAT with many-to-many no overload mapping
Full Feature NAT with one-to-one mapping
4.6.1 Full Feature NAT + Many-to-Many No Overload Mapping
Use this setting if your applications can use random public IP addresses and the
applications are initiated from the Intranet computers (A and B). For example, VoIP
application. See Section 4.6.2 on page 57 if it is not.
To configure this:
1 Click Network > NAT.
Table 4 IP Settings in this Tutorial
DEVICE / COMPUTER IP ADDRESS
The ZyXEL Device’s WAN 172.16.1.253 (IP-1)
172.16.1.254 (IP-2)
The ZyXEL Device’s LAN 192.168.1.1
A 192.168.1.2
B 192.168.1.3
C a.b.c.d
A
B
IP-1
C
1
2
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2 Select Active Network Address Translation(NAT) and Full Feature in the General
screen. Click Apply.
3 Click the Address Mapping tab, and then click the Edit icon on a new rule.
4 Configure the rule using the following settings:
•Type: Many-to-Many No Overload
Local IP addresses: 192.168.1.2 ~ 192.168.1.3
Global IP addresses: 172.16.1.253 ~ 172.16.1.254
Then click Apply.
EXA
MPLE
EXA
MPLE
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4.6.2 Full Feature NAT + One-to-One Mapping
Use this setting if your applications must use fixed public IP addresses and the
applications can be initiated either from the Intranet computers (A and B) or the Internet
computer (C). For example, gaming application.
To configure this setting:
1 Click Network > NAT.
2 Select Active Network Address Translation(NAT) and Full Feature in the General
screen. Click Apply.
3 Click the Address Mapping tab, click the Edit icon on a new rule.
4 Configure two rules for the one-to-one mappings:
Rule 1 (This maps the public IP address 172.16.1.253 to the private IP address
192.168.1.2)
Type: One-to-One
Local Start IP: 192.168.1.2
Global Start IP: 172.16.1.253
A
B
IP-1
C
EXA
MPLE
EXAMPLE
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Rule 2 (This maps the public IP address 172.16.1.254 to the private IP address
192.168.1.3)
Type: One-to-One
Local Start IP: 192.168.1.3
Global Start IP: 172.16.1.254
Click Apply on each of the screens.
4.7 Setting Up NAT Forwarding for a Game Server
Thomas manages a Doom server on a computer behind the ZyXEL Device. In order for players on
the Internet (like A in the figure below) to communicate with the Doom server, Thomas can use
port forwarding.
Tutorial: NAT Port Forwarding Setup
4.7.1 Port Forwarding
Thomas needs to configure the port settings and IP address on the ZyXEL Device. Traffic should be
forwarded to port 666 of the Doom server computer which has an IP address of 192.168.1.34.
EX
AMPLE
D=192.168.1.34
WAN
LAN
port 666
A
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Thomas may set up the port settings by configuring the port settings for the Doom server computer
(see Section 9.3 on page 153 for more information).
1 Click Network > NAT > Port Forwarding and in the Service Name field select User Define.
Configure the screen with the following values:
2 The screen should look as follows. Click Apply.
3 The port forwarding settings you configured appear in the table. The ZyXEL Device forwards port
666 traffic to the computer with IP address 192.168.1.34.
Players on the Internet then can have access to Thomas’ Doom server.
Service Name Doom_Server
Start/End Port/s Enter 666 as the Start and End port.
Server IP Address Enter the IP address of the Doom server. This is 192.168.1.34 for this
example.
E
XAMPLE
EXAMPLE
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4.8 Configuring Firewall Rules to Allow a Specified Service
By default the firewall will block traffic originating from the WAN (1). However, if you are running a
server or other service, you may need to allow access from the WAN (2). The following tutorial will
show how to allow traffic from WAN to LAN if it matches a specified port number.
Tutorial: NAT Port Forwarding Setup
1 Click Security > Firewall and select Custom. Click Apply to save your settings.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS
WAN
LAN
1
2
A
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2 Click the Rules tab. In the Packet Direction field select WAN to LAN and click Add.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Queue Setup
3 The Edit Rule screen will appear. Click the Edit Customized Services link to access the following
screen. Configure the following settings. In this tutorial, a hypothetical port 123 is allowed. Click
Apply to save your settings and Back to return to the previous screen.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Queue Setup
Service Name My_Service
Service Type TCP
Port Number 123
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4 In the Edit Rule screen, select Active. In the Available Services field, select the service you
configured, My_Service. Click Apply to save your settings and Back to return to the previous
screen.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Queue Setup
5 The firewall rule you configured appears in the table. The ZyXEL Device allows traffic from the WAN
to LAN if it matches port 123.
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4.9 Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another
Network
In order to extend your Intranet and control traffic flowing directions, you may connect a router to
the ZyXEL Device’s LAN. The router may be used to separate two department networks. This
tutorial shows how to configure a static routing rule for two network routings.
In the following figure, router R is connected to the ZyXEL Device’s LAN. R connects to two
networks, N1 (192.168.1.x/24) and N2 (192.168.10.x/24). If you want to send traffic from
computer A (in N1 network) to computer B (in N2 network), the traffic is sent to the ZyXEL
Device’s WAN default gateway by default. In this case, B will never receive the traffic.
You need to specify a static routing rule on the ZyXEL Device to specify R as the router in charge of
forwarding traffic to N2. In this case, the ZyXEL Device routes traffic from A to R and then R routes
the traffic to B.
N2
B
N1
A
R
N2
B
N1
A
R
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This tutorial uses the following example IP settings:
To configure a static route to route traffic from N1 to N2:
1 Log into the ZyXEL Device’s Web Configurator in advanced mode.
2 Click Advanced > Static Route.
3 Click Edit on a new rule in the Static Route screen.
4 Configure the Static Route Setup screen using the following settings:
4a Type 192.168.10.0 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0 for the destination, N2.
4b Type 192.168.1.253 (Rs N1 address) in the Gateway IP Address field.
4a Click Apply.
Table 5 IP Settings in this Tutorial
DEVICE / COMPUTER IP ADDRESS
The ZyXEL Device’s WAN 172.16.1.1
The ZyXEL Device’s LAN 192.168.1.1
A 192.168.1.34
Rs N1 192.168.1.253
Rs N2 192.168.10.2
B 192.168.10.33
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Now B should be able to receive traffic from A. You may need to additionally configure B’s firewall
settings to allow specific traffic to pass through.
4.10 Port Binding Configuration
This tutorial shows you how to configure port binding for WAN connections with different ATM QoS
settings for different types of traffic. The port binding feature is used to group each WAN connection
with specific LAN ports and WLANs. In this example ATM QoS settings are configured for a WAN PVC
for time sensitive Media-On-Demand (MOD) traffic. ATM QoS settings are also configured for
another WAN PVC for non-time sensitive data traffic.
4.10.1 Configuring ATM QoS for Multiple WAN Connections
This example shows an application for multiple WAN connections with different ATM QoS Settings.
More than one WAN connection on the ZyXEL Device may be configured to record traffic statistics or
calculate service charges.
Three WAN connections are configured over the ADSL line:
The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/33, is dedicated for general data transmission.
The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/34, is dedicated for VoIP service.
The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/35, is dedicated for Media-On-Demand (MOD) service.
To configure bandwidth for the WAN connections, access the WAN configuration Advanced Setup
screen by clicking Network > WAN. Click Advanced Setup.
To configure bandwidth for the data connection, select UBR with PCR in the ATM QoS Type field.
Click Apply to save the settings.
EXAMPLE
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To configure dedicated bandwidth of 400kbps for the VoIP connection, select CBR in the ATM QoS
Type field and enter the Peak Cell Rate as 943 (divide the bandwidth 400000 bps by 424). Click
Apply to save the settings.
To configure variable bandwidth of 2mbps for MOD data connection, select Realtime VBR in the
ATM QoS Type field. Set the Peak Cell Rate as 4717 (divide the bandwidth 2mbps by 424) and
set both the Sustain Cell Rate and Maximum Burst Size as 4716 (which is less than the peak
cell rate). Click Apply to save the settings.
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Configured WAN connections can be viewed by clicking the More Connections tab under Network
> WAN. See the WAN Setup chapter (Chapter 6 on page 93) for more information on configuring
WAN connections and ATM QoS settings.
4.10.2 Configuring Port Binding
You can then group specific WAN PVCs with LAN ports or WLANs, so traffic from these ports is
forwarded through specific WAN PVCs. In the configuration shown below, the WAN connections set
up in the previous section are bound as follows:
Access the port binding screen by clicking Advanced > Port Binding, and select Activated to
turn on the port binding feature. Specify the Group Index and select the ports to include in the
port binding group. Click Apply to save the settings. The configured groups can be viewed by
clicking the Port Binding Summary button. See the Port Binding chapter (Chapter 14 on page
199) for more details on configuring port binding.
Table 6 Port Binding Groups
GROUP INDEX WAN CONNECTION LAN PORT
0 PVC0 - for Data eth1, eth2, AP0, AP1, AP2
1 PVC1 - for VoIP eth3
2 PVC2 - for MOD eth4
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4.11 Configuring QoS to Prioritize Traffic
This section contains tutorials on how you can configure the QoS screen.
Let’s say you are a team leader of a small sales branch office. You want to prioritize e-mail traffic
because your task includes sending urgent updates to clients at least twice every hour. You also
upload data files (such as logs and e-mail archives) to the FTP server throughout the day. Your
colleagues use the Internet for research, as well as chat applications for communicating with other
branch offices.
In the following figure you want to configure QoS so that e-mail traffic gets the highest priority. You
can do the following:
Configure a queue to assign the highest priority queue (1) to e-mail traffic from the LAN
interface, so that e-mail traffic would not get delayed when there is network congestion.
Note the MAC address (AA:FF:AA:FF:AA:FF for example) of your computer and map it to queue
1.
Note: QoS is applied to traffic flowing out of the ZyXEL Device.
Traffic that does not match this class is assigned a priority queue based on the internal QoS
mapping table on the ZyXEL Device.
E
XAMPLE
DSL
E-mail: Queue 1
Your computer
A colleague’s computer
Other traffic: Automatic classifier
MAC=AA:FF:AA:FF:AA:FF
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1 Click Advanced > QoS and check Enabled. Click Apply to save your settings.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS
2 Go to Advanced > QoS > Queue Setup. In the Queue Enable field select Enabled and in the
Queue Priority field select 1. Then click Add.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Queue Setup
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3 Go to Advanced > QoS > Class Setup. In the Rule Enable field select Enabled and follow the
settings as shown in the screen below. Then click Add.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Class Setup
This maps e-mail traffic to queue 1 created in the previous screen (see the Source Port Range
field). This also maps your computer’s MAC address to queue 1 (see the Source MAC field).
Source MAC Type the MAC address of your computer -
AA:FF:AA:FF:AA:FF. Type the Source MAC Mask if you
know it.
Source Port Range Enter the port number to which the rule should be applied -
25 for SMTP.
Protocol ID Select the IP protocol type - TCP.
Queue Link this to a queue created in the QoS > Queue Setup
screen, which is the 1 queue created in this example.
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4.12 Access the ZyXEL Device from the Internet Using
DDNS
If you connect your ZyXEL Device to the Internet and it uses a dynamic WAN IP address, it is
inconvenient for you to manage the device from the Internet. The ZyXEL Device’s WAN IP address
changes dynamically. Dynamic DNS (DDNS) allows you to access the ZyXEL Device using a domain
name.
To use this feature, you have to apply for DDNS service at www.dyndns.org.
This tutorial shows you how to:
Registering a DDNS Account on www.dyndns.org
Configuring DDNS on Your ZyXEL Device
Testing the DDNS Setting
Note: If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use DDNS.
4.12.1 Registering a DDNS Account on www.dyndns.org
1 Open a browser and type http://www.dyndns.org.
2 Apply for a user account. This tutorial uses UserName1 and 12345 as the username and
password.
3 Log into www.dyndns.org using your account.
4 Add a new DDNS host name. This tutorial uses the following settings as an example.
•Hostname: zyxelrouter.dyndns.org
•Service Type: Host with IP address
IP Address: Enter the WAN IP address that your ZyXEL Device is currently using. You can find the
IP address on the ZyXEL Device’s web configurator Status page.
Then you will need to configure the same account and host name on the ZyXEL Device later.
4.12.2 Configuring DDNS on Your ZyXEL Device
Configure the following settings in the Advanced > Dynamic DNS screen.
w.x.y.z
a.b.c.d
http://zyxelrouter.dyndns.org
A
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•Select Active Dynamic DNS.
•Select www.dyndns.org in the Service Provider field.
•Type zyxelrouter.dyndns.org in the Host Name field.
Enter the user name (UserName1) and password (12345).
Click Apply.
4.12.3 Testing the DDNS Setting
Now you should be able to access the ZyXEL Device from the Internet. To test this:
1 Open a web browser on the computer (using the IP address a.b.c.d) that is connected to the
Internet.
2 Type http://zyxelrouter.dyndns.org and press [Enter].
3 The ZyXEL Device’s login page should appear. You can then log into the ZyXEL Device and manage
it.
4.13 How to Use File Sharing on the ZyXEL Device
In this tutorial you can:
Set up file sharing
Access the shared files from a computer
4.13.1 Set up file sharing
To set up file sharing, you need to enable file sharing and have a user account on your ZyXEL
Device. This shares the files in your USB device to other users in the local network.
1 Go to Advanced > USB Application > File Sharing to enable file sharing.
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2 In the Share Directory Access Level, you can select Public to allow all users on the network to
access the shared files. In this example, select Security to require users to log in to access shared
files. To set up a new file sharing user account, click the Edit icon next to a User Name.
3 Select Active and enter a user name and password. Click Apply to save your changes and click
Back to go back to the previous screen.
4.13.2 Access Your Shared Files From a Computer
Note: The examples in this User’s Guide show you how to use Microsoft’s Windows 7 to
browse your shared files. Refer to your operating system’s documentation for how
to browse your file structure.
1 Open Windows Explorer to share files in the attached USB device using Windows Explorer browser.
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2 In Windows Explorer’s Address bar type a double backslash “\\” followed by the IP address of the
ZyXEL Device (the default IP address of the ZyXEL Device is 192.168.1.1) and press [ENTER].
Double-click the Public Share folder. A screen asking for password authentication appears. Type
the user name and password you set up for file sharing and click OK.
Figure 8 File Sharing via Windows Explorer
Note: Once you log in to the file share via your ZyXEL Device, you do not have to log in
again unless you restart your computer.
4.14 How to Share a USB Printer via Your ZyXEL Device
Your ZyXEL Device can act as a print server and let the computers on your network use the USB
printer that is connected to the ZyXEL Device’s USB port.
1 Go to Advanced > USB Application > Print Server to enable the print server function on the
ZyXEL Device. Click Apply to save your settings.
2 Make sure that a USB printer is connected to the ZyXEL Device.
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3 See Section 21.5 on page 247 and/or Section 21.6 on page 251 for examples of how to set up a
printer on your computer. The computers on your network must have the printer software already
installed before they can use the printer.
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77
PART II
Technical Reference
78
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CHAPTER 5
Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard
5.1 Overview
Use the wizard setup screens to configure your system for Internet access with the information
given to you by your ISP.
Note: See the advanced menu chapters for background information on these fields.
5.2 Internet Access Wizard Setup
1 After you enter the password to access the web configurator, click the wizard icon ( ) in the top
right corner of the web configurator to go to the wizards.
2 Click INTERNET/WIRELESS SETUP to configure the system for Internet access and wireless
connection.
Figure 9 Wizard Welcome
3 Your ZyXEL device attempts to detect your DSL connection and your connection type.
3a The following screen appears if a connection is not detected. Check your hardware connections
and click Restart the INTERNET/WIRELESS SETUP Wizard to return to the wizard welcome
screen. If you still cannot connect, click Manually configure your Internet connection.
Follow the directions in the wizard and enter your Internet setup information as provided to you
by your ISP. See Section 5.2.1 on page 82 for more details.
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If you would like to skip your Internet setup and configure the wireless LAN settings, leave Yes
selected and click Next.
Figure 10 Auto Detection: No DSL Connection
3b The following screen displays if a PPPoE or PPPoA connection is detected. Enter your Internet
account information (username, password and/or service name) exactly as provided by your
ISP. Then click Next and see Section 5.3 on page 87 for wireless connection wizard setup.
Figure 11 Auto-Detection: PPPoE
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3c The following screen appears if the ZyXEL device detects a connection but not the connection
type. Click Next and refer to Section 5.2.1 on page 82 on how to manually configure the ZyXEL
Device for Internet access.
Figure 12 Auto Detection: Failed
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5.2.1 Manual Configuration
1 If the ZyXEL Device fails to detect your DSL connection type but the physical line is connected,
enter your Internet access information in the wizard screen exactly as your service provider gave it
to you. Leave the defaults in any fields for which you were not given information.
Figure 13 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 7 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Mode Select Routing (default) from the drop-down list box if your ISP give you one IP
address only and you want multiple computers to share an Internet account. Select
Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the
connected computers to get individual IP address from ISP’s DHCP server directly.
If you select Bridge, you cannot use Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL
Device.
Encapsulation Select the encapsulation type your ISP uses from the Encapsulation drop-down
list box. Choices vary depending on what you select in the Mode field.
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC 1483, ENET ENCAP
or PPPoE.
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, only RFC 1483 method of encapsulation is
available.
Multiplexing Select the multiplexing method used by your ISP from the Multiplex drop-down list
box either VC-based or LLC-based.
Virtual Circuit
ID
VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define a virtual
circuit. Refer to the appendix for more information.
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2 The next wizard screen varies depending on what mode and encapsulation type you use. All screens
shown are with routing mode. Configure the fields and click Next to continue. See Section 5.3 on
page 87 for wireless connection wizard setup
Figure 14 Internet Connection with PPPoE
VPI Enter the VPI assigned to you. This field may already be configured.
VCI Enter the VCI assigned to you. This field may already be configured.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Next Click this to continue to the next wizard screen. The next wizard screen you see
depends on what protocol you chose above.
Exit Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Table 7 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Figure 15 Internet Connection with RFC 1483
Table 8 Internet Connection with PPPoE
LABEL DESCRIPTION
User Name Enter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form
user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components
exactly as given.
Password Enter the password associated with the user name above.
Service Name Type the name of your PPPoE service here.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Exit Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Figure 16 Internet Connection with ENET ENCAP
Table 9 Internet Connection with RFC 1483
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IP Address This field is available if you select Routing in the Mode field.
Type your ISP assigned IP address in this field.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Next Click this to continue to the next wizard screen.
Exit Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Figure 17 Internet Connection with PPPoA
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 10 Internet Connection with ENET ENCAP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Obtain an IP
Address
Automatically
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not
fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet.
Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic IP address.
Static IP
Address
Select Static IP Address if your ISP gave you an IP address to use.
IP Address Enter your ISP assigned IP address.
Subnet Mask Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation.
Refer to the appendix to calculate a subnet mask if you are implementing
subnetting.
Gateway IP
address
You must specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP) when you use ENET
ENCAP in the Encapsulation field in the previous screen.
First DNS
Server
Enter the IP addresses of the DNS servers. The DNS servers are passed to the
DHCP clients along with the IP address and the subnet mask.
Second DNS
Server
As above.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Exit Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Table 11 Internet Connection with PPPoA
LABEL DESCRIPTION
User Name Enter the login name that your ISP gives you.
Password Enter the password associated with the user name above.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
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If the user name and/or password you entered for PPPoE or PPPoA connection are not correct,
the screen displays as shown next. Click Back to Username and Password setup to go back
to the screen where you can modify them.
Figure 18 Connection Test Failed-1
If the following screen displays, check if your account is activated or click Restart the Internet/
Wireless Setup Wizard to verify your Internet access settings.
Figure 19 Connection Test Failed-2.
5.3 Wireless Connection Wizard Setup
After you configure the Internet access information, use the following screens to set up your
wireless LAN.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Exit Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Table 11 Internet Connection with PPPoA (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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1 Select Yes and click Next to configure wireless settings. Otherwise, select No and skip to Step 6.
Figure 20 Connection Test Successful
2 Use this screen to activate the wireless LAN. Click Next to continue.
Figure 21 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 12 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select the check box to turn on the wireless LAN.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Next Click this to continue to the next wizard screen.
Exit Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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3 Configure your wireless settings in this screen. Click Next.
Figure 22 Wireless LAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Note: The wireless stations and ZyXEL Device must use the same SSID, channel ID and
WEP encryption key (if WEP is enabled), WPA-PSK (if WPA-PSK is enabled) for
wireless communication.
4 This screen varies depending on the security mode you selected in the previous screen. Fill in the
field (if available) and click Next.
Table 13 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 2
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Network
Name(SSID)
Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless
LAN.
If you change this field on the ZyXEL Device, make sure all wireless stations use the
same SSID in order to access the network.
Channel
Selection
The range of radio frequencies used by IEEE 802.11b/g wireless devices is called a
channel. Select a channel ID that is not already in use by a neighboring device.
Security Select Manually assign a WPA-PSK key to configure a Pre-Shared Key (WPA-
PSK). Choose this option only if your wireless clients support WPA. See Section 5.3.1
on page 90 for more information.
Select Manually assign a WEP key to configure a WEP Key. See Section 5.3.2 on
page 90 for more information.
Select Disable wireless security to have no wireless LAN security configured and
your network is accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Next Click this to continue to the next wizard screen.
Exit Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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5.3.1 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
Choose Manually assign a WPA-PSK key in the Wireless LAN setup screen to set up a Pre-
Shared Key.
Figure 23 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
5.3.2 Manually Assign a WEP Key
Choose Manually assign a WEP key to setup WEP Encryption parameters.
Figure 24 Manually Assign a WEP key
Table 14 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Pre-Shared
Key
Type from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters. You can set up the most secure
wireless connection by configuring WPA in the wireless LAN screens. You need to
configure an authentication server to do this.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Next Click this to continue to the next wizard screen.
Exit Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
5 Click Apply to save your wireless LAN settings.
Figure 25 Wireless LAN Setup 3
6 Use the read-only summary table to check whether what you have configured is correct. Click
Finish to complete and save the wizard setup.
Table 15 Manually Assign a WEP key
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Key The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the ZyXEL Device and the wireless
stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
Enter any 5 or 13 ASCII characters, or 10 or 26 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-
F") for a 64-bit or 128-bit WEP key respectively.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Next Click this to continue to the next wizard screen.
Exit Click this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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Note: No wireless LAN settings display if you chose not to configure wireless LAN
settings.
Figure 26 Internet Access and WLAN Wizard Setup Complete
7 Launch your web browser and navigate to www.zyxel.com. Internet access is just the beginning.
Refer to the rest of this guide for more detailed information on the complete range of ZyXEL Device
features. If you cannot access the Internet, open the web configurator again to confirm that the
Internet settings you configured in the wizard setup are correct.
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 93
CHAPTER 6
WAN Setup
6.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to configure WAN settings from the WAN screens. Use these screens to
configure your ZyXEL Device for Internet access.
A WAN (Wide Area Network) connection is an outside connection to another network or the
Internet. It connects your private networks (such as a LAN (Local Area Network) and other
networks, so that a computer in one location can communicate with computers in other locations.
Figure 27 LAN and WAN
6.1.1 What You Can Do in the WAN Screens
•Use the Internet Access Setup screen (Section 6.2 on page 95) to configure the WAN settings
on the ZyXEL Device for Internet access.
•Use the More Connections screen (Section 6.3 on page 100) to set up additional Internet
access connections.
6.1.2 What You Need to Know About WAN
Encapsulation Method
Encapsulation is used to include data from an upper layer protocol into a lower layer protocol. To set
up a WAN connection to the Internet, you need to use the same encapsulation method used by your
ISP (Internet Service Provider). If your ISP offers a dial-up Internet connection using PPPoE (PPP
over Ethernet) or PPPoA, they should also provide a username and password (and service name)
for user authentication.
WAN IP Address
The WAN IP address is an IP address for the ZyXEL Device, which makes it accessible from an
outside network. It is used by the ZyXEL Device to communicate with other devices in other
WAN
LAN
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networks. It can be static (fixed) or dynamically assigned by the ISP each time the ZyXEL Device
tries to access the Internet.
If your ISP assigns you a static WAN IP address, they should also assign you the subnet mask and
DNS server IP address(es) (and a gateway IP address if you use the Ethernet or ENET ENCAP
encapsulation method).
Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient)
or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of
hosts on the network - not everybody and not just one.
IGMP
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership
in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. There are three versions of IGMP. IGMP
version 2 and 3 are improvements over version 1, but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use.
IPv6
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to increase IP address space and enhance features.
The ZyXEL Device supports IPv4/IPv6 dual stack and can connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks. See
(Appendix E on page 341) for more information about IPv6.
Finding Out More
See Section 6.4 on page 104 for technical background information on WAN.
6.1.3 Before You Begin
You need to know your Internet access settings such as encapsulation and WAN IP address. Get this
information from your ISP.
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6.2 The Internet Access Setup Screen
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s WAN settings. Click Network > WAN > Internet
Access Setup. The screen differs by the WAN type and encapsulation you select.
Figure 28 Network > WAN >Internet Access Setup
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 16 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Line
ADSL Mode Select the mode supported by your ISP.
Use Auto Sync-Up if you are not sure which mode to choose from. The ZyXEL Device
dynamically diagnoses the mode supported by the ISP and selects the best
compatible one for your connection.
Other options are ADSL2+, ADSL2, G.DMT, T1.413 and G.lite.
ADSL Type Select the type supported by your ISP.
Available options are ANNEX A, ANNEX A/L, ANNEX M and ANNEX A/L/M.
General
Mode Select Routing (default) from the drop-down list box if your ISP gives you one IP
address only and you want multiple computers to share an Internet account. Select
Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the
connected computers to get individual IP address from ISP’s DHCP server directly. If
you select Bridge, you cannot use Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL
Device.
Encapsulation Select the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the drop-down list box.
Choices vary depending on the mode you select in the Mode field.
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC 1483, ENET ENCAP or
PPPoE.
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, method of encapsulation is not available.
User Name (PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the user name exactly as your ISP
assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domain where domain identifies a
service name, then enter both components exactly as given.
Password (PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the password associated with the user
name above.
Service Name (PPPoE only) Type the name of your PPPoE service here.
Multiplexing Select the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the drop-down list. Choices
are VC or LLC.
IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack If you select Enable, the ZyXEL Device can connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks and
choose the protocol for applications according to the address type. If you select
Disable, the ZyXEL Device will operate in IPv4 mode.
PPP Authentication The ZyXEL Device supports PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) and CHAP
(Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol). CHAP is more secure than PAP;
however, PAP is readily available on more platforms.
Use the drop-down list box to select an authentication protocol for outgoing calls.
Options are:
AUTO - Your ZyXEL Device accepts either CHAP or PAP when requested by this
remote node.
CHAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts CHAP only.
PAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts PAP only.
Virtual Circuit ID VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define a virtual
circuit. Refer to the appendix for more information.
VPI The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255. Enter the VPI assigned to you.
VCI The valid range for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local management
of ATM traffic). Enter the VCI assigned to you.
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IP Address This option is available if you select Routing in the Mode field.
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not
fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet.
Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic IP address;
otherwise select Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP
Address field below.
Enable DHCP
Option 60
Select this to identify the vendor and functionality of the Device in DHCP requests that
the ZyXEL Device sends to a DHCP server when getting a WAN IP address.
Vendor Class
Identifier
Enter the Vendor Class Identifier (Option 60), such as the type of the hardware or
firmware.
Subnet Mask Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation.
Gateway Specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP).
IPv6 Address
Obtain an IP Address
Automatically
Select this option if you want to have the ZyXEL Device use the IPv6 prefix from the
connected router’s Router Advertisement (RA) to generate an IPv6 address.
Static IP Address Select this option if you have a fixed IPv6 address assigned by your ISP.
6to4 tunneling Select this option to enable IPv6 to IPv4 tunneling. This will encapsulate IPv6 packets
in IPv4 packets so they can travel through IPv4 networks.
When this is enabled, the ZyXEL Device will attempt to obtain a 6to4 tunnel prefix
from the ISP DSLAM. For LAN addresses, the ZyXEL Device will use this prefix for
encapsulating IPv4 packets in IPv6 format. If it cannot obtain this prefix, it will use
the default prefix 2002://16 to encapsulate the packets.
DHCP IPv6 Select DHCP if you want to obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server.
The IP address assigned by a DHCPv6 server has priority over the IP address
automatically generated by the ZyXEL Device using the IPv6 prefix from an RA.
Select SLAAC (Stateless address autoconfiguration) to have the ZyXEL Device use
the prefix to automatically generate a unique IP address that does not need to be
maintained by a DHCP server.
DHCP PD Select Enable to use DHCP PD (Prefix Delegation) to allow the ZyXEL Device to pass
the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts can then use the prefix to
generate their IPv6 addresses.
IPv6 Address If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the
WAN.
Prefix Length If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 prefix length in the WAN.
IPv6 Default Gateway If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 address of the default gateway
IPv6 DNS Server1 If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the primary DNS server IPv6 address.
IPv6 DNS Server2 If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the secondary DNS server IPv6 address.
6RD Enable If 6to4 tunneling is enabled, select this to enable IPv6 rapid deployment. The ISP
can specify its own relay server to be used for encapsulating IPv6 packets in IPv4
packets. This can provide reliability and security improvements over using open 6to4
relay servers.
Relay Server If 6to4 tunneling is enabled, specify the relay server IPv4 address.
WAN Identifier Type Select Manual to manually enter a WAN Identifier as the interface ID to identify the
WAN interface. The WAN Identifier is appended to the IPv6 address prefix to create
the routable global IPv6 address. Select EUI64 to use the EUI-64 format to generate
an interface ID from the MAC address of the WAN interface.
Table 16 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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6.2.1 Advanced Internet Access Setup
Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the Advanced Setup
button in the Internet Access Setup screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 29 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup
WAN Identifier If you selected Manual, enter the WAN Identifier in this field. The WAN identifier
should be unique and 64 bits in hexadecimal form. Every 16 bit block should be
separated by a colon as in XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX where X is a hexadecimal
character. Blocks of zeros can be represented with double colons as in
XXXX:XXXX::XXXX.
Connection (PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only)
Keep Alive Select Keep Alive when you want your connection up all the time. The ZyXEL Device
will try to bring up the connection automatically if it is disconnected.
Connect on Demand Select Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time and
specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field.
Max Idle Timeout Specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you select Connect on
Demand. The default setting is 0, which means the Internet session will not timeout.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Advanced Setup Click this to display the Advanced WAN Setup screen and edit more details of your
WAN setup.
Table 16 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 17 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
RIP & Multicast Setup This section is not available when you configure the ZyXEL Device to be in bridge
mode.
RIP Direction RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information
with other routers. Use this field to control how much routing information the ZyXEL
Device sends and receives on the subnet.
Select the RIP direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.
RIP Version This field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction field.
Select the RIP version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
Multicast Multicast packets are sent to a group of computers on the LAN and are an alternative
to unicast packets (packets sent to one computer) and broadcast packets (packets
sent to every computer).
Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) is a network-layer protocol used to establish
membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports IGMP-v1 and IGMP-
v2. Select None to disable it.
ATM QoS
ATM QoS Type Select CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on) bandwidth for voice or
data traffic. Select UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) for applications that are non-time
sensitive, such as e-mail. Select rtVBR (real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for
applications with bursty connections that require closely controlled delay and delay
variation. Select nrtVBR (non real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for connections that
do not require closely controlled delay and delay variation.
Peak Cell Rate Divide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to find the Peak Cell
Rate (PCR). This is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. Type the
PCR here.
Sustain Cell Rate The Sustain Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term) that can be
transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the PCR. Note that system default
is 0 cells/sec.
Maximum Burst
Size
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of cells that can be sent at
the peak rate. Type the MBS, which is less than 65535.
PPPoE Passthrough If encapsulation type is PPPoE, select this to enable PPPoE Passthrough. In addition to
the Device’s built-in PPPoE client, you can select this to allow hosts on the LAN to use
PPPoE client software on their computers to connect to the ISP via the device. Each
host can have a separate account and a public WAN IP address.
MTU
MTU The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) defines the size of the largest packet allowed
on an interface or connection. Enter the MTU in this field.
For ENET ENCAP, the MTU value is 1500.
For PPPoE, the MTU value is 1492.
For PPPoA and RFC 1483, the MTU is 65535.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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6.3 The More Connections Screen
The ZyXEL Device allows you to configure more than one Internet access connection. To configure
additional Internet access connections click Network > WAN > More Connections. The screen
differs by the encapsulation you select. When you use the WAN > Internet Access Setup screen
to set up Internet access, you are configuring the first WAN connection.
Figure 30 Network > WAN > More Connections
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 18 Network > WAN > More Connections
LABEL DESCRIPTION
# This is an index number indicating the number of the corresponding connection.
Active This field indicates whether the connection is active or not.
Clear the check box to disable the connection. Select the check box to enable it.
Name This is the name you gave to the Internet connection.
VPI/VCI This field displays the Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI)
numbers configured for this WAN connection.
Encapsulation This field indicates the encapsulation method of the Internet connection.
Modify The first (ISP) connection is read-only in this screen. Use the WAN > Internet Access
Setup screen to edit it.
Click the Edit icon to edit the Internet connection settings. Click this icon on an empty
configuration to add a new Internet access setup.
Click the Remove icon to delete the Internet access setup from your connection list.
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6.3.1 More Connections Edit
Use this screen to configure a connection. Click the edit icon in the More Connections screen to
display the following screen.
Figure 31 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 19 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
General
Active Select the check box to activate or clear the check box to deactivate this
connection.
Name Enter a unique, descriptive name of up to 13 ASCII characters for this
connection.
Mode Select Routing from the drop-down list box if your ISP allows multiple
computers to share an Internet account.
If you select Bridge, the ZyXEL Device will forward any packet that it does not
route to this remote node; otherwise, the packets are discarded.
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Encapsulation Select the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the drop-down list
box. Choices vary depending on the mode you select in the Mode field.
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC 1483, ENET
ENCAP or PPPoE.
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, method of encapsulation is not available.
Multiplexing Select the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the drop-down list.
Choices are VC or LLC.
By prior agreement, a protocol is assigned a specific virtual circuit, for example,
VC1 will carry IP. If you select VC, specify separate VPI and VCI numbers for
each protocol.
For LLC-based multiplexing or PPP encapsulation, one VC carries multiple
protocols with protocol identifying information being contained in each packet
header. In this case, only one set of VPI and VCI numbers need be specified for
all protocols.
IPv6/IPv4 Dual Stack If you select Enable, the ZyXEL Device can connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks
and choose the protocol for applications according to the address type. If you
select Disable, the ZyXEL Device will operate in IPv4 mode.
VPI The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255. Enter the VPI assigned to you.
VCI The valid range for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local
management of ATM traffic). Enter the VCI assigned to you.
IP Address This option is available if you select Routing in the Mode field.
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is
not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the
Internet.
If you use the encapsulation type except RFC 1483, select Obtain an IP
Address Automatically when you have a dynamic IP address; otherwise select
Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP Address
field below.
If you use RFC 1483, enter the IP address given by your ISP in the IP Address
field.
Subnet Mask Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation.
Default Gateway Specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP).
IPv6 Address
Obtain an IP Address
Automatically
Select this option if you want to have the ZyXEL Device use the IPv6 prefix from
the connected router’s Router Advertisement (RA) to generate an IPv6 address.
Static IP Address Select this option if you have a fixed IPv6 address assigned by your ISP.
DHCP IPv6 Select DHCP if you want to obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server.
The IP address assigned by a DHCPv6 server has priority over the IP address
automatically generated by the ZyXEL Device using the IPv6 prefix from an RA.
Select SLAAC (Stateless address autoconfiguration) to have the ZyXEL Device
use the prefix to automatically generate a unique IP address that does not need
to be maintained by a DHCP server.
DHCP PD Select Enable to use DHCP PD (Prefix Delegation) to allow the Zyxel Device to
pass the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts can then use the
prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.
IPv6 Address If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the
WAN.
Prefix Length If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 prefix length in the WAN.
Table 19 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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6.3.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup
Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the Advanced Setup
button in the More Connections Edit screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 32 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup
IPv6 Default Gateway If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 address of the default gateway
IPv6 DNS Server1 If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the primary DNS server IPv6 address for
the ZyXEL Device.
IPv6 DNS Server2 If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the secondary DNS server IPv6 address for
the ZyXEL Device.
Connection
Nailed-Up Connection Select Nailed-Up Connection when you want your connection up all the time.
The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection automatically if it is
disconnected.
Connect on Demand Select Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time
and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field.
Max Idle Timeout Specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you select
Connect on Demand. The default setting is 0, which means the Internet
session will not timeout.
NAT SUA only is available only when you select Routing in the Mode field.
Select SUA Only if you have one public IP address and want to use NAT. Click
Edit Detail to go to the Port Forwarding screen to edit a server mapping set.
Otherwise, select None to disable NAT.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Advanced Setup Click this to display the More Connections Advanced Setup screen and edit
more details of your WAN setup.
Table 19 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
6.4 WAN Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this
chapter.
6.4.1 Encapsulation
Be sure to use the encapsulation method required by your ISP. The ZyXEL Device supports the
following methods.
Table 20 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
RIP & Multicast Setup
RIP Direction Select the RIP Direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.
Version This field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction field.
Select the RIP Version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
Multicast Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) is a network-layer protocol used to
establish membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports IGMP-
v1 and IGMP-v2. Select None to disable it.
ATM QoS
ATM QoS Type Select CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on) bandwidth for
voice or data traffic. Select UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) for applications that are
non-time sensitive, such as e-mail. Select nrtVBR (Variable Bit Rate-non Real
Time) or rtVBR (Variable Bit Rate-Real Time) for bursty traffic and bandwidth
sharing with other applications.
Peak Cell Rate Divide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to find the Peak
Cell Rate (PCR). This is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells.
Type the PCR here.
Sustain Cell Rate The Sustain Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term) that can be
transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the PCR. Note that system
default is 0 cells/sec.
Maximum Burst Size Maximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of cells that can be
sent at the peak rate. Type the MBS, which is less than 65535.
MTU
MTU The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) defines the size of the largest packet
allowed on an interface or connection. Enter the MTU in this field.
For ENET ENCAP, the MTU value is 1500.
For PPPoE, the MTU value is 1492.
For PPPoA and RFC, the MTU is 100-1500.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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6.4.1.1 ENET ENCAP
The MAC Encapsulated Routing Link Protocol (ENET ENCAP) is only implemented with the IP
network protocol. IP packets are routed between the Ethernet interface and the WAN interface and
then formatted so that they can be understood in a bridged environment. For instance, it
encapsulates routed Ethernet frames into bridged ATM cells. ENET ENCAP requires that you specify
a gateway IP address in the Gateway IP Address field in the wizard or WAN screen. You can get
this information from your ISP.
6.4.1.2 PPP over Ethernet
The ZyXEL Device supports PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet). PPPoE is an IETF Draft
standard (RFC 2516) specifying how a personal computer (PC) interacts with a broadband modem
(DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) connection. The PPPoE option is for a dial-up connection using PPPoE.
For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that works with existing
access control systems (for example RADIUS).
One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let you access one of multiple network services, a
function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service provider to easily create and
offer new IP services for individuals.
Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both you and the ISP or carrier, as it requires no
specific configuration of the broadband modem at the customer site.
By implementing PPPoE directly on the ZyXEL Device (rather than individual computers), the
computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed, since the ZyXEL Device does that part
of the task. Furthermore, with NAT, all of the LANs’ computers will have access.
6.4.1.3 PPPoA
PPPoA stands for Point to Point Protocol over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). A PPPoA connection
functions like a dial-up Internet connection. The ZyXEL Device encapsulates the PPP session based
on RFC1483 and sends it through an ATM PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) to the Internet Service
Provider’s (ISP) DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Access Multiplexer). Please refer to RFC 2364
for more information on PPPoA. Refer to RFC 1661 for more information on PPP.
6.4.1.4 RFC 1483
RFC 1483 describes two methods for Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5
(AAL5). The first method allows multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATM virtual circuit
(LLC-based multiplexing) and the second method assumes that each protocol is carried over a
separate ATM virtual circuit (VC-based multiplexing). Please refer to RFC 1483 for more detailed
information.
6.4.2 Multiplexing
There are two conventions to identify what protocols the virtual circuit (VC) is carrying. Be sure to
use the multiplexing method required by your ISP.
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VC-based Multiplexing
In this case, by prior mutual agreement, each protocol is assigned to a specific virtual circuit; for
example, VC1 carries IP, etc. VC-based multiplexing may be dominant in environments where
dynamic creation of large numbers of ATM VCs is fast and economical.
LLC-based Multiplexing
In this case one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information being contained
in each packet header. Despite the extra bandwidth and processing overhead, this method may be
advantageous if it is not practical to have a separate VC for each carried protocol, for example, if
charging heavily depends on the number of simultaneous VCs.
6.4.3 VPI and VCI
Be sure to use the correct Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) numbers
assigned to you. The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255 and for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is
reserved for local management of ATM traffic). Please see the appendix for more information.
6.4.4 IP Address Assignment
A static IP is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a
different one each time. The Single User Account feature can be enabled or disabled if you have
either a dynamic or static IP. However the encapsulation method assigned influences your choices
for IP address and ENET ENCAP gateway.
IP Assignment with PPPoA or PPPoE Encapsulation
If you have a dynamic IP, then the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields are not applicable
(N/A). If you have a Static IP Address assigned by your ISP, then they should also assign you a
Subnet Mask and a Gateway IP Address.
IP Assignment with RFC 1483 Encapsulation
In this case the IP address assignment must be static.
IP Assignment with ENET ENCAP Encapsulation
In this case you can have either a static or dynamic IP. For a static IP you must fill in all the IP
Address and Gateway IP Address fields as supplied by your ISP. However for a dynamic IP, the
ZyXEL Device acts as a DHCP client on the WAN port and so the IP Address and Gateway IP
Address fields are not applicable (N/A) as the DHCP server assigns them to the ZyXEL Device.
6.4.5 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP)
A nailed-up connection is a dial-up line where the connection is always up regardless of traffic
demand. The ZyXEL Device does two things when you specify a nailed-up connection. The first is
that idle timeout is disabled. The second is that the ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection
when turned on and whenever the connection is down. A nailed-up connection can be very
expensive for obvious reasons.
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Do not specify a nailed-up connection unless your telephone company offers flat-rate service or you
need a constant connection and the cost is of no concern.
6.4.6 NAT
NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in
a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a
different IP address known within another network.
6.5 Traffic Shaping
Traffic Shaping is an agreement between the carrier and the subscriber to regulate the average rate
and fluctuations of data transmission over an ATM network. This agreement helps eliminate
congestion, which is important for transmission of real time data such as audio and video
connections.
Peak Cell Rate (PCR) is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. This parameter may
be lower (but not higher) than the maximum line speed. 1 ATM cell is 53 bytes (424 bits), so a
maximum speed of 832Kbps gives a maximum PCR of 1962 cells/sec. This rate is not guaranteed
because it is dependent on the line speed.
Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) is the mean cell rate of each bursty traffic source. It specifies the
maximum average rate at which cells can be sent over the virtual connection. SCR may not be
greater than the PCR.
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) is the maximum number of cells that can be sent at the PCR. After MBS
is reached, cell rates fall below SCR until cell rate averages to the SCR again. At this time, more
cells (up to the MBS) can be sent at the PCR again.
If the PCR, SCR or MBS is set to the default of "0", the system will assign a maximum value that
correlates to your upstream line rate.
The following figure illustrates the relationship between PCR, SCR and MBS.
Figure 33 Example of Traffic Shaping
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6.5.1 ATM Traffic Classes
These are the basic ATM traffic classes defined by the ATM Forum Traffic Management 4.0
Specification.
Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
Constant Bit Rate (CBR) provides fixed bandwidth that is always available even if no data is being
sent. CBR traffic is generally time-sensitive (doesn't tolerate delay). CBR is used for connections
that continuously require a specific amount of bandwidth. A PCR is specified and if traffic exceeds
this rate, cells may be dropped. Examples of connections that need CBR would be high-resolution
video and voice.
Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
The Variable Bit Rate (VBR) ATM traffic class is used with bursty connections. Connections that use
the Variable Bit Rate (VBR) traffic class can be grouped into real time (VBR-RT) or non-real time
(VBR-nRT) connections.
The VBR-RT (real-time Variable Bit Rate) type is used with bursty connections that require closely
controlled delay and delay variation. It also provides a fixed amount of bandwidth (a PCR is
specified) but is only available when data is being sent. An example of an VBR-RT connection would
be video conferencing. Video conferencing requires real-time data transfers and the bandwidth
requirement varies in proportion to the video image's changing dynamics.
The VBR-nRT (non real-time Variable Bit Rate) type is used with bursty connections that do not
require closely controlled delay and delay variation. It is commonly used for "bursty" traffic typical
on LANs. PCR and MBS define the burst levels, SCR defines the minimum level. An example of an
VBR-nRT connection would be non-time sensitive data file transfers.
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)
The Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) ATM traffic class is for bursty data transfers. However, UBR doesn't
guarantee any bandwidth and only delivers traffic when the network has spare bandwidth. An
example application is background file transfer.
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CHAPTER 7
LAN Setup
7.1 Overview
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many networking devices
are connected. It is usually located in one immediate area such as a building or floor of a building.
Use the LAN screens to help you configure a LAN DHCP server and manage IP addresses.
7.1.1 What You Can Do in the LAN Screens
•Use the LAN IP screen (Section 7.2 on page 110) to set the LAN IP address and subnet mask of
your ZyXEL device. You can also edit your ZyXEL Device's RIP, multicast and Windows
Networking settings from this screen.
•Use the DHCP Setup screen (Section 7.3 on page 112) to configure the ZyXEL Device’s DHCP
settings.
•Use the Client List screen (Section 7.4 on page 113) to assign IP addresses on the LAN to
specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses.
•Use the IP Alias screen (Section 7.5 on page 114) to change your ZyXEL Device’s IP alias
settings.
•Use the IPv6 screen (Section 7.6 on page 116) to configure the IPv6 settings on your ZyXEL
device’s LAN interface.
7.1.2 What You Need To Know About LAN
IP Address
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including
computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the
network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.
DSL
LAN
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Subnet Mask
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use
subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
DHCP
A DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server can assign your ZyXEL Device an IP address,
subnet mask, DNS and other routing information when it's turned on.
RIP
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other
routers.
Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient)
or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of
hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1.
IGMP
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership
in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. There are three versions of IGMP. IGMP
version 2 and 3 are improvements over version 1, but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use.
DNS
DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP address and
vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP
address of a networking device before you can access it.
Finding Out More
See Section 7.7 on page 119 for technical background information on LANs.
7.1.3 Before You Begin
Find out the MAC addresses of your network devices if you intend to add them to the DHCP Client
List screen.
7.2 The LAN IP Screen
Use this screen to set the Local Area Network IP address and subnet mask of your ZyXEL Device.
Click Network > LAN to open the IP screen.
Follow these steps to configure your LAN settings.
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1 Enter an IP address into the IP Address field. The IP address must be in dotted decimal notation.
This will become the IP address of your ZyXEL Device.
2 Enter the IP subnet mask into the IP Subnet Mask field. Unless instructed otherwise it is best to
leave this alone, the configurator will automatically compute a subnet mask based upon the IP
address you entered.
3 Click Apply to save your settings.
Figure 34 Network > LAN > IP
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
7.2.1 The Advanced LAN IP Setup Screen
Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's RIP, multicast and Windows Networking settings. Click
the Advanced Setup button in the LAN IP screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 35 Network > LAN > IP: Advanced Setup
Table 21 Network > LAN > IP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IP Address Enter the LAN IP address you want to assign to your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal
notation, for example, 192.168.1.1 (factory default).
IP Subnet Mask Type the subnet mask of your network in dotted decimal notation, for example
255.255.255.0 (factory default). Your ZyXEL Device automatically computes the
subnet mask based on the IP Address you enter, so do not change this field unless you
are instructed to do so.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Advanced Setup Click this to display the Advanced LAN Setup screen and edit more details of your
LAN setup.
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
7.3 The DHCP Setup Screen
Use this screen to configure the DNS server information that the ZyXEL Device sends to the DHCP
client devices on the LAN. Click Network > DHCP Setup to open this screen.
Figure 36 Network > LAN > DHCP Setup
Table 22 Network > LAN > IP: Advanced Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
RIP & Multicast Setup
RIP Direction Select the RIP Direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.
RIP Version This field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction field.
Select the RIP Version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
Multicast IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish
membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports IGMP-v1 and IGMP-
v2. Select None to disable it.
IGMP Snooping Select Enabled to activate IGMP Snooping. This allows the ZyXEL Device to passively
learn memberships in multicast groups.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
7.4 The Client List Screen
This table allows you to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on
their MAC Addresses.
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is
assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example,
00:A0:C5:00:00:02.
Table 23 Network > LAN > DHCP Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
DHCP Setup
DHCP If set to Server, your ZyXEL Device can assign IP addresses, an IP default gateway
and DNS servers to Windows 95, Windows NT and other systems that support the
DHCP client.
If set to None, the DHCP server will be disabled.
If set to Relay, the ZyXEL Device acts as a surrogate DHCP server and relays DHCP
requests and responses between the remote server and the clients. Enter the IP
address of the actual, remote DHCP server in the Remote DHCP Server field in this
case.
When DHCP is used, the following items need to be set:
IP Pool Starting
Address
This field specifies the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP address pool.
Pool Size This field specifies the size, or count of the IP address pool.
Remote DHCP Server If Relay is selected in the DHCP field above then enter the IP address of the actual
remote DHCP server here.
DNS Server
DNS Servers Assigned
by DHCP Server
The ZyXEL Device passes a DNS (Domain Name System) server IP address to the
DHCP clients.
Primary /Secondary
DNS Server
Enter the IP address of your primary/secondary DNS server.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s static DHCP settings. Click Network > LAN >
Client List to open the following screen.
Figure 37 Network > LAN > Client List
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
7.5 The IP Alias Screen
IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into different logical networks over the same
Ethernet interface. The ZyXEL Device supports multiple logical LAN interfaces via its physical
Ethernet interface with the ZyXEL Device itself as the gateway for the LAN network.
When you use IP alias, you can also configure firewall rules to control access to the LAN's logical
network (subnet).
Table 24 Network > LAN > Client List
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IP Address Enter the IP address that you want to assign to the computer on your LAN with the MAC
address that you will also specify.
MAC Address Enter the MAC address of a computer on your LAN.
Add Click this to add a static DHCP entry.
# This is the index number of the static IP table entry (row).
Status This field displays whether the client is connected to the ZyXEL Device.
Host Name This field displays the computer host name.
IP Address This field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above.
MAC Address The MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address on a LAN (Local Area Network) is
unique to your computer (six pairs of hexadecimal notation).
A network interface card such as an Ethernet adapter has a hardwired address that is
assigned at the factory. This address follows an industry standard that ensures no other
adapter has a similar address.
Remove Select the check box and then click Apply to remove the client from the list.
Modify Click the modify icon to have the IP address field editable and change it.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
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7.5.1 Configuring the LAN IP Alias Screen
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s IP alias settings. Click Network > LAN > IP Alias
to open the following screen.
Figure 38 Network > LAN > IP Alias
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 25 Network > LAN > IP Alias
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IP Alias Select the check box to configure a LAN network for the ZyXEL Device.
IP Address Enter the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal notation.
IP Subnet Mask Your ZyXEL Device will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address
that you assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask
computed by the ZyXEL Device.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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7.6 The IPv6 Screen
Use this screen to configure the IPv6 settings for your ZyXEL Device’s LAN interface. See Appendix
E on page 341 for background information about IPv6.
Figure 39 Network > LAN > IPv6
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 26 Network > LAN > IPv6
LABEL DESCRIPTION
IPv6
Link Local Address
Type
Select Manual to manually enter a link local address. Select EUI64 to use the EUI-64
format to generate a link local address from the Ethernet MAC address.
IPv6 Address If you selected Manual in the Link Local Address Type field, enter the LAN IPv6
address you want to assign to your ZyXEL Device in hexadecimal notation, for
example, fe80::1 (factory default).
Prefix Enter the address prefix to specify how many most significant bits in an IPv6 address
compose the network address.
MLD Snooping Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the
presence of MLD hosts who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of
multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network. Select Enabled to activate
MLD Snooping on the ZyXEL Device. This allows the ZyXEL device to check MLD
packets passing through it and learn the multicast group membership. It helps reduce
multicast traffic.
LAN Global Identifier
Type
Select Manual to manually enter a LAN Identifier as the interface ID to identify the
LAN interface. The LAN Identifier is appended to the IPv6 address prefix to create the
routable global IPv6 address. Select EUI64 to use the EUI-64 format to generate an
interface ID from the Ethernet MAC address.
LAN Identifier If you selected Manual, enter the LAN Identifier in this field. The LAN identifier should
be unique and 64 bits in hexadecimal form. Every 16 bit block should be separated by
a colon as in XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX where X is a hexadecimal character. Blocks of
zeros can be represented with double colons as in XXXX:XXXX::XXXX.
LAN IPv6 Address Setting
Delegate Prefix from
WAN
Select this option to automatically obtain an IPv6 network prefix from the service
provider or an uplink router.
Static Select this option to configure a fixed IPv6 address for the ZyXEL device’s LAN IPv6
address.
Static IPv6 Address If you select static IPv6 address, enter the IPv6 address prefix that the ZyXEL Device
uses for the LAN IPv6 address.
Prefix length If you select static IPv6 address, enter the IPv6 prefix length that the ZyXEL Device
uses to generate the LAN IPv6 address.
An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (starting from the left)
in the address compose the network address. This field displays the bit number of the
IPv6 subnet mask.
Preferred Lifetime Enter the preferred lifetime for the prefix.
Valid Lifetime Enter the valid lifetime for the prefix.
Router Advertisement Configuration
Send RA on Select this to have the ZyXEL Device send router advertisement messages to the LAN
hosts.
Router advertisement is a response to a router solicitation or a periodical multicast
advertisement from a router to advertise its presence and other parameters, such as
IPv6 prefix and DNS information.
Router solicitation is a request from a host to locate a router that can act as the
default router and forward packets.
Note: The LAN hosts neither generate global IPv6 addresses nor communicate with
other networks if you disable this feature.
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Delegate M/O flag
from WAN
Select this to have the ZyXEL Device obtain the M/O (Managed/Other) flag setting
from the service provider or uplink router.
Manual Select this to specify the M/O flag setting manually.
Managed config
flag on
Select this to have the ZyXEL Device indicate to hosts to obtain network settings (such
as prefix and DNS settings) through DHCPv6.
Clear this to have the ZyXEL Device indicate to hosts that DHCPv6 is not available and
they should use the prefix in the router advertisement message.
Other config flag
on
Select this to have the ZyXEL Device indicate to hosts to obtain DNS information
through DHCPv6.
Clear this to have the ZyXEL Device indicate to hosts that DNS information is not
available in this network.
Hop limit Enter the maximum number of network segments that a packet can cross before
reaching the destination. When forwarding an IPv6 packet, IPv6 routers are required
to decrease the Hop Limit by 1 and to discard the IPv6 packet when the Hop Limit is 0.
Possible value for this field are 0-255.
Router Lifetime Enter the time in seconds that hosts should consider the ZyXEL Device to be the
default router. Possible values for this field are 0-9000.
Router Preference Select the router preference (Low, Medium or High) for the ZyXEL Device. The
ZyXEL Device sends this preference in the router advertisements to tell hosts what
preference they should use for the ZyXEL Device. This helps hosts to choose their
default router especially when there are multiple IPv6 router in the network.
Note: Make sure the hosts also support router preference to make this function work.
Reachable Time (ms) Enter the time in milliseconds that can elapse before a neighbor is detected. Possible
values for this field are 0-3600000.
Retrans Timer (ms) Enter the time in milliseconds between neighbor solicitation packet retransmissions.
Possible values for this field are 1000-4294967295.
RA Interval Enter the time in seconds between router advertisement messages. Possible values for
this field are 4-1800.
Delegate MTU from
WAN
Select this to have the ZyXEL Device obtain the MTU setting from the service provider
or uplink router.
Manual Select this to specify the MTU manually.
MTU The Maximum Transmission Unit. Type the maximum size of each IPv6 data packet, in
bytes, that can move through this interface. If a larger packet arrives, the ZyXEL
Device divides it into smaller fragments.
DAD attempts Specify the number of DAD (Duplicate Address Detection) attempts before an IPv6
address is assigned to the ZyXEL Device LAN interface. Possible values for this field
are 1-7.
DHCPv6 Configuration
IPv6 DNS Configure the IPv6 DNS information the ZyXEL device passes to clients when it acts as
a DHCPv6 server. Select Auto if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information.
Select Manual to configure DNS server addresses manually.
IPv6 DNS Server1 Enter the first DNS server IPv6 address the ZyXEL Device passes to the DHCP clients.
IPv6 DNS Server2 Enter the second DNS server IPv6 address the ZyXEL Device passes to the DHCP
clients.
Information Refresh
Time
Enter the number of seconds a DHCPv6 client should wait before refreshing
information retrieved from DHCPv6.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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7.7 LAN Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this
chapter.
7.7.1 LANs, WANs and the ZyXEL Device
The actual physical connection determines whether the ZyXEL Device ports are LAN or WAN ports.
There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN
network as shown next.
Figure 40 LAN and WAN IP Addresses
7.7.2 DHCP Setup
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to
obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the ZyXEL Device as a
DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the ZyXEL Device provides the TCP/IP
configuration for the clients. If you turn DHCP service off, you must have another DHCP server on
your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured.
IP Pool Setup
The ZyXEL Device is pre-configured with a pool of IP addresses for the DHCP clients (DHCP Pool).
Do not assign static IP addresses from the DHCP pool to your LAN computers.
7.7.3 DNS Server Addresses
DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa.
The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a
computer before you can access it. The DNS server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are
passed to the client machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask.
There are two ways that an ISP disseminates the DNS server addresses.
The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when
you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, enter them in the DNS Server fields in
the DHCP Setup screen.
WAN
LAN
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Some ISPs choose to disseminate the DNS server addresses using the DNS server extensions of
IPCP (IP Control Protocol) after the connection is up. If your ISP did not give you explicit DNS
servers, chances are the DNS servers are conveyed through IPCP negotiation. The ZyXEL Device
supports the IPCP DNS server extensions through the DNS proxy feature.
Please note that DNS proxy works only when the ISP uses the IPCP DNS server extensions. It
does not mean you can leave the DNS servers out of the DHCP setup under all circumstances. If
your ISP gives you explicit DNS servers, make sure that you enter their IP addresses in the
DHCP Setup screen.
7.7.4 LAN TCP/IP
The ZyXEL Device has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to
systems that support DHCP client capability.
IP Address and Subnet Mask
Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN
share one common network number.
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your
network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in
selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user
account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this
is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.0 and you must enable the Network Address Translation (NAT) feature of the ZyXEL
Device. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses
specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. Let's
say you select 192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254 individual addresses, from
192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are reserved). In other words, the first three numbers
specify the network number while the last number identifies an individual computer on that
network.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to remember, for
instance, 192.168.1.1, for your ZyXEL Device, but make sure that no other device on your network
is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your ZyXEL Device will
compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need
to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do
otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the
Internet, for example, only between your two branch offices, you can assign any IP addresses to
the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
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192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or it can be assigned from a private
network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP
can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are
part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the
appropriate IP addresses.
Note: Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment,
please refer to RFC 1597, “Address Allocation for Private Internets” and RFC 1466,
“Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space”.
7.7.5 RIP Setup
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other
routers. The RIP Direction field controls the sending and receiving of RIP packets. When set to:
Both - the ZyXEL Device will broadcast its routing table periodically and incorporate the RIP
information that it receives.
In Only - the ZyXEL Device will not send any RIP packets but will accept all RIP packets
received.
Out Only - the ZyXEL Device will send out RIP packets but will not accept any RIP packets
received.
None - the ZyXEL Device will not send any RIP packets and will ignore any RIP packets received.
The Version field controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the
ZyXEL Device sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving). RIP-1 is universally supported;
but RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you have
an unusual network topology.
Both RIP-2B and RIP-2M sends the routing data in RIP-2 format; the difference being that RIP-2B
uses subnet broadcasting while RIP-2M uses multicasting. Multicasting can reduce the load on
non-router machines since they generally do not listen to the RIP multicast address and so will not
receive the RIP packets. However, if one router uses multicasting, then all routers on your network
must use multicasting, also.
7.7.6 Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient)
or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of
hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1.
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership
in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. IGMP version 2 (RFC 2236) is an
improvement over version 1 (RFC 1112) but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use. IGMP version 3
supports source filtering, reporting or ignoring traffic from specific source address to a particular
host on the network. If you would like to read more detailed information about interoperability
between IGMP version 2 and version 1, please see sections 4 and 5 of RFC 2236. The class D IP
address is used to identify host groups and can be in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The
address 224.0.0.0 is not assigned to any group and is used by IP multicast computers. The address
224.0.0.1 is used for query messages and is assigned to the permanent group of all IP hosts
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(including gateways). All hosts must join the 224.0.0.1 group in order to participate in IGMP. The
address 224.0.0.2 is assigned to the multicast routers group.
At start up, the ZyXEL Device queries all directly connected networks to gather group membership.
After that, the ZyXEL Device periodically updates this information. IP multicasting can be enabled/
disabled on the ZyXEL Device LAN and/or WAN interfaces in the web configurator (LAN; WAN).
Select None to disable IP multicasting on these interfaces.
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CHAPTER 8
Wireless LAN
8.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to perform tasks related to setting up and optimizing your wireless
network, including the following.
Turning the wireless connection on or off.
Configuring a name, wireless channel and security for the network.
Using WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) to configure your wireless network.
Setting up multiple wireless networks.
Using a MAC (Media Access Control) address filter to restrict access to the wireless network.
Performing other performance-related wireless tasks.
8.1.1 What You Can Do in the Wireless LAN Screens
This section describes the ZyXEL Device’s Network > Wireless LAN screens. Use these screens to
set up your ZyXEL Device’s wireless connection.
•Use the AP screen (see Section 8.2 on page 125) to turn the wireless connection on or off, set up
wireless security, configure the MAC filter, and make other basic configuration changes.
•Use the More AP screen (see Section 8.3 on page 131) to set up multiple wireless networks on
your ZyXEL Device.
•Use the WPS screen (see Section 8.4 on page 133) to enable or disable WPS, generate a security
PIN (Personal Identification Number) and see information about the ZyXEL Device’s WPS status.
•Use the WPS Station (see Section 8.5 on page 134) screen to set up WPS by pressing a button
or using a PIN.
•Use the WDS screen (see Section 8.6 on page 135) to set up a Wireless Distribution System, in
which the ZyXEL Device acts as a bridge with other ZyXEL access points.
•Use the Scheduling screen (see Section 8.7 on page 136) to configure the dates/times to enable
or disable the wireless LAN.
You don’t necessarily need to use all these screens to set up your wireless connection. For example,
you may just want to set up a network name, a wireless radio channel and security in the AP
screen.
8.1.2 What You Need to Know About Wireless
Wireless Basics
“Wireless” is essentially radio communication. In the same way that walkie-talkie radios send and
receive information over the airwaves, wireless networking devices exchange information with one
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another. A wireless networking device is just like a radio that lets your computer exchange
information with radios attached to other computers. Like walkie-talkies, most wireless networking
devices operate at radio frequency bands that are open to the public and do not require a license to
use. However, wireless networking is different from that of most traditional radio communications in
that there a number of wireless networking standards available with different methods of data
encryption.
SSID
Each network must have a name, referred to as the SSID - “Service Set IDentifier”. The “service
set” is the network, so the “service set identifier” is the network’s name. This helps you identify
your wireless network when wireless networks’ coverage areas overlap and you have a variety of
networks to choose from.
MAC Address Filter
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address consists
of twelve hexadecimal characters (0-9, and A to F), and it is usually written in the following format:
“0A:A0:00:BB:CC:DD”.
The MAC address filter controls access to the wireless network. You can use the MAC address of
each wireless client to allow or deny access to the wireless network.
Finding Out More
See Section 8.8 on page 137 for advanced technical information on wireless networks.
8.1.3 Before You Start
Before you start using these screens, ask yourself the following questions. See Section 8.1.2 on
page 123 if some of the terms used here are not familiar to you.
What wireless standards do the other wireless devices in your network support (IEEE 802.11g,
for example)? What is the most appropriate standard to use?
What security options do the other wireless devices in your network support (WPA-PSK, for
example)? What is the strongest security option supported by all the devices in your network?
Do the other wireless devices in your network support WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)? If so, you
can set up a well-secured network very easily.
Even if some of your devices support WPS and some do not, you can use WPS to set up your
network and then add the non-WPS devices manually, although this is somewhat more
complicated to do.
What advanced options do you want to configure, if any? If you want to configure advanced
options such as Quality of Service, ensure that you know precisely what you want to do. If you do
not want to configure advanced options, leave them as they are.
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8.2 The AP Screen
Use this screen to configure the wireless settings of your ZyXEL Device. Click Network > Wireless
LAN to open the AP screen.
Figure 41 Network > Wireless LAN > AP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 27 Network > Wireless LAN > AP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Wireless Setup
Enable Wireless
LAN
Click the check box to activate wireless LAN.
Channel
Selection
Set the operating channel manually by selecting a channel from the Channel Selection
list or use Auto Channel Select to have it automatically configured.
Common Setup
Network Name
(SSID)
The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless device is
associated. Wireless devices associating to the access point (AP) must have the same
SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless
LAN.
Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer connected to the wireless
LAN and you change the ZyXEL Device’s SSID or WEP settings, you will lose your
wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the
wireless settings of your computer to match the ZyXEL Device’s new settings.
Hide SSID Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot
obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Security Mode See the following sections for more details about this field.
MAC Filter This shows whether the wireless devices with the MAC addresses listed are allowed or
denied to access the ZyXEL Device using this SSID.
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8.2.1 No Security
In the Network > Wireless LAN > AP screen, select No Security from the Security Mode list to
allow wireless devices to communicate with the ZyXEL Device without any data encryption or
authentication.
Note: If you do not enable any wireless security on your ZyXEL Device, your network is
accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.
Figure 42 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: No Security
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Edit Click this to go to the MAC Filter screen to configure MAC filter settings. See Section 8.2.5
on page 130 for more details.
QoS This shows whether Quality of Service (QoS) is activated or the priority level for wireless
traffic with this SSID. Select a priority level from the drop-down list box. Choices are
None, Default, Highest, High, Middle and Low.
Select None to disable QoS.
Select Default to have the ZyXEL Device automatically give traffic a priority level
according to the ToS value in the IP header of packets it sends. Wifi MultiMedia Quality of
Service (WMM QoS) gives high priority to voice and video, which makes them run more
smoothly.
Highest - Typically used for voice or video that should be high-quality.
High - Typically used for voice or video that can be medium-quality.
Middle - Typically used for applications that do not fit into another priority. For example,
Internet surfing.
Low - Typically used for non-critical “background” applications, such as large file transfers
and print jobs that should not affect other applications.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Advanced Setup Click this to display the Wireless Advanced Setup screen and edit more details of your
WLAN setup. See Section 8.2.4 on page 128 for more details.
Table 27 Network > Wireless LAN > AP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 28 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: No Security
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Mode Choose No Security from the drop-down list box.
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8.2.2 WEP Encryption
Use this screen to configure and enable WEP encryption. Click Network > Wireless LAN to display
the AP screen. Select Static WEP from the Security Mode list.
Note: WEP is extremely insecure. Its encryption can be broken by an attacker, using
widely-available software. It is strongly recommended that you use a more
effective security mechanism. Use the strongest security mechanism that all the
wireless devices in your network support. For example, use WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK
if all your wireless devices support it. If your wireless devices support nothing
stronger than WEP, use the highest encryption level available.
Figure 43 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Static WEP
The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
Table 29 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Static WEP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Mode Choose Static WEP from the drop-down list box.
Passphrase Enter a passphrase (up to 32 printable characters) and click Generate. The ZyXEL Device
automatically generates a WEP key.
WEP Key The WEP key is used to encrypt data. Both the ZyXEL Device and the wireless stations must
use the same WEP key for data transmission.
If you want to manually set the WEP key, enter any 5 or 13 characters (ASCII string) or 10
or 26 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F") for a 64-bit or 128-bit WEP key respectively.
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8.2.3 WPA(2)-PSK
Use this screen to configure and enable WPA(2)-PSK authentication. Click Network > Wireless
LAN to display the AP screen. Select WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the Security Mode list.
Figure 44 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK
The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
8.2.4 Wireless LAN Advanced Setup
Use this screen to configure advanced wireless settings. Click the Advanced Setup button in the
AP screen. The screen appears as shown.
Table 30 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Security Mode Choose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the drop-down list box.
WPA Compatible This check box is available only when you select WPA2-PSK in the Security Mode
field.
Select the check box to have both WPA-PSK wireless clients be able to communicate
with the ZyXEL Device even when the ZyXEL Device is using WPA2-PSK.
Pre-Shared Key The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The
only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common
password, instead of user-specific credentials.
Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters (including spaces
and symbols).
WPA Group Key
Update Timer
The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP (if using WPA(2)-PSK key
management) sends a new group key out to all clients. The re-keying process is the
WPA(2) equivalent of automatically changing the WEP key for an AP and all stations in
a WLAN on a periodic basis.
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See Section 8.8.2 on page 139 for detailed definitions of the terms listed in this screen.
Figure 45 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 31 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
RTS/CTS
Threshold
Enter a value between 0 and 2347.
Fragmentation
Threshold
This is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent. Enter a value between 256 and
2346.
Output Power Set the output power of the ZyXEL Device. If there is a high density of APs in an area,
decrease the output power to reduce interference with other APs. Select one of the
following: 100%, 75%, 50% or 25%.
Preamble Select a preamble type from the drop-down list menu. Choices are Long or Short. See
the Appendix D on page 331 for more information.
802.11 Mode Select 802.11b Only to allow only IEEE 802.11b compliant WLAN devices to associate
with the ZyXEL Device.
Select 802.11g Only to allow only IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate
with the ZyXEL Device.
Select 802.11b+g to allow either IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN
devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device
might be reduced.
Select 802.11n to allow only IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the
ZyXEL Device.
Select 802.11g+n to allow either IEEE 802.11g or IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN
devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device
might be reduced.
Select 802.11b+g+n to allow IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g or IEEE802.11n compliant
WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL
Device might be reduced.
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8.2.5 MAC Filter
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s MAC filter settings. Click the Edit button in the AP
screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 46 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: MAC Address Filter
Channel Width Select whether the ZyXEL Device uses a wireless channel width of 20MHz or Auto. If
Auto is selected, the ZyXEL Device will use 40MHz if it is supported.
A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz
channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300 Mbps.
40MHz (channel bonding or dual channel) bonds two adjacent radio channels to increase
throughput. The wireless clients must also support 40 MHz. It is often better to use the 20
MHz setting in a location where the environment hinders the wireless signal.
Select 20MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your
neighborhood or the wireless clients do not support channel bonding.
This field is available only when you set the 802.11 Mode to 802.11n or 802.11b+g+n
in the Advanced Setup screen.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 31 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
8.3 The More AP Screen
This screen allows you to enable and configure multiple Basic Service Sets (BSSs) on the ZyXEL
Device.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > More AP. The following screen displays.
Figure 47 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 32 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: MAC Address Filter
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable MAC
Filter
Select the check box to enable MAC address filtering.
Filter Action
Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the MAC Address table.
Select Deny to block access to the ZyXEL Device. MAC addresses not listed will be allowed to
access the ZyXEL Device
Select Allow to permit access to the ZyXEL Device. MAC addresses not listed will be denied
access to the ZyXEL Device.
Set
This is the index number of the MAC address.
MAC Address Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are allowed or denied access to the
ZyXEL Device in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address
format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 33 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
# This is the index number of each SSID profile.
Active This field indicates whether this SSID is active.
SSID An SSID profile is the set of parameters relating to one of the ZyXEL Device’s BSSs. The
SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service Set with which a wireless device is
associated.
This field displays the name of the wireless profile on the network. When a wireless client
scans for an AP to associate with, this is the name that is broadcast and seen in the
wireless client utility.
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8.3.1 More AP Edit
Use this screen to edit an SSID profile. Click the Edit icon next to an SSID in the More AP screen.
The following screen displays.
Figure 48 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP: Edit
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Security This field indicates the security mode of the SSID profile.
Modify Click the Edit icon to configure the SSID profile.
Click the Remove icon to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station
cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Table 33 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 34 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP: Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select this check box to make this SSID active.
Network Name (SSID) The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless
device is associated. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII
characters) for the wireless LAN.
Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer connected to the
wireless LAN and you change the ZyXEL Device’s SSID or security settings,
you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You
must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the ZyXEL
Device’s new settings.
Hide SSID Select this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station
cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Security Mode See Section 8.2 on page 125 for more details about this field.
MAC Filter This shows whether the wireless devices with the MAC addresses listed are allowed
or denied to access the ZyXEL Device using this SSID.
Edit Click this to go to the MAC Filter screen to configure MAC filter settings. See
Section 8.2.5 on page 130 for more details.
QoS Select this check box to activate Quality of Service (QoS).
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
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8.4 The WPS Screen
Use this screen to configure WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) on your ZyXEL Device.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to
configure security settings manually. Set up each WPS connection between two devices. Both
devices must support WPS.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS. The following screen displays.
Figure 49 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 34 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP: Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 35 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
WPS Setup
WPS Setup Select the check box to activate WPS on the ZyXEL Device.
WPS Status This displays Configured when the ZyXEL Device has connected to a wireless network
using WPS or Enable WPS is selected and wireless or wireless security settings have
been changed. The current wireless and wireless security settings also appear in the
screen.
This displays Unconfigured if WPS is disabled and there is no wireless or wireless
security changes on the ZyXEL Device or you click Release to remove the configured
wireless and wireless security settings.
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8.5 The WPS Station Screen
Use this screen to set up a WPS wireless network using either Push Button Configuration (PBC) or
PIN Configuration.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station. The following screen displays.
Figure 50 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Release This button is available when the WPS status is Configured.
Click this button to remove all configured wireless and wireless security settings for WPS
connections on the ZyXEL Device.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Refresh Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 35 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 36 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Push Button Click this to add another WPS-enabled wireless device (within wireless range of the
ZyXEL Device) to your wireless network. This button may either be a physical button on
the outside of device, or a menu button similar to the Push Button on this screen.
Note: You must press the other wireless device’s WPS button within two minutes of
pressing this button.
Or input station's
PIN number
Enter the PIN of the device that you are setting up a WPS connection with and click Start
to authenticate and add the wireless device to your wireless network.
You can find the PIN either on the outside of the device, or by checking the device’s
settings.
Note: You must also activate WPS on that device within two minutes to have it present its
PIN to the ZyXEL Device.
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8.6 The WDS Screen
An AP using the Wireless Distribution System (WDS) can function as a wireless network bridge
allowing you to wirelessly connect two wired network segments. The WDS screen allows you to
configure the ZyXEL Device to connect to two or more APs wirelessly when WDS is enabled.
Use this screen to set up your WDS (Wireless Distribution System) links between the ZyXEL Device
and other wireless APs. You need to know the MAC address of the peer device. Once the security
settings of peer sides match one another, the connection between devices is made.
Note: WDS security is independent of the security settings between the ZyXEL Device
and any wireless clients.
Note: At the time of writing, WDS is compatible with other ZyXEL APs only. Not all models
support WDS links. Check your other AP’s documentation.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > WDS. The following screen displays.
Figure 51 Network > Wireless LAN > WDS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 37 Network > Wireless LAN > WDS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
WDS Security Select the type of the key used to encrypt data between APs. All the wireless APs
(including the ZyXEL Device) must use the same pre-shared key for data transmission.
The option is available only when you set the security mode to WPA(2) or WPA(2)-
PSK in the Wireless LAN > AP screen.
TKIP Select this to use TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) encryption.
AES Select this to use AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption.
# This is the index number of the individual WDS link.
Active Select this to activate the link between the ZyXEL Device and the peer device to which
this entry refers. When you do not select the check box this link is down.
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8.7 The Scheduling Screen
Use the wireless LAN scheduling to configure the days you want to enable or disable the wireless
LAN. Click Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling. The following screen displays.
Figure 52 Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Remote Bridge
MAC Address
Type the MAC address of the peer device in a valid MAC address format (six hexadecimal
character pairs, for example 12:34:56:78:9a:bc).
PSK Enter a Pre-Shared Key (PSK) from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters (including
spaces and symbols).
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 37 Network > Wireless LAN > WDS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 38 Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable Wireless
LAN Scheduling
Select this box to activate wireless LAN scheduling on your ZyXEL Device.
Action Select On or Off to enable or disable the wireless LAN.
Day Check the day(s) you want to turn the wireless LAN on or off.
Except for the
following times
Specify a time frame during which the schedule would apply.
For example, if you set the time range from 12:00 to 23:00, the wireless LAN will be
turned on only during this time period.
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8.8 Wireless LAN Technical Reference
This section discusses wireless LANs in depth. For more information, see the appendix.
8.8.1 Wireless Network Overview
Wireless networks consist of wireless clients, access points and bridges.
A wireless client is a radio connected to a users computer.
An access point is a radio with a wired connection to a network, which can connect with
numerous wireless clients and let them access the network.
A bridge is a radio that relays communications between access points and wireless clients,
extending a network’s range.
Traditionally, a wireless network operates in one of two ways.
An “infrastructure” type of network has one or more access points and one or more wireless
clients. The wireless clients connect to the access points.
An “ad-hoc” type of network is one in which there is no access point. Wireless clients connect to
one another in order to exchange information.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Reset Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 38 Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The following figure provides an example of a wireless network.
Figure 53 Example of a Wireless Network
The wireless network is the part in the blue circle. In this wireless network, devices A and B use the
access point (AP) to interact with the other devices (such as the printer) or with the Internet. Your
ZyXEL Device is the AP.
Every wireless network must follow these basic guidelines.
Every device in the same wireless network must use the same SSID.
The SSID is the name of the wireless network. It stands for Service Set IDentifier.
If two wireless networks overlap, they should use a different channel.
Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific channel, or
frequency, to send and receive information.
Every device in the same wireless network must use security compatible with the AP.
Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also protect the
information that is sent in the wireless network.
Radio Channels
In the radio spectrum, there are certain frequency bands allocated for unlicensed, civilian use. For
the purposes of wireless networking, these bands are divided into numerous channels. This allows a
variety of networks to exist in the same place without interfering with one another. When you
create a network, you must select a channel to use.
Since the available unlicensed spectrum varies from one country to another, the number of
available channels also varies.
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8.8.2 Additional Wireless Terms
The following table describes some wireless network terms and acronyms used in the ZyXEL
Device’s Web Configurator.
8.8.3 Wireless Security Overview
By their nature, radio communications are simple to intercept. For wireless data networks, this
means that anyone within range of a wireless network without security can not only read the data
passing over the airwaves, but also join the network. Once an unauthorized person has access to
the network, he or she can steal information or introduce malware (malicious software) intended to
compromise the network. For these reasons, a variety of security systems have been developed to
ensure that only authorized people can use a wireless data network, or understand the data carried
on it.
These security standards do two things. First, they authenticate. This means that only people
presenting the right credentials (often a username and password, or a “key” phrase) can access the
network. Second, they encrypt. This means that the information sent over the air is encoded. Only
people with the code key can understand the information, and only people who have been
authenticated are given the code key.
These security standards vary in effectiveness. Some can be broken, such as the old Wired
Equivalent Protocol (WEP). Using WEP is better than using no security at all, but it will not keep a
determined attacker out. Other security standards are secure in themselves but can be broken if a
user does not use them properly. For example, the WPA-PSK security standard is very secure if you
use a long key which is difficult for an attacker’s software to guess - for example, a twenty-letter
long string of apparently random numbers and letters - but it is not very secure if you use a short
key which is very easy to guess - for example, a three-letter word from the dictionary.
Because of the damage that can be done by a malicious attacker, it’s not just people who have
sensitive information on their network who should use security. Everybody who uses any wireless
network should ensure that effective security is in place.
Table 39 Additional Wireless Terms
TERM DESCRIPTION
RTS/CTS Threshold In a wireless network which covers a large area, wireless devices are sometimes
not aware of each other’s presence. This may cause them to send information to
the AP at the same time and result in information colliding and not getting through.
By setting this value lower than the default value, the wireless devices must
sometimes get permission to send information to the ZyXEL Device. The lower the
value, the more often the devices must get permission.
If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value (see below), then
wireless devices never have to get permission to send information to the ZyXEL
Device.
Preamble A preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are two preamble
modes: long and short. If a device uses a different preamble mode than the ZyXEL
Device does, it cannot communicate with the ZyXEL Device.
Authentication The process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless
network.
Fragmentation
Threshold
A small fragmentation threshold is recommended for busy networks, while a larger
threshold provides faster performance if the network is not very busy.
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A good way to come up with effective security keys, passwords and so on is to use obscure
information that you personally will easily remember, and to enter it in a way that appears random
and does not include real words. For example, if your mother owns a 1970 Dodge Challenger and
her favorite movie is Vanishing Point (which you know was made in 1971) you could use
“70dodchal71vanpoi” as your security key.
The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up in the wireless
network.
8.8.3.1 SSID
Normally, the ZyXEL Device acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area. You
can hide the SSID instead, in which case the ZyXEL Device does not broadcast the SSID. In
addition, you should change the default SSID to something that is difficult to guess.
This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for unauthorized wireless
devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that
is sent in the wireless network.
8.8.3.2 MAC Address Filter
Every device that can use a wireless network has a unique identification number, called a MAC
address.
1
A MAC address is usually written using twelve hexadecimal characters
2
; for example,
00A0C5000002 or 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. To get the MAC address for each device in the wireless
network, see the device’s Users Guide or other documentation.
You can use the MAC address filter to tell the ZyXEL Device which devices are allowed or not
allowed to use the wireless network. If a device is allowed to use the wireless network, it still has to
have the correct information (SSID, channel, and security). If a device is not allowed to use the
wireless network, it does not matter if it has the correct information.
This type of security does not protect the information that is sent in the wireless network.
Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the MAC address of an
authorized device. Then, they can use that MAC address to use the wireless network.
8.8.3.3 User Authentication
Authentication is the process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless
network. You can make every user log in to the wireless network before using it. However, every
device in the wireless network has to support IEEE 802.1x to do this.
For wireless networks, you can store the user names and passwords for each user in a RADIUS
server. This is a server used in businesses more than in homes. If you do not have a RADIUS server,
you cannot set up user names and passwords for your users.
Unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network,
even if they cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized
wireless users to get a valid user name and password. Then, they can use that user name and
password to use the wireless network.
1. Some wireless devices, such as scanners, can detect wireless networks but cannot use wireless networks. These kinds
of wireless devices might not have MAC addresses.
2. Hexadecimal characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
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8.8.3.4 Encryption
Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the wireless
network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret code, you cannot
understand the message.
The types of encryption you can choose depend on the type of authentication. (See Section 8.8.3.3
on page 140 for information about this.)
For example, if the wireless network has a RADIUS server, you can choose WPA or WPA2. If users
do not log in to the wireless network, you can choose no encryption, Static WEP, WPA-PSK, or
WPA2-PSK.
Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every device in the wireless network
supports. For example, suppose you have a wireless network with the ZyXEL Device and you do not
have a RADIUS server. Therefore, there is no authentication. Suppose the wireless network has two
devices. Device A only supports WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA-PSK. Therefore, you
should set up Static WEP in the wireless network.
Note: It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA-PSK, WPA, or stronger
encryption. The other types of encryption are better than none at all, but it is still
possible for unauthorized wireless devices to figure out the original information
pretty quickly.
When you select WPA2 or WPA2-PSK in your ZyXEL Device, you can also select an option (WPA
compatible) to support WPA as well. In this case, if some of the devices support WPA and some
support WPA2, you should set up WPA2-PSK or WPA2 (depending on the type of wireless network
login) and select the WPA compatible option in the ZyXEL Device.
Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless network. The longer
the key, the stronger the encryption. Every device in the wireless network must have the same key.
8.8.4 Signal Problems
Because wireless networks are radio networks, their signals are subject to limitations of distance,
interference and absorption.
Problems with distance occur when the two radios are too far apart. Problems with interference
occur when other radio waves interrupt the data signal. Interference may come from other radio
transmissions, such as military or air traffic control communications, or from machines that are
coincidental emitters such as electric motors or microwaves. Problems with absorption occur when
physical objects (such as thick walls) are between the two radios, muffling the signal.
Table 40 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication
NO AUTHENTICATION RADIUS SERVER
Weakest No Security WPA
Static WEP
WPA-PSK
Strongest WPA2-PSK WPA2
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8.8.5 BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless stations or between a
wireless station and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless stations in the BSS. When Intra-BSS traffic blocking is
disabled, wireless station A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other.
When Intra-BSS traffic blocking is enabled, wireless station A and B can still access the wired
network but cannot communicate with each other.
Figure 54 Basic Service set
8.8.6 MBSSID
Traditionally, you need to use different APs to configure different Basic Service Sets (BSSs). As well
as the cost of buying extra APs, there is also the possibility of channel interference. The ZyXEL
Device’s MBSSID (Multiple Basic Service Set IDentifier) function allows you to use one access point
to provide several BSSs simultaneously. You can then assign varying QoS priorities and/or security
modes to different SSIDs.
Wireless devices can use different BSSIDs to associate with the same AP.
8.8.6.1 Notes on Multiple BSSs
A maximum of eight BSSs are allowed on one AP simultaneously.
You must use different keys for different BSSs. If two wireless devices have different BSSIDs
(they are in different BSSs), but have the same keys, they may hear each other’s
communications (but not communicate with each other).
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MBSSID should not replace but rather be used in conjunction with 802.1x security.
8.8.7 Wireless Distribution System (WDS)
The ZyXEL Device can act as a wireless network bridge and establish WDS (Wireless Distribution
System) links with other APs. You need to know the MAC addresses of the APs you want to link to.
Once the security settings of peer sides match one another, the connection between devices is
made.
At the time of writing, WDS security is compatible with other ZyXEL access points only. Refer to
your other access point’s documentation for details.
The following figure illustrates how WDS link works between APs. Notebook computer A is a
wireless client connecting to access point AP 1. AP 1 has no wired Internet connection, but it can
establish a WDS link with access point AP 2, which has a wired Internet connection. When AP 1
has a WDS link with AP 2, the notebook computer can access the Internet through AP 2.
Figure 55 WDS Link Example
8.8.8 WiFi Protected Setup (WPS)
Your ZyXEL Device supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to set up a secure
wireless network. WPS is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to
configure security settings manually. Each WPS connection works between two devices. Both
devices must support WPS (check each device’s documentation to make sure).
Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (on the device itself, or in its
configuration utility) or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification Number that allows one device
to authenticate the other) in each of the two devices. When WPS is activated on a device, it has two
minutes to find another device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two devices connect and set
up a secure network by themselves.
8.8.8.1 Push Button Configuration
WPS Push Button Configuration (PBC) is initiated by pressing a button on each WPS-enabled
device, and allowing them to connect automatically. You do not need to enter any information.
Not every WPS-enabled device has a physical WPS button. Some may have a WPS PBC button in
their configuration utilities instead of or in addition to the physical button.
Take the following steps to set up WPS using the button.
1 Ensure that the two devices you want to set up are within wireless range of one another.
WDS
AP 2
AP 1
A
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2 Look for a WPS button on each device. If the device does not have one, log into its configuration
utility and locate the button (see the device’s User’s Guide for how to do this - for the ZyXEL
Device, see Section 8.5 on page 134).
3 Press the button on one of the devices (it doesn’t matter which). For the ZyXEL Device you must
press the WPS button for more than three seconds.
4 Within two minutes, press the button on the other device. The registrar sends the network name
(SSID) and security key through an secure connection to the enrollee.
If you need to make sure that WPS worked, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s
configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful.
8.8.8.2 PIN Configuration
Each WPS-enabled device has its own PIN (Personal Identification Number). This may either be
static (it cannot be changed) or dynamic (in some devices you can generate a new PIN by clicking
on a button in the configuration interface).
Use the PIN method instead of the push-button configuration (PBC) method if you want to ensure
that the connection is established between the devices you specify, not just the first two devices to
activate WPS in range of each other. However, you need to log into the configuration interfaces of
both devices to use the PIN method.
When you use the PIN method, you must enter the PIN from one device (usually the wireless client)
into the second device (usually the Access Point or wireless router). Then, when WPS is activated
on the first device, it presents its PIN to the second device. If the PIN matches, one device sends
the network and security information to the other, allowing it to join the network.
Take the following steps to set up a WPS connection between an access point or wireless router
(referred to here as the AP) and a client device using the PIN method.
1 Ensure WPS is enabled on both devices.
2 Access the WPS section of the AP’s configuration interface. See the device’s Users Guide for how to
do this.
3 Look for the client’s WPS PIN; it will be displayed either on the device, or in the WPS section of the
client’s configuration interface (see the device’s User’s Guide for how to find the WPS PIN - for the
ZyXEL Device, see Section 8.4 on page 133).
4 Enter the client’s PIN in the AP’s configuration interface.
5 If the client device’s configuration interface has an area for entering another device’s PIN, you can
either enter the client’s PIN in the AP, or enter the AP’s PIN in the client - it does not matter which.
6 Start WPS on both devices within two minutes.
7 Use the configuration utility to activate WPS, not the push-button on the device itself.
8 On a computer connected to the wireless client, try to connect to the Internet. If you can connect,
WPS was successful.
If you cannot connect, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s configuration utility. If
you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful.
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The following figure shows a WPS-enabled wireless client (installed in a notebook computer)
connecting to the WPS-enabled AP via the PIN method.
Figure 56 Example WPS Process: PIN Method
8.8.8.3 How WPS Works
When two WPS-enabled devices connect, each device must assume a specific role. One device acts
as the registrar (the device that supplies network and security settings) and the other device acts
as the enrollee (the device that receives network and security settings. The registrar creates a
secure EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) tunnel and sends the network name (SSID) and the
WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared key to the enrollee. Whether WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK is used
depends on the standards supported by the devices. If the registrar is already part of a network, it
sends the existing information. If not, it generates the SSID and WPA(2)-PSK randomly.
ENROLLEE
SECURE EAP TUNNEL
SSID
WPA(2)-PSK
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
COMMUNICATION
This device’s
WPS
Enter WPS PIN
WPS
from other device:
WPS PIN: 123456
WPS
START
WPS
START
REGISTRAR
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The following figure shows a WPS-enabled client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting to a
WPS-enabled access point.
Figure 57 How WPS works
The roles of registrar and enrollee last only as long as the WPS setup process is active (two
minutes). The next time you use WPS, a different device can be the registrar if necessary.
The WPS connection process is like a handshake; only two devices participate in each WPS
transaction. If you want to add more devices you should repeat the process with one of the existing
networked devices and the new device.
Note that the access point (AP) is not always the registrar, and the wireless client is not always the
enrollee. All WPS-certified APs can be a registrar, and so can some WPS-enabled wireless clients.
By default, a WPS devices is “unconfigured. This means that it is not part of an existing network
and can act as either enrollee or registrar (if it supports both functions). If the registrar is
unconfigured, the security settings it transmits to the enrollee are randomly-generated. Once a
WPS-enabled device has connected to another device using WPS, it becomes “configured”. A
configured wireless client can still act as enrollee or registrar in subsequent WPS connections, but a
configured access point can no longer act as enrollee. It will be the registrar in all subsequent WPS
connections in which it is involved. If you want a configured AP to act as an enrollee, you must reset
it to its factory defaults.
8.8.8.4 Example WPS Network Setup
This section shows how security settings are distributed in an example WPS setup.
The following figure shows an example network. In step 1, both AP1 and Client 1 are
unconfigured. When WPS is activated on both, they perform the handshake. In this example, AP1
SECURE TUNNEL
SECURITY INFO
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
COMMUNICATION
ACTIVATE
WPS
ACTIVATE
WPS
WPS HANDSHAKE
REGISTRARENROLLEE
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is the registrar, and Client 1 is the enrollee. The registrar randomly generates the security
information to set up the network, since it is unconfigured and has no existing information.
Figure 58 WPS: Example Network Step 1
In step 2, you add another wireless client to the network. You know that Client 1 supports registrar
mode, but it is better to use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new client since you must
connect to the access point anyway in order to use the network. In this case, AP1 must be the
registrar, since it is configured (it already has security information for the network). AP1 supplies
the existing security information to Client 2.
Figure 59 WPS: Example Network Step 2
REGISTRARENROLLEE
SECURITY INFO
CLIENT 1
AP1
REGISTRAR
CLIENT 1
AP1
ENROLLEE
CLIENT 2
EXISTING CONNECTION
S
E
C
U
R
I
T
Y
I
N
F
O
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In step 3, you add another access point (AP2) to your network. AP2 is out of range of AP1, so you
cannot use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new access point. However, you know that Client
2 supports the registrar function, so you use it to perform the WPS handshake instead.
Figure 60 WPS: Example Network Step 3
8.8.8.5 Limitations of WPS
WPS has some limitations of which you should be aware.
WPS works in Infrastructure networks only (where an AP and a wireless client communicate). It
does not work in Ad-Hoc networks (where there is no AP).
When you use WPS, it works between two devices only. You cannot enroll multiple devices
simultaneously, you must enroll one after the other.
For instance, if you have two enrollees and one registrar you must set up the first enrollee (by
pressing the WPS button on the registrar and the first enrollee, for example), then check that it
successfully enrolled, then set up the second device in the same way.
WPS works only with other WPS-enabled devices. However, you can still add non-WPS devices to
a network you already set up using WPS.
WPS works by automatically issuing a randomly-generated WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared
key from the registrar device to the enrollee devices. Whether the network uses WPA-PSK or
WPA2-PSK depends on the device. You can check the configuration interface of the registrar
device to discover the key the network is using (if the device supports this feature). Then, you
can enter the key into the non-WPS device and join the network as normal (the non-WPS device
must also support WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK).
CLIENT 1
AP1
REGISTRAR
CLIENT 2
EXISTING CONNECTION
S
E
C
U
R
I
T
Y
I
N
F
O
ENROLLEE
AP2
E
X
I
S
T
I
N
G
C
O
N
N
E
C
T
I
O
N
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When you use the PBC method, there is a short period (from the moment you press the button
on one device to the moment you press the button on the other device) when any WPS-enabled
device could join the network. This is because the registrar has no way of identifying the
“correct” enrollee, and cannot differentiate between your enrollee and a rogue device. This is a
possible way for a hacker to gain access to a network.
You can easily check to see if this has happened. WPS works between only two devices
simultaneously, so if another device has enrolled your device will be unable to enroll, and will not
have access to the network. If this happens, open the access point’s configuration interface and
look at the list of associated clients (usually displayed by MAC address). It does not matter if the
access point is the WPS registrar, the enrollee, or was not involved in the WPS handshake; a
rogue device must still associate with the access point to gain access to the network. Check the
MAC addresses of your wireless clients (usually printed on a label on the bottom of the device). If
there is an unknown MAC address you can remove it or reset the AP.
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CHAPTER 9
Network Address Translation (NAT)
9.1 Overview
This chapter discusses how to configure NAT on the ZyXEL Device. NAT (Network Address
Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet, for example,
the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a different IP address known
within another network.
9.1.1 What You Can Do in the NAT Screens
•Use the NAT General Setup screen (Section 9.2 on page 152) to configure the NAT setup
settings.
•Use the Port Forwarding screen (Section 9.3 on page 153) to configure forward incoming
service requests to the server(s) on your local network.
•Use the Address Mapping screen (Section 9.4 on page 156) to change your ZyXEL Device’s
address mapping settings.
•Use the ALG screen (Section 9.5 on page 158) to enable and disable the SIP (VoIP) ALG in the
ZyXEL Device.
9.1.2 What You Need To Know About NAT
Inside/Outside
Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the ZyXEL Device, for example, the
computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the
outside hosts.
Global/Local
Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for
example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local
network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is
traveling in the WAN side.
NAT
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber
(the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the
WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside
global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host.
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Port Forwarding
A port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for example, web or FTP,
that you can make visible to the outside world even though NAT makes your whole inside network
appear as a single computer to the outside world.
Finding Out More
See Section 9.6 on page 159 for advanced technical information on NAT.
9.2 The NAT General Setup Screen
Use this screen to activate NAT. Click Network > NAT to open the following screen.
Note: You must create an IP filter rule in addition to setting up NAT, to allow traffic from
the WAN to be forwarded through the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 61 Network > NAT > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 41 Network > NAT > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Network
Address Translation
Select this check box to enable NAT.
SUA Only Select this radio button if you have just one public WAN IP address for your ZyXEL
Device.
Full Feature Select this radio button if you have multiple public WAN IP addresses for your ZyXEL
Device.
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9.3 The Port Forwarding Screen
Use this screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network.
You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP
address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web service is on
port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can
support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to
specify a range of port numbers. You can allocate a server IP address that corresponds to a port or
a range of ports.
The most often used port numbers and services are shown in Appendix F on page 351. Please refer
to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.
Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server
processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may
periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any
active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.
Default Server IP Address
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server IP address. A default
server receives packets from ports that are not specified in this screen.
Note: If you do not assign a Default Server IP address, the ZyXEL Device discards all
packets received for ports that are not specified here or in the remote management
setup.
Configuring Servers Behind Port Forwarding (Example)
Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example),
port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a
Max NAT/Firewall
Session Per User
When computers use peer to peer applications, such as file sharing applications, they
need to establish NAT sessions. If you do not limit the number of NAT sessions a single
client can establish, this can result in all of the available NAT sessions being used. In
this case, no additional NAT sessions can be established, and users may not be able to
access the Internet.
Each NAT session establishes a corresponding firewall session. Use this field to limit the
number of NAT/Firewall sessions client computers can establish through the ZyXEL
Device.
If your network has a small number of clients using peer to peer applications, you can
raise this number to ensure that their performance is not degraded by the number of
NAT sessions they can establish. If your network has a large number of users using peer
to peer applications, you can lower this number to ensure no single client is exhausting
all of the available NAT sessions.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 41 Network > NAT > General (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address.
The NAT network appears as a single host on the Internet.
Figure 62 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example
9.3.1 Configuring the Port Forwarding Screen
Click Network > NAT > Port Forwarding to open the following screen.
See Appendix F on page 351 for port numbers commonly used for particular services.
Figure 63 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
A=192.168.1.33
D=192.168.1.36
C=192.168.1.35
B=192.168.1.34
WAN
LAN
192.168.1.1
IP Address assigned by ISP
Table 42 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Default Server Setup
Default Server In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server. A default
server receives packets from ports that are not specified in this screen. If you do not
assign a Default Server IP address, the ZyXEL Device discards all packets received for
ports that are not specified here or in the remote management setup.
Port Forwarding
Service Name Select a service from the drop-down list box.
Server IP Address Enter the IP address of the server for the specified service.
Add Click this button to add a rule to the table below.
# This is the rule index number (read-only).
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9.3.2 The Port Forwarding Rule Edit Screen
Use this screen to edit a port forwarding rule. Click the rule’s edit icon in the Port Forwarding
screen to display the screen shown next.
Figure 64 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding: Edit
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Active This field indicates whether the rule is active or not.
Clear the check box to disable the rule. Select the check box to enable it.
Service Name This is a service’s name.
Start Port This is the first port number that identifies a service.
End Port This is the last port number that identifies a service.
Port Translation
Start/End Port
This is the start/end port number that the device translates.
Server IP Address This is the server’s IP address.
Modify Click the edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the port forwarding rule.
Click the delete icon to delete an existing port forwarding rule. Note that subsequent
address mapping rules move up by one when you take this action.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 42 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 43 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding: Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Rule Setup
Active Click this check box to enable the rule.
Service Name Enter a name to identify this port-forwarding rule.
Start Port Enter a port number in this field.
To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the End Port field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end port number in
the End Port field.
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9.4 The Address Mapping Screen
Note: The Address Mapping screen is available only when you select Full Feature in
the NAT > General screen.
Ordering your rules is important because the ZyXEL Device applies the rules in the order that you
specify. When a rule matches the current packet, the ZyXEL Device takes the corresponding action
and the remaining rules are ignored. If there are any empty rules before your new configured rule,
your configured rule will be pushed up by that number of empty rules. For example, if you have
already configured rules 1 to 6 in your current set and now you configure rule number 9. In the set
summary screen, the new rule will be rule 7, not 9. Now if you delete rule 4, rules 5 to 7 will be
pushed up by 1 rule, so old rules 5, 6 and 7 become new rules 4, 5 and 6.
To change your ZyXEL Device’s address mapping settings, click Network > NAT >
Address Mapping to open the following screen.
Figure 65 Network > NAT > Address Mapping
End Port Enter a port number in this field.
To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the Start Port field above and
then enter it again in this field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that begins with the
port number in the Start Port field above.
Server IP
Address
Enter the inside IP address of the server here.
Port Translation
Start / End Port
Enter the start port number here to which you want the device to translate the incoming
port. For a range of ports, you only need to enter the first number of the range to which
you want the incoming ports translated, the device automatically calculates the last port of
the translated port range.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 43 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding: Edit (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
9.4.1 The Address Mapping Rule Edit Screen
Use this screen to edit an address mapping rule. Click the rule’s edit icon in the Address Mapping
screen to display the screen shown next.
Figure 66 Network > NAT > Address Mapping: Edit
Table 44 Network > NAT > Address Mapping
LABEL DESCRIPTION
# This is the rule index number.
Local Start IP This is the starting Inside Local IP Address (ILA). Local IP addresses are N/A for Server
port mapping.
Local End IP This is the end Inside Local IP Address (ILA). If the rule is for all local IP addresses, then
this field displays 0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and 255.255.255.255 as the
Local End IP address. This field is N/A for One-to-one and Server mapping types.
Global Start IP This is the starting Inside Global IP Address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if you have a
dynamic IP address from your ISP. You can only do this for Many-to-One and Server
mapping types.
Global End IP This is the ending Inside Global IP Address (IGA). This field is N/A for One-to-one,
Many-to-One and Server mapping types.
Type 1-1: One-to-one mode maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Note that port
numbers do not change for the One-to-one NAT mapping type.
M-1: Many-to-One mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP address. This
is equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), ZyXEL's Single User Account
feature that previous ZyXEL routers supported only.
M-M Ov (Overload): Many-to-Many Overload mode maps multiple local IP addresses to
shared global IP addresses.
MM No (No Overload): Many-to-Many No Overload mode maps each local IP address to
unique global IP addresses.
Server: This type allows you to specify inside servers of different services behind the NAT
to be accessible to the outside world.
Modify Click the edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the address mapping rule.
Click the delete icon to delete an existing address mapping rule. Note that subsequent
address mapping rules move up by one when you take this action.
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
9.5 The ALG Screen
Some NAT routers may include a SIP Application Layer Gateway (ALG). A SIP ALG allows SIP calls
to pass through NAT by examining and translating IP addresses embedded in the data stream.
When the ZyXEL Device registers with the SIP register server, the SIP ALG translates the ZyXEL
Device’s private IP address inside the SIP data stream to a public IP address. You do not need to
use STUN or an outbound proxy if your ZyXEL Device is behind a SIP ALG.
Table 45 Network > NAT > Address Mapping: Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Type Choose the port mapping type from one of the following.
One-to-One: One-to-One mode maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Note
that port numbers do not change for One-to-one NAT mapping type.
Many-to-One: Many-to-One mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP
address. This is equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), ZyXEL's Single User
Account feature that previous ZyXEL routers supported only.
Many-to-Many Overload: Many-to-Many Overload mode maps multiple local IP
addresses to shared global IP addresses.
Many-to-Many No Overload: Many-to-Many No Overload mode maps each local IP
address to unique global IP addresses.
Server: This type allows you to specify inside servers of different services behind the NAT
to be accessible to the outside world.
Local Start IP This is the starting local IP address (ILA). Local IP addresses are N/A for Server port
mapping.
Local End IP This is the end local IP address (ILA). If your rule is for all local IP addresses, then enter
0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and 255.255.255.255 as the Local End IP
address.
This field is N/A for One-to-One and Server mapping types.
Global Start IP This is the starting global IP address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if you have a dynamic IP
address from your ISP.
Global End IP This is the ending global IP address (IGA). This field is N/A for One-to-One, Many-to-
One and Server mapping types.
Server Mapping
Set
Edit Details
Click this link to go to the Port Forwarding screen to edit a port forwarding set that you
have selected in the Server Mapping Set field.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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Use this screen to enable and disable the SIP (VoIP) ALG in the ZyXEL Device. To access this
screen, click Network > NAT > ALG.
Figure 67 Network > NAT > ALG
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
9.6 NAT Technical Reference
This chapter contains more information regarding NAT.
9.6.1 NAT Definitions
Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the ZyXEL Device, for example, the
computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the
outside hosts.
Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for
example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local
network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is
traveling in the WAN side.
Note that inside/outside refers to the location of a host, while global/local refers to the IP address
of a host used in a packet. Thus, an inside local address (ILA) is the IP address of an inside host in
a packet when the packet is still in the local network, while an inside global address (IGA) is the IP
address of the same inside host when the packet is on the WAN side. The following table
summarizes this information.
Table 46 Network > NAT > ALG
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Enable SIP ALG Select this to make sure SIP (VoIP) works correctly with port-forwarding and address-
mapping rules.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Reset Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 47 NAT Definitions
ITEM DESCRIPTION
Inside This refers to the host on the LAN.
Outside This refers to the host on the WAN.
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NAT never changes the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host.
9.6.2 What NAT Does
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber
(the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the
WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside
global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Note
that the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host is never changed.
The global IP addresses for the inside hosts can be either static or dynamically assigned by the ISP.
In addition, you can designate servers, for example, a web server and a telnet server, on your local
network and make them accessible to the outside world. If you do not define any servers (for Many-
to-One and Many-to-Many Overload mapping – see Table 48 on page 162), NAT offers the
additional benefit of firewall protection. With no servers defined, your ZyXEL Device filters out all
incoming inquiries, thus preventing intruders from probing your network. For more information on
IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT).
9.6.3 How NAT Works
Each packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets,
the ILA (Inside Local Address) is the source address on the LAN, and the IGA (Inside Global
Address) is the source address on the WAN. For incoming packets, the ILA is the destination
address on the LAN, and the IGA is the destination address on the WAN. NAT maps private (local)
IP addresses to globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It
replaces the original IP source address (and TCP or UDP source port numbers for Many-to-One and
Many-to-Many Overload NAT mapping) in each packet and then forwards it to the Internet. The
ZyXEL Device keeps track of the original addresses and port numbers so incoming reply packets can
have their original values restored. The following figure illustrates this.
Figure 68 How NAT Works
Local This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the LAN.
Global This refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the WAN.
Table 47 NAT Definitions (continued)
ITEM DESCRIPTION
192.168.1.13
192.168.1.10
192.168.1.11
192.168.1.12
SA
192.168.1.10
SA
IGA1
Inside Local
IP Address
192.168.1.10
192.168.1.11
192.168.1.12
192.168.1.13
Inside Global
IP Address
IGA 1
IGA 2
IGA 3
IGA 4
NAT Table
WAN
LAN
Inside Local
Address (ILA)
Inside Global
Address (IGA)
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9.6.4 NAT Application
The following figure illustrates a possible NAT application, where three inside LANs (logical LANs
using IP alias) behind the ZyXEL Device can communicate with three distinct WAN networks.
Figure 69 NAT Application With IP Alias
9.6.5 NAT Mapping Types
NAT supports five types of IP/port mapping. They are:
One to One: In One-to-One mode, the ZyXEL Device maps one local IP address to one global IP
address.
Many to One: In Many-to-One mode, the ZyXEL Device maps multiple local IP addresses to one
global IP address. This is equivalent to SUA (for instance, PAT, port address translation), ZyXELs
Single User Account feature that previous ZyXEL routers supported (the SUA Only option in
today’s routers).
Many to Many Overload: In Many-to-Many Overload mode, the ZyXEL Device maps the
multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses.
Many-to-Many No Overload:
In Many-to-Many No Overload mode, the ZyXEL Device maps
each local IP address to a unique global IP address.
Server: This type allows you to specify inside servers of different services behind the NAT to be
accessible to the outside world.
Port numbers do NOT change for One-to-One and Many-to-Many No Overload NAT mapping
types.
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The following table summarizes these types.
Table 48 NAT Mapping Types
TYPE IP MAPPING
One-to-One ILA1ÅÆ IGA1
Many-to-One (SUA/PAT) ILA1ÅÆ IGA1
ILA2ÅÆ IGA1
Many-to-Many Overload ILA1ÅÆ IGA1
ILA2ÅÆ IGA2
ILA3ÅÆ IGA1
ILA4ÅÆ IGA2
Many-to-Many No Overload ILA1ÅÆ IGA1
ILA2ÅÆ IGA2
ILA3ÅÆ IGA3
Server Server 1 IPÅÆ IGA1
Server 2 IPÅÆ IGA1
Server 3 IPÅÆ IGA1
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CHAPTER 10
Firewall
10.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to enable the ZyXEL Device firewall. Use the firewall to protect your
ZyXEL Device and network from attacks by hackers on the Internet and control access to it. The
firewall:
allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all other networks.
blocks traffic that originates on other networks from going to the LAN.
blocks SYN and port scanner attacks.
By default, the ZyXEL Device blocks DDOS, LAND and Ping of Death attacks whether the firewall is
enabled or disabled.
The following figure illustrates the firewall action. User A can initiate an IM (Instant Messaging)
session from the LAN to the WAN (1). Return traffic for this session is also allowed (2). However
other traffic initiated from the WAN is blocked (3 and 4).
Figure 70 Default Firewall Action
10.1.1 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens
•Use the Firewall screen (Section 10.3 on page 167) to enable firewall and/or IPv6 firewall on the
ZyXEL Device.
•Use the General screen (Section 10.3 on page 167) to select the firewall protection level on the
ZyXEL Device.
•Use the Default Action screen (Section 10.4 on page 168) to set the default action that the
firewall takes on packets that do not match any of the firewall rules.
•Use the Rules screen (Section 10.5 on page 169) to view the configured firewall rules and add,
edit or remove a firewall rule.
WAN
LAN
3
4
1
2
A
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•Use the DoS screen (Section 10.6 on page 174) to set the thresholds that the ZyXEL Device uses
to determine when to start dropping sessions that do not become fully established (half-open
sessions).
10.1.2 What You Need to Know About Firewall
SYN Attack
A SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes the
targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system waits for the ACK that
follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses on a backlog queue. SYN-
ACKs are moved off the queue only when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer terminates
the three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all incoming SYN requests,
making the system unavailable for legitimate users.
DoS
Denials of Service (DoS) attacks are aimed at devices and networks with a connection to the
Internet. Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable a device or network so users no longer
have access to network resources. The ZyXEL Device is pre-configured to automatically detect and
thwart all known DoS attacks.
DDoS
A Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack is one in which multiple compromised systems attack a single
target, thereby causing denial of service for users of the targeted system.
LAND Attack
In a Local Area Network Denial (LAND) attack, hackers flood SYN packets into the network with a
spoofed source IP address of the target system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent
the packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the target system tries to respond to
itself.
Ping of Death
Ping of Death uses a "ping" utility to create and send an IP packet that exceeds the maximum
65,536 bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. This may cause systems to crash, hang or
reboot.
SPI
Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) tracks each connection crossing the firewall and makes sure it is
valid. Filtering decisions are based not only on rules but also context. For example, traffic from the
WAN may only be allowed to cross the firewall in response to a request from the LAN.
RFC 4890 SPEC Traffic
RFC 4890 specifies the filtering policies for ICMPv6 messages. This is important for protecting
against security threats including DoS, probing, redirection attacks and renumbering attacks that
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can be carried out through ICMPv6. Since ICMPv6 error messages are critical for establishing and
maintaining communications, filtering policy focuses on ICMPv6 informational messages.
Anti-Probing
If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your ZyXEL Device, an ICMP response
packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the ZyXEL Device exists. The
ZyXEL Device supports anti-probing, which prevents the ICMP response packet from being sent.
This keeps outsiders from discovering your ZyXEL Device when unsupported ports are probed.
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a message control and error-reporting protocol
between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams,
but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the application
user.
DoS Thresholds
For DoS attacks, the ZyXEL Device uses thresholds to determine when to drop sessions that do not
become fully established. These thresholds apply globally to all sessions. You can use the default
threshold values, or you can change them to values more suitable to your security requirements.
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10.2 The Firewall Screen
Use this screen to enable firewall and/or SPI. Click Security > Firewall to display the following
screen.
Note: The firewall configuration screen shown in this section is specific to the following
devices: P-660HN-TxA, P-660HN-Tx, P-660N-TxA, P-660HN-T1H.
Figure 71 Security > Firewall
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Enabling SPI blocks all traffic initiated from the WAN side, including the
DMZ, virtual server and ACL on the WAN side.
Enabling IPv6 firewall will filter SYN-Flooding and Ping of Death traffic.
Enabling ICMPv6 filter recommendations will filter RFC4890 SPEC traffic.
Table 49 Security > Firewall
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Firewall
Firewall Use this field to enable or disable firewall on your ZyXEL Device.
SPI Use this field to enable or disable SPI on your ZyXEL Device.
IPv6 Firewall
IPv6 Firewall Use this field to enable or disable IPv6 firewall on your ZyXEL Device.
ICMPv6 Filter
Recommendations
Use this field to enable or disable ICMPv6 filter recommendations on your ZyXEL
Device.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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10.3 The Firewall General Screen
Use this screen to select the firewall protection level on the ZyXEL Device. Click Security >
Firewall > General to display the following screen.
Note: The firewall configuration screen shown in this section is specific to the following
devices: P-660HNU-Tx, P-660HU-Tx.
Figure 72 Security > Firewall > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 50 Security > Firewall > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
High This setting blocks all traffic to and from the Internet. Only local network traffic and
LAN to WAN service (Telnet, FTP, HTTP, HTTPS, DNS, POP3, SMTP) is permitted.
Medium This is the recommended setting. It allows traffic to the Internet but blocks anyone
from the Internet from accessing any services on your local network.
Low This setting allows traffic to the Internet and also allows someone from the Internet
to access services on your local network or the management interfaces on your
router (when configured in Remote MGMT). This would be used with Port Forwarding,
Default Server.
Custom This setting allows the customer to create and edit individual firewall rules.
Firewall rules can be created in the Default Action screen (Section 10.4 on page 168)
and Rules screen (Section 10.5 on page 169).
Off This setting is not recommended. It disables firewall protection for your network and
could potentially expose your network to significant security risks. This option should
only be used for troubleshooting or if you intend using another firewall in conjunction
with your ZyXEL router.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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10.4 The Default Action Screen
Use this screen to set the default action that the firewall takes on packets that do not match any of
the firewall rules. Click Security > Firewall > Default Action to display the following screen.
Note: The firewall configuration screen shown in this section is specific to the following
devices: P-660HNU-Tx, P-660HU-Tx.
Figure 73 Security > Firewall > Default Action
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 51 Security > Firewall > Default Action
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Packet Direction This is the direction of travel of packets (LAN to Router, LAN to WAN, WAN to
Router, WAN to LAN).
Firewall rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they
apply. For example, LAN to Router means packets traveling from a computer/
subnet on the LAN to the ZyXEL Device itself.
Default Action Use the drop-down list boxes to select the default action that the firewall is to take
on packets that are traveling in the selected direction and do not match any of the
firewall rules.
Select Drop to silently discard the packets without sending a TCP reset packet or an
ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender.
Select Reject to deny the packets and send a TCP reset packet (for a TCP packet) or
an ICMP destination-unreachable message (for a UDP packet) to the sender.
Select Permit to allow the passage of the packets.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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10.5 The Rules Screen
Click Security > Firewall > Rules to display the following screen. This screen displays a list of the
configured firewall rules. Note the order in which the rules are listed.
Note: The firewall configuration screen shown in this section is specific to the following
devices: P-660HNU-Tx, P-660HU-Tx.
Note: The ordering of your rules is very important as rules are applied in turn.
Figure 74 Security > Firewall > Rules
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 52 Security > Firewall > Rules
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Firewall Rules Storage
Space in Use
This read-only bar shows how much of the ZyXEL Device's memory for recording
firewall rules it is currently using. When you are using 80% or less of the storage
space, the bar is green. When the amount of space used is over 80%, the bar is red.
Packet Direction Use the drop-down list box to select a direction of travel of packets for which you
want to configure firewall rules.
Create a new rule
after rule number
Select an index number and click Add to add a new firewall rule after the selected
index number. For example, if you select “6”, your new rule becomes number 7 and
the previous rule 7 (if there is one) becomes rule 8.
The following read-only fields summarize the rules you have created that apply to
traffic traveling in the selected packet direction. The firewall rules that you configure
(summarized below) take priority over the general firewall action settings in the
General screen.
# This is your firewall rule number. The ordering of your rules is important as rules are
applied in turn.
Active This field displays whether a firewall is turned on or not. Select the check box to
enable the rule. Clear the check box to disable the rule.
Source IP Address This column displays the source addresses or ranges of addresses to which this
firewall rule applies. Please note that a blank source or destination address is
equivalent to Any.
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10.5.1 The Rules Add Screen
Use this screen to configure firewall rules. In the Rules screen, select an index number and click
Add or click a rule’s Edit icon to display this screen and refer to the following table for information
on the labels.
Destination IP Address This column displays the destination addresses or ranges of addresses to which this
firewall rule applies. Please note that a blank source or destination address is
equivalent to Any.
Service This column displays the services to which this firewall rule applies. See Appendix F
on page 351 for more information.
Action This field displays whether the firewall silently discards packets (Drop), discards
packets and sends a TCP reset packet or an ICMP destination-unreachable message
to the sender (Reject) or allows the passage of packets (Permit).
Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.
Click the Remove icon to delete an existing firewall rule. A window displays asking
you to confirm that you want to delete the firewall rule. Note that subsequent firewall
rules move up by one when you take this action.
Order Click the Move icon to display the Move the rule to field. Type a number in the
Move the rule to field and click the Move button to move the rule to the number
that you typed. The ordering of your rules is important as they are applied in order of
their numbering.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 52 Security > Firewall > Rules
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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Note: The firewall configuration screen shown in this section is specific to the following
devices: P-660HNU-Tx, P-660HU-Tx devices.
Figure 75 Security > Firewall > Rules > Add
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 53 Security > Firewall > Rules > Add
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select this option to enable this firewall rule.
Action for Matched
Packet
Use the drop-down list box to select whether to discard (Drop), deny and send an
ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender of (Reject) or allow the
passage of (Permit) packets that match this rule.
IP Version Type Select the IP version, IPv4 or IPv6, to apply this firewall rule to.
Log This field determines if a log for packets that match the rule is created or not.
Source/Destination Address
Address Type Do you want your rule to apply to packets with a particular (single) IP, a range of IP
addresses (for instance, 192.168.1.10 to 192.169.1.50), a subnet or any IP address?
Select an option from the drop-down list box that includes: Single Address, Range
Address, Subnet Address and Any
Address.
Start IP Address Enter the single IP address or the starting IP address in a range here.
End IP Address Enter the ending IP address in a range here.
Subnet Mask Enter the subnet mask here, if applicable.
Services
Available Please see Appendix F on page 351 for more information on services available. Select
a service from the Available Services box.
Edit Customized
Service
Click the Edit Customized Services link to bring up the screen that you use to
configure a new custom service that is not in the predefined list of services.
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10.5.2 Customized Services
Note: The firewall configuration screen shown in this section is specific to the following
devices: P-660HNU-Tx, P-660HU-Tx devices.
Configure customized services and port numbers not predefined by the ZyXEL Device. For a
comprehensive list of port numbers and services, visit the IANA (Internet Assigned Number
Authority) website. See Appendix F on page 351 for some examples. Click the Edit Customized
Services link while editing a firewall rule to configure a custom service port. This displays the
following screen.
Figure 76 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
10.5.3 Configuring a Customized Service
Note: The firewall configuration screen shown in this section is specific to the following
devices: P-660HNU-Tx, P-660HU-Tx devices.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 53 Security > Firewall > Rules > Add
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 54 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services
LABEL DESCRIPTION
No. This is the number of your customized port.
Name This is the name of your customized service.
Protocol This shows the IP protocol (TCP or UDP) that defines your customized service.
Port This is the port number or range that defines your customized service.
Modify Click this to go to the Firewall Customized Services Config screen to edit a customized
service.
Add Click this to go to the Firewall Customized Services Config screen to configure a
customized service.
Back Click this to return to the Firewall Edit Rule screen.
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Use this screen to add a customized rule or edit an existing rule. Click a rule number in the
Firewall Customized Services screen to display the following screen.
Figure 77 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services: Config
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 55 Security > Firewall > Rules: Edit: Edit Customized Services: Config
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Config
Service Name Type a unique name for your custom port.
Service Type Choose the IP port (TCP or UDP) that defines your customized port from the drop down list
box.
Port Configuration
Type Click Single to specify one port only or Port Range to specify a span of ports that define
your customized service.
Port Number Type a single port number or the range of port numbers that define your customized
service.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Delete Click this to delete the current rule.
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10.6 The DoS Screen
Use this screen to enable DoS protection. Click Security > Firewall > DoS to display the following
screen.
Figure 78 Security > Firewall > DoS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
10.6.1 The DoS Advanced Screen
For DoS attacks, the ZyXEL Device uses thresholds to determine when to start dropping sessions
that do not become fully established (half-open sessions). These thresholds apply globally to all
sessions.
For TCP, half-open means that the session has not reached the established state-the TCP three-way
handshake has not yet been completed. Under normal circumstances, the application that initiates
a session sends a SYN (synchronize) packet to the receiving server. The receiver sends back an ACK
(acknowledgment) packet and its own SYN, and then the initiator responds with an ACK
(acknowledgment). After this handshake, a connection is established.
Figure 79 Three-Way Handshake
Table 56 Security > Firewall > DoS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Denial of Services Enable this to protect against DoS attacks. The ZyXEL Device will drop sessions that
surpass maximum thresholds.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Advanced Click this to go to a screen to specify maximum thresholds at which the ZyXEL Device
will start dropping sessions.
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For UDP, half-open means that the firewall has detected no return traffic. An unusually high number
(or arrival rate) of half-open sessions could indicate a DOS attack.
10.6.1.1 Threshold Values
If everything is working properly, you probably do not need to change the threshold settings as the
default threshold values should work for most small offices. Tune these parameters when you
believe the ZyXEL Device has been receiving DoS attacks that are not recorded in the logs or the
logs show that the ZyXEL Device is classifying normal traffic as DoS attacks. Factors influencing
choices for threshold values are:
1 The maximum number of opened sessions.
2 The minimum capacity of server backlog in your LAN network.
3 The CPU power of servers in your LAN network.
4 Network bandwidth.
5 Type of traffic for certain servers.
Reduce the threshold values if your network is slower than average for any of these factors
(especially if you have servers that are slow or handle many tasks and are often busy).
If you often use P2P applications such as file sharing with eMule or eDonkey, its recommended
that you increase the threshold values since lots of sessions will be established during a small
period of time and the ZyXEL Device may classify them as DoS attacks.
10.6.2 Configuring Firewall Thresholds
Click Security > Firewall > DoS > Advanced to display the following screen.
Figure 80 Security > Firewall > DoS > Advanced
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
10.7 Firewall Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this
chapter.
10.7.1 Firewall Rules Overview
Your customized rules take precedence and override the ZyXEL Device’s default settings. The ZyXEL
Device checks the source IP address, destination IP address and IP protocol type of network traffic
against the firewall rules (in the order you list them). When the traffic matches a rule, the ZyXEL
Device takes the action specified in the rule.
Firewall rules are grouped based on the direction of travel of packets to which they apply:
Note: The LAN includes both the LAN port and the WLAN.
By default, the ZyXEL Device’s stateful packet inspection allows packets traveling in the following
directions:
•LAN to Router
These rules specify which computers on the LAN can manage the ZyXEL Device (remote
management).
Note: You can also configure the remote management settings to allow only a specific
computer to manage the ZyXEL Device.
Table 57 Security > Firewall > DoS > Advanced
LABEL DESCRIPTION
TCP SYN-Request
Count
This is the rate of new TCP half-open sessions per second that causes the firewall to
start deleting half-open sessions. When the rate of new connection attempts rises
above this number, the ZyXEL Device deletes half-open sessions as required to
accommodate new connection attempts.
UDP Packet Count This is the rate of new UDP half-open sessions per second that causes the firewall to
start deleting half-open sessions. When the rate of new connection attempts rises
above this number, the ZyXEL Device deletes half-open sessions as required to
accommodate new connection attempts.
ICMP Echo-Request
Count
This is the rate of new ICMP Echo-Request half-open sessions per second that causes
the firewall to start deleting half-open sessions. When the rate of new connection
attempts rises above this number, the ZyXEL Device deletes half-open sessions as
required to accommodate new connection attempts.
Back Click this button to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
•LAN to Router •WAN to LAN
LAN to WAN WAN to Router
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•LAN to WAN
These rules specify which computers on the LAN can access which computers or services on the
WAN.
By default, the ZyXEL Device’s stateful packet inspection drops packets traveling in the following
directions:
•WAN to LAN
These rules specify which computers on the WAN can access which computers or services on the
LAN.
Note: You also need to configure NAT port forwarding (or full featured NAT address
mapping rules) to allow computers on the WAN to access devices on the LAN.
•WAN to Router
By default the ZyXEL Device stops computers on the WAN from managing the ZyXEL Device. You
could configure one of these rules to allow a WAN computer to manage the ZyXEL Device.
Note: You also need to configure the remote management settings to allow a WAN
computer to manage the ZyXEL Device.
You may define additional rules and sets or modify existing ones but please exercise extreme
caution in doing so.
For example, you may create rules to:
Block certain types of traffic, such as IRC (Internet Relay Chat), from the LAN to the Internet.
Allow certain types of traffic, such as Lotus Notes database synchronization, from specific hosts
on the Internet to specific hosts on the LAN.
Allow everyone except your competitors to access a web server.
Restrict use of certain protocols, such as Telnet, to authorized users on the LAN.
These custom rules work by comparing the source IP address, destination IP address and IP
protocol type of network traffic to rules set by the administrator. Your customized rules take
precedence and override the ZyXEL Device’s default rules.
10.7.2 Guidelines For Enhancing Security With Your Firewall
6 Change the default password via web configurator.
7 Think about access control before you connect to the network in any way.
8 Limit who can access your router.
9 Don't enable any local service (such as telnet or FTP) that you don't use. Any enabled service could
present a potential security risk. A determined hacker might be able to find creative ways to misuse
the enabled services to access the firewall or the network.
10 For local services that are enabled, protect against misuse. Protect by configuring the services to
communicate only with specific peers, and protect by configuring rules to block packets for the
services at specific interfaces.
11 Protect against IP spoofing by making sure the firewall is active.
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12 Keep the firewall in a secured (locked) room.
10.7.3 Security Considerations
Note: Incorrectly configuring the firewall may block valid access or introduce security
risks to the ZyXEL Device and your protected network. Use caution when creating
or deleting firewall rules and test your rules after you configure them.
Consider these security ramifications before creating a rule:
1 Does this rule stop LAN users from accessing critical resources on the Internet? For example, if IRC
is blocked, are there users that require this service?
2 Is it possible to modify the rule to be more specific? For example, if IRC is blocked for all users, will
a rule that blocks just certain users be more effective?
3 Does a rule that allows Internet users access to resources on the LAN create a security
vulnerability? For example, if FTP ports (TCP 20, 21) are allowed from the Internet to the LAN,
Internet users may be able to connect to computers with running FTP servers.
4 Does this rule conflict with any existing rules?
Once these questions have been answered, adding rules is simply a matter of entering the
information into the correct fields in the web configurator screens.
10.7.4 Triangle Route
When the firewall is on, your ZyXEL Device acts as a secure gateway between your LAN and the
Internet. In an ideal network topology, all incoming and outgoing network traffic passes through
the ZyXEL Device to protect your LAN against attacks.
Figure 81 Ideal Firewall Setup
10.7.4.1 The “Triangle Route” Problem
A traffic route is a path for sending or receiving data packets between two Ethernet devices. You
may have more than one connection to the Internet (through one or more ISPs). If an alternate
gateway is on the LAN (and its IP address is in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP
address), the “triangle route” (also called asymmetrical route) problem may occur. The steps below
describe the “triangle route” problem.
1 A computer on the LAN initiates a connection by sending out a SYN packet to a receiving server on
the WAN.
1
2
WAN
LAN
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2 The ZyXEL Device reroutes the SYN packet through Gateway A on the LAN to the WAN.
3 The reply from the WAN goes directly to the computer on the LAN without going through the ZyXEL
Device.
As a result, the ZyXEL Device resets the connection, as the connection has not been acknowledged.
Figure 82 “Triangle Route” Problem
10.7.4.2 Solving the “Triangle Route” Problem
If you have the ZyXEL Device allow triangle route sessions, traffic from the WAN can go directly to
a LAN computer without passing through the ZyXEL Device and its firewall protection.
Another solution is to use IP alias. IP alias allows you to partition your network into logical sections
over the same Ethernet interface. Your ZyXEL Device supports up to three logical LAN interfaces
with the ZyXEL Device being the gateway for each logical network.
It’s like having multiple LAN networks that actually use the same physical cables and ports. By
putting your LAN and Gateway A in different subnets, all returning network traffic must pass
through the ZyXEL Device to your LAN. The following steps describe such a scenario.
1 A computer on the LAN initiates a connection by sending a SYN packet to a receiving server on the
WAN.
2 The ZyXEL Device reroutes the packet to Gateway A, which is in Subnet 2.
3 The reply from the WAN goes to the ZyXEL Device.
1
2
3
WAN
LAN
A
ISP 1
ISP 2
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4 The ZyXEL Device then sends it to the computer on the LAN in Subnet 1.
Figure 83 IP Alias
1
2
3
LAN
A
ISP 1
ISP 2
4
WAN
Subnet 1
Subnet 2
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CHAPTER 11
Filters
11.1 Overview
This chapter introduces three types of filters supported by the ZyXEL Device. You can configure
rules to restrict traffic by IP addresses, MAC addresses, IPv6 addresses and/or URLs.
11.1.1 What You Can Do in the Filter Screens
•Use the URL Filter screen (Section 11.2 on page 182) to block access to web sites.
•Use the Application Filter screen (Section 11.3 on page 183) to allow or deny traffic from
certain types of applications.
•Use the IP/MAC Filter screen (Section 11.4 on page 184) to create IP and MAC filter rules.
•Use the IPv6/MAC Filter screen (Section 11.5 on page 186) to create IPv6 and MAC filter rules.
11.1.2 What You Need to Know About Filtering
URL
The URL (Uniform Resource Locator) identifies and helps locates resources on a network. On the
Internet the URL is the web address that you type in the address bar of your Internet browser, for
example “http://www.zyxel.com”.
URL and IP Filter Structure
The URL, IP and IPv6 filters have individual rule indexes. The ZyXEL Device allows you to configure
each type of filter with its own respective set of rules.
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11.2 The URL Filter Screen
Use this screen to block websites by URL. Click Security > Filter > URL Filter. The screen appears
as shown.
Figure 84 Security > Filter > URL Filter
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 58 Security > Filter > URL Filter
LABEL DESCRIPTION
URL Filter Editing
Active Use this field to enable or disable the URL filter.
URL Index Select the index number of the filter.
Individual active Select Yes to make the filter active and No to make it inactive.
URL Enter the URL for the ZyXEL Device to block.
URL Filter Listing
Index This is the index number of the filter rule.
Active This indicates if the filter is active or not.
URL This is the URL you have configured the ZyXEL Device to block.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Delete Click this to remove the filter rule.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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11.3 The Application Filter Screen
Use this screen to allow or deny traffic for certain types of applications. The application filter
provides a convenient way to manage the use of various applications on the network.
Click Security > Filter > Application Filter. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 85 Security > Filter > Application Filter
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 59 Security > Filter > Application Filter
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Application Filter Editing
Application Filter Use this field to enable or disable the application filter.
ICQ Use this field to allow or deny ICQ traffic.
MSN Use this field to allow or deny MSN traffic.
YMSG Use this field to allow or deny Yahoo Messenger traffic
Real Audio/Video Use this field to allow or deny transferring RealPlayer format files.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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11.4 The IP/MAC Filter Screen
Use this screen to create and apply IP and MAC filters. Click Security > Filter > IP/MAC Filter.
The screen appears as shown.
Figure 86
Security > Filter > IP/MAC Filter
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 60
Security > Filter > IP/MAC Filter
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Rule Type
Rule Type selection Select White List to specify traffic to allow and Black List to specify traffic to
disallow.
IP Filter Rule Editing
IP Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter rule.
Active Use this field to enable or disable the filter rule.
Interface Select the PVC to which to apply the filter.
Direction Apply the filter to Incoming or Outgoing traffic direction.
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Rule Type Select IP or MAC type to configure the rule.
Use the IP Filter to block or allow traffic by IP addresses.
Use the MAC Filter to block or allow traffic by MAC address.
Source IP Address Enter the source IP address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is
ignored if it is 0.0.0.0.
Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask for the source IP address
Port Number Enter the source port of the packets that you wish to filter. The range of this
field is 0 to 65535. This field is ignored if it is 0.
Destination IP Address Enter the destination IP address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is
ignored if it is 0.0.0.0.
Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask for the destination IP address.
Port Number Enter the destination port of the packets that you wish to filter. The range of
this field is 0 to 65535. This field is ignored if it is 0.
Source MAC Address This field is only available when you select MAC in the Rule Type field.
Enter the MAC address of the packets you wish to filter.
Protocol Select ICMP, TCP or UDP for the upper layer protocol.
IP Filter Listing
IP Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter set from the drop-down list box.
# This is the index number of the rule in a filter set.
Active This field shows whether the rule is activated.
Interface This is the interface that the filter set applies to.
Direction The filter set applies to this traffic direction.
Src Address/Mask This is the source IP address and subnet mask when you select IP as the rule
type.
Dest IP/Mask This is the destination IP address and subnet mask.
Mac Address This is the MAC address of the packets being filtered.
Src Port This is the source port number.
Dest Port This is the destination port number.
Protocol This is the upper layer protocol.
Apply Click this to apply your changes.
Delete Click this to remove the filter rule.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 60 Security > Filter > IP/MAC Filter (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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11.5 IPv6/MAC Filter
Use this screen to create and apply IPv6 filters. Click Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter. The
screen appears as shown.
Figure 87
Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 61 Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Rule Type
Rule Type selection Select White List to specify traffic to allow and Black List to specify traffic to
block.
IPv6 Filter Rule Editing
IPv6 Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter rule.
Active Use this field to enable or disable the filter rule.
Interface Select the PVC to which to apply the filter.
Direction Apply the filter to Incoming or Outgoing traffic direction.
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Rule Type Select IP or MAC type to configure the rule.
Use the IP Filter to block or allow traffic by IPv6 addresses.
Use the MAC Filter to block or allow traffic by MAC address.
Source IPv6 Address Enter the source IPv6 address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is
ignored if it is ::.
Source Prefix Length Enter the prefix length for the source IPv6 address
Destination IPv6 Address Enter the destination IPv6 address of the packets you wish to filter. This field is
ignored if it is ::.
Destination Prefix Length Enter the prefix length for the destination IPv6 address.
ICMPv6 Type Select the ICMPv6 message type to filter. The following message types can be
selected:
1 / Destination Unreachable: 0 - no route to destination; 1 -
communication with destination administratively prohibited; 3 - address
unreachable; 4 - port unreachable
2 / Packet Too Big
3 / Time Exceeded: 0 - hop limit exceeded in transit; 1 - fragment
reassembly time exceeded
4 / Parameter Problem: 0 - erroneous header field encountered; 1 -
unrecognized Next Header type encountered; 2 - unrecognized IPv6 option
encountered
128 / Echo Request
129 / Echo Response
130 / Listener Query - Multicast listener query
131 / Listener Report - Multicast listener report
132 / Listener Done - Multicast listener done
143 / Listener Reportv2 - Multicast listener report v2
133 / Router Solicitation
134 / Router Advertisement
135 / Neighbor Solicitation
136 / Neighbor Advertisement
137 / Redirect - Redirect message
Protocol This is the (upper layer) protocol that defines the service to which this rule
applies. By default it is ICMPv6.
Source MAC Address This field is only available when you select MAC in the Rule Type field.
Enter the MAC address of the packets you wish to filter.
IPv6 Filter Listing
IPv6 Filter Rule Index Select the index number of the filter set from the drop-down list box.
# This is the index number of the rule in a filter set.
Active This field shows whether the rule is activated.
Interface This is the interface that the rule applies to.
Direction The filter set applies to this traffic direction.
ICMPv6 Type The ICMPv6 message type to filter.
Table 61 Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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Src IP/PrefixLength This displays the source IPv6 address and prefix length.
Dest IP/PrefixLength This displays the destination IPv6 address and prefix length.
Mac Address This is the MAC address of the packets being filtered.
Protocol This is the (upper layer) protocol that defines the service to which this rule
applies. By default it is ICMPv6.
Apply Click this to apply your changes.
Delete Click this to remove the filter rule.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 61 Security > Filter > IPv6/MAC Filter (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 12
Certificate
12.1 Overview
The ZyXEL Device can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate users. Certificates are
based on public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the certificate owner’s identity and public
key. Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication.
12.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter
•The Trusted CA screen lets you save the certificates of trusted CAs to the ZyXEL Device (Section
12.3 on page 189).
12.2 What You Need to Know
The following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.
Certification Authority
A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate
owner. There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government
certification authorities. The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone
can then use the certification authority's public key to verify the certificates. You can use the ZyXEL
Device to generate certification requests that contain identifying information and public keys and
then send the certification requests to a certification authority.
Certificate File Format
The certification authority certificate that you want to import has to be in one of these file formats:
PEM (Base-64) encoded X.509: This Privacy Enhanced Mail format uses 64 ASCII characters to
convert a binary X.509 certificate into a printable form.
12.3 The Trusted CA Screen
Click Security > Certificates to open the following screen. This screen displays a summary list of
certificates of the certification authorities that you have set the ZyXEL Device to accept as trusted.
The ZyXEL Device accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as
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being trustworthy; thus you do not need to import any certificate that is signed by one of these
certification authorities.
Figure 88 Trusted CA
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 62 Trusted CA
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Name This field displays the name used to identify this certificate.
Subject This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as
Common Name (CN), OU (Organizational Unit or department), Organization (O), State
(ST) and Country (C). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject
information.
Type This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a
Certification Authority signed the certificate.
Action Click View to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate.
Click Remove to delete the certificate.
Import Certificate Click this button to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a certification
authority that you trust to the ZyXEL Device.
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12.3.1 View Trusted CA Certificate
Click the View button in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. Use this screen to
view in-depth information about the certification authority’s certificate.
Figure 89 Trusted CA: View
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 63 Trusted CA: View
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Name This field displays the identifying name of this certificate.
Type This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a
Certification Authority signed the certificate.
Subject This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as
Common Name (CN), Organizational Unit (OU), Organization (O) and Country (C).
Certificate This read-only text box displays the certificate in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format.
PEM uses 64 ASCII characters to convert the binary certificate into a printable form.
You can copy and paste the certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues
or you can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a
management computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example).
Back Click this button to return to the previous screen.
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12.3.2 Import Trusted CA Certificate
Click the Import Certificate button in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. The
ZyXEL Device trusts any valid certificate signed by any of the imported trusted CA certificates.
Figure 90 Trusted CA: Import Certificate
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 64 Trusted CA: Import Certificate
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Browse Click this button to locate the certificate file on your computer.
Back Click this button to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click this button to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
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CHAPTER 13
Static Route
13.1 Overview
The ZyXEL Device usually uses the default gateway to route outbound traffic from computers on the
LAN to the Internet. To have the ZyXEL Device send data to devices not reachable through the
default gateway, use static routes.
For example, the next figure shows a computer (A) connected to the ZyXEL Device’s LAN interface.
The ZyXEL Device routes most traffic from A to the Internet through the ZyXEL Device’s default
gateway (R1). You create one static route to connect to services offered by your ISP behind router
R2. You create another static route to communicate with a separate network behind a router R3
connected to the LAN.
Figure 91 Example of Static Routing Topology
WAN
R1
R2
A
R3
LAN
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13.1.1 What You Can Do in the Static Route Screens
•Use the Static Route screens (Section 13.2 on page 194) to view and configure IP static routes
on the ZyXEL Device.
•Use the IPv6 Static Route screens (Section 13.2.2 on page 196) to view and configure IPv6
static routes on the ZyXEL Device.
13.2 The Static Route Screen
Use this screen to view the static route rules. Click Advanced > Static Route to open the Static
Route screen.
Figure 92 Advanced > Static Route
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 65 Advanced > Static Route
LABEL DESCRIPTION
# This is the number of an individual static route.
Destination This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always
based on network number.
Netmask This parameter specifies the IP network subnet mask of the final destination.
Gateway This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same
network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to
their destinations.
Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can set up a static route on the ZyXEL
Device.
Click the Remove icon to remove a static route from the ZyXEL Device. A window displays
asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route.
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13.2.1 Static Route Edit
Use this screen to configure the required information for a static route. Select a static route index
number and click Edit. The screen shown next appears.
Figure 93 Advanced > Static Route: Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 66 Advanced > Static Route: Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Static Route Setup
Destination IP
Address
This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always
based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a subnet
mask of 255.255.255.255 in the subnet mask field to force the network number to be
identical to the host ID.
IP Subnet Mask Enter the IP subnet mask here.
Gateway IP
Address
Enter the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same
network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to
their destinations.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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13.2.2 IPv6 Static Route
Use this screen to view the IPv6 static route rules. Click Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static
Route to open the IPv6 Static Route screen.
Figure 94 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 67 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route
LABEL DESCRIPTION
# This is the number of an individual static route.
Destination This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always
based on network number.
Prefix Length An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (starting from the left) in
the address compose the network address. This field displays the bit number of the IPv6
subnet mask.
Gateway This is the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same
network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to
their destinations.
Device This specifies the LAN or WAN PVC.
Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can set up a static route on the ZyXEL
Device.
Click the Remove icon to remove a static route from the ZyXEL Device. A window displays
asking you to confirm that you want to delete the route.
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13.2.3 IPv6 Static Route Edit
Use this screen to configure the required information for an IPv6 static route. Select an IPv6 static
route index number and click Edit. The screen shown next appears.
Figure 95 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route: Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 68 Advanced > Static Route > IPv6 Static Route: Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Static Route Setup
Destination IPv6
Address
This parameter specifies the IP network address of the final destination. Routing is always
based on network number. If you need to specify a route to a single host, use a prefix
length of 128 in the prefix length field to force the network number to be identical to the
host ID.
IPv6 Prefix Length Enter the address prefix to specify how many most significant bits compose the network
address.
Gateway IPv6
Address
Enter the IP address of the gateway. The gateway is a router or switch on the same
network segment as the device's LAN or WAN port. The gateway helps forward packets to
their destinations.
PVC IPv6 Address Select the interface through which the traffic is routed.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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CHAPTER 14
Port Binding
14.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to configure the port binding settings.
Port binding allows you to aggregate port connections into logical groups. You may bind WAN PVCs
to Ethernet ports and WLANs to specify how traffic is forwarded. Different ATM QoS settings can be
specified for each WAN PVC to meet bandwidth requirements for the type of traffic to be
transferred.
For example, three port binding groups could be created on the device (R1) for three different WAN
PVC connections. The first PVC (PVC0) is for non time-sensitive data traffic. The second and third
PVCs (PVC1 and PVC2) are for time sensitive Media-On-Demand (MOD) video traffic and VoIP
traffic, respectively.
Figure 96 Port Binding Groups
S2
S1
R1
R1
R1
MOD
VoIP
Data
PVC0
PVC2
PVC1
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If a WAN PVC is bound to an ethernet port, traffic from the ethernet port will only be forwarded
through the specified WAN PVC and vice versa. If a port is not in a port binding group, traffic to and
from the port will be forwarded according to the routing table. See the tutorial section (Section 4.10
on page 65) for more details on configuring port binding for multiple WAN connections.
14.1.1 What You Can Do in the Port Binding Screens
•Use the Port Binding screen (Section 14.2 on page 200) to activate port binding and set up port
binding groups.
•Use the Port Binding Summary screen (Section 14.2.1 on page 201) to view configured port
binding groups.
14.2 The Port Binding Screen
Use this screen to activate port binding and set up port binding groups. Click Advanced > Port
Binding to display the following screen.
Figure 97 Advanced > Port Binding
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 69 Advanced > Port Binding
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Port Binding
Active Activate or deactivate the port binding feature.
Group Index Select the index number for the port binding group.
When a port is assigned to a port binding group, traffic will be forwarded to the other
ports in the group, but not to ports in other groups. If a port is not included in any
groups, traffic will be forwarded according to the routing table.
ATM VCs Select the ATM VC (PVC) to include in the port binding group. Each ATM VC can only
be bound to one group.
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14.2.1 Port Binding Summary Screen
Use this screen to view configured port binding groups.
In the Port Binding screen, click the PortBinding Summary button in the Group Summary
section to display the following screen.
Figure 98 Advanced > Port Binding > PortBinding Summary
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Ethernet Select the Ethernet (Eth) ports to include in the port binding group. Each Ethernet
port can only be bound to one group.
WLAN Select the WLAN (AP) connections to include in the port binding group. Additional APs
can be enabled on the More AP screen (Section 8.3 on page 131).
Group Summary
Port Binding
Summary
Click this to view a summary of configured port binding groups.
Apply Add the selected port binding group configuration.
Delete Delete the selected port binding group configuration.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 69 Advanced > Port Binding (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 70 Advanced > Port Binding > PortBinding Summary
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Group ID This field displays the group index number.
Group port This field displays the ports included in the group.
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CHAPTER 15
802.1Q/1P
15.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to configure the 802.1Q/1P settings.
A Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) allows a physical network to be partitioned into multiple logical
networks. A VLAN group can be treated as an individual device. Each group can have its own rules
about where and how to forward traffic. You can assign any ports on the ZyXEL Device to a VLAN
group and configure the settings for the group. You may also set the priority level for traffic
transmitted through the ports.
Figure 99 802.1Q/1P
15.1.1 What You Can Do in the 802.1Q/1P Screens
•Use the Group Setting screen (Section 15.2 on page 204) to activate 802.1Q/1P, specify the
management VLAN group, display the VLAN groups and configure the settings for each VLAN
group.
•Use the Port Setting screen (Section 15.3 on page 207) to configure the PVID for each port.
15.1.2 What You Need to Know About 802.1Q/1P
IEEE 802.1P Priority
IEEE 802.1P specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic types by
inserting a tag into a MAC-layer frame that contains bits to define class of service.
IEEE 802.1Q Tagged VLAN
Tagged VLAN uses an explicit tag (VLAN ID) in the MAC header to identify the VLAN membership of
a frame across bridges - they are not confined to the device on which they were created. The VLAN
ID associates a frame with a specific VLAN and provides the information that devices need to
process the frame across the network.
Ports
VLAN Groups
Priority Levels
802.1Q
802.1P
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PVC
A virtual circuit is a logical point-to-point circuit between customer sites. Permanent means that the
circuit is preprogrammed by the carrier as a path through the network. It does not need to be set
up or torn down for each session.
Forwarding Tagged and Untagged Frames
Each port on the device is capable of passing tagged or untagged frames. To forward a frame from
an 802.1Q VLAN-aware device to an 802.1Q VLAN-unaware device, the ZyXEL Device first decides
where to forward the frame and then strips off the VLAN tag. To forward a frame from an 802.1Q
VLAN-unaware device to an 802.1Q VLAN-aware switch, the ZyXEL Device first decides where to
forward the frame, and then inserts a VLAN tag reflecting the ingress port's default VID. The default
PVID is VLAN 1 for all ports, but this can be changed.
Whether to tag an outgoing frame depends on the setting of the egress port on a per-VLAN, per-
port basis (recall that a port can belong to multiple VLANs). If the tagging on the egress port is
enabled for the VID of a frame, then the frame is transmitted as a tagged frame; otherwise, it is
transmitted as an untagged frame.
15.2 The 802.1Q/1P Group Setting Screen
Use this screen to activate 802.1Q/1P and display the VLAN groups. Click Advanced > 802.1Q/1P
to display the following screen.
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Note: If the WAN interface in the VLAN group is not the default router, you need to create
a static route to communicate with the WAN.
Figure 100 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 71 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting
LABEL DESCRIPTION
802.1Q/1P
Active Select this check box to activate the 802.1P/1Q feature.
Summary
# This field displays the index number of the VLAN group.
Active This field displays whether 802.1P/1Q is active for the VLAN group.
VID This field displays the ID number of the VLAN group.
Port Number These columns display the VLANs settings for each port. A tagged port is marked as
T, an untagged port is marked as U and ports not participating in a VLAN are marked
as ““.
Modify Click the Edit button to configure the ports in the VLAN group.
Click the Remove button to delete the VLAN group.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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15.2.1 Editing 802.1Q/1P Group Setting
Use this screen to configure the settings for each VLAN group.
In the 802.1Q/1P screen, click the Edit button from the Modify filed to display the following
screen.
Figure 101 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting > Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 72 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Group Setting > Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select this check box to activate the group setting.
VLAN ID Assign a VLAN ID for the VLAN group. The valid VID range is between 1 and 4094.
Default Gateway Select the default gateway for the VLAN group.
Ports This field displays the types of ports available to join the VLAN group.
Control Select Fixed for the port to be a permanent member of the VLAN group.
Select Forbidden if you want to prohibit the port from joining the VLAN group.
Tx Tag Select Tx Tagging if you want the port to tag all outgoing traffic transmitted through
this VLAN. You select this if you want to create VLANs across different devices and not
just the ZyXEL Device.
Back Click this to return to the previous screen without saving.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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15.3 The 802.1Q/1P Port Setting Screen
Use this screen to configure the PVID for each port. Click Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Port Setting
to display the following screen.
Figure 102 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Port Setting
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 73 Advanced > 802.1Q/1P > Port Setting
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Ports This field displays the types of ports available to join the VLAN group.
802.1Q PVID Assign a VLAN ID for the port. The valid VID range is between 1 and 4094. The ZyXEL
Device assigns the PVID to untagged frames or priority-tagged frames received on this
port.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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CHAPTER 16
Quality of Service (QoS)
16.1 Overview
Use the QoS screen to set up your ZyXEL Device to use QoS for traffic management.
Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network’s ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and
the networking methods used to control bandwidth. QoS allows the ZyXEL Device to group and
prioritize application traffic and fine-tune network performance.
Without QoS, all traffic data are equally likely to be dropped when the network is congested. This
can cause a reduction in network performance and make the network inadequate for time-critical
applications such as video-on-demand.
The ZyXEL Device assigns each packet a priority and then queues the packet accordingly. Packets
assigned with a high priority are processed more quickly than those with low priorities if there is
congestion, allowing time-sensitive applications to flow more smoothly. Time-sensitive applications
include both those that require a low level of latency (delay) and a low level of jitter (variations in
delay) such as Voice over IP (VoIP) or Internet gaming, and those for which jitter alone is a problem
such as Internet radio or streaming video.
In the following figure, your Internet connection has an upstream transmission speed of 50 Mbps.
You configure a classifier to assign the highest priority queue (6) to VoIP traffic from the LAN
interface, so that voice traffic would not get delayed when there is network congestion. Traffic from
the boss’s IP address (192.168.1.23 for example) is mapped to queue 5. Traffic that does not
match these two classes are assigned priority queue based on the internal QoS mapping table on
the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 103 QoS Example
16.1.1 What You Can Do in the QoS Screens
•Use the General screen (Section 16.2 on page 210) to enable QoS on the ZyXEL Device, and
specify the type of scheduling.
50 Mbps
DSL
VoIP: Queue 6
Boss: Queue 5
IP=192.168.1.23
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•Use the QoS Summary List screen (Section 16.2.1 on page 211) to check the summary of QoS
rules and actions you configured for the ZyXEL Device.
•Use the Queue Setup screen (Section 16.3 on page 212) to configure QoS settings on the ZyXEL
Device.
•Use the Class Setup screen (Section 16.4 on page 213) to configure QoS settings on the ZyXEL
Device.
16.1.2 What You Need to Know About QoS
802.1p
QoS is used to prioritize source-to-destination traffic flows. All packets in the same flow are given
the same priority. 802.1p is a way of managing traffic in a network by grouping similar types of
traffic together and treating each type as a class. You can use 802.1p to give different priorities to
different packet types.
Tagging and Marking
In a QoS class, you can configure whether to add or change the DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) value
and IEEE 802.1p priority level in a matched packet. When the packet passes through a compatible
network, the networking device, such as a backbone switch, can provide specific treatment or
service based on the tag or marker.
Finding Out More
See Section on page 213 for advanced technical information on QoS.
16.2 The General Screen
Use this screen to enable or disable QoS.
Click Advanced Setup > QoS to open the screen as shown next.
Figure 104 Advanced Setup > QoS
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
16.2.1 The QoS Summary List Screen
Use this screen to display a summary of rules and actions configured for the ZyXEL Device. In the
Advanced > QoS screen, click the Rule&Action Summary button to open the following screen.
Figure 105 Advanced Setup > QoS >
QoS Summary List
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 74 Advanced Setup > QoS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
QoS Use this field to turn on QoS to improve your network performance.
You can give priority to traffic that the ZyXEL Device forwards out through the
WAN interface. Give high priority to voice and video to make them run more
smoothly. Similarly, give low priority to many large file downloads so that they
do not reduce the quality of other applications.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Rule&Action Summary Click this to display a summary of configured rules and actions.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 75 Advanced Setup > QoS > QoS Summary List
LABEL DESCRIPTION
# This is the rule’s index number.
Active This shows whether the rule is enabled or disabled.
Physical Ports This is the physical port associated with the rule.
Classification Criteria This shows criteria specified in this rule, for example the interface from which traffic
of this class should come and the source MAC address of traffic that matches this
classifier.
Forward To This is the interface through which traffic that matches the rule is forwarded out.
IPP/TOS (DSCP) This shows the IPP/TOS or DSCP settings.
802.1p This is the 802.1p priority level.
IPP/TOS (DSCP)
Remarking
The ZyXEL Device re-assigns the priority values specified in this field to matched
traffic.
802.1p Remarking The ZyXEL Device re-assigns the priority levels specified in this field to matched
traffic.
To Queue The ZyXEL Device assigns the queue level specified in this field to matched traffic.
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16.3 The Queue Setup Screen
Use this screen to configure QoS queue disciplines and priorities.
Click Advanced Setup > QoS > Queue Setup to open the screen as shown next.
Figure 106 Advanced Setup > QoS > Queue Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 76 Advanced Setup > QoS > Queue Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Queue Editing
Queue Discipline Select weighted round-robin (WRR) scheduling to allow packets of all priorities
to transmit depending on their assigned relative weight. Select Strict Priority
to require traffic transmit in order of priority.
Queue Index Specify the queue index.
Queue Enable Specify to enable or disable the queue.
Queue Weight If you selected WRR, specify the WRR weight for each queue index. A higher
weight indicates higher priority while a lower weight indicates lower priority. For
example, 15 is higher priority than 1.
Queue Priority If you selected strict priority, specify the queue priority for each queue index.
Add Click this to add the queue to the list.
Delete Click this to delete the specified queue index.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Queue List
Queue Index This is the specified queue index.
Active This specifies if the queue is enabled or disabled.
Priority This specifies the assigned priority.
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16.4 The Class Setup Screen
Use this screen to set up QoS class rules and have the ZyXEL Device assign priority levels to traffic
according to the port range, IEEE 802.1p priority level and/or IP precedence.
Click Advanced Setup > QoS > Class Setup to open the screen as shown next.
Figure 107 Advanced Setup > QoS > Class Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen. QoS Technical Reference
Table 77 Advanced Setup > QoS > Class Setup
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Class Rule
Rule Index Select the rules index number from the drop-down list box.
Rule Enable Use this field to enable or disable the rule.
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Application Select an application from the drop-down list box. The Destination Port Range and
Protocol ID fields may change depending on the type of applications you choose.
Physical Ports Select the ports to apply the rule to.
Destination MAC Type a destination MAC address here. QoS is then applied to traffic containing this
destination MAC address. Leave it blank to apply the rule to all MAC addresses.
Destination IP Enter a destination IP address in dotted decimal notation. QoS is then applied to traffic
containing this destination IP address. A blank destination IP address means any
destination IP address.
Destination
SubNet Mask
Enter a destination subnet mask here.
Destination Port
Range
Either use the default value set by the application you choose, or enter the port number
to which the rule should be applied.
Source MAC Type a source MAC address here. QoS is then applied to traffic containing this source MAC
address. Leave it blank to apply the rule to all MAC addresses.
Source IP Enter a source IP address in dotted decimal notation. QoS is then applied to traffic
containing this source IP address. A blank source IP address means any source IP
address.
Source SubNet
Mask
Enter a source subnet mask here.
Source Port Range Enter the port number to which the rule should be applied. 0 means any source port
number. See Appendix F on page 351 for some common services and port numbers.
Protocol ID Select an IP protocol type from the drop-down list box.
Vlan ID Range Enter the source VLAN ID in this field.
IPP/DS Field Select IPP/TOS to specify an IP precedence range and type of services.
Select DSCP to specify a DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) range.
IP Precedence
Range
Enter a range from 0 to 7 for IP precedence. Zero is the lowest priority and seven is the
highest.
Type of Service Select a type of service from the drop-down list box.
Available options are: Normal service, Minimize delay, Maximize throughput,
Maximize reliability and Minimize monetary cost.
DSCP Range Specify a DSCP number between 0 and 63 in this field.
802.1p Select a priority level (0 to 7) from the drop-down list box.
Action
Forward To Select the interface through which traffic that matches the rule is forwarded out. If you
select Unchange, the ZyXEL Device forwards traffic of this class according to the default
routing table.
If traffic of this class comes from a WAN interface and is in a queue that forwards traffic
through the LAN/WLAN interface, the ZyXEL Device ignores the setting here.
IPP/DS Field Select IPP/TOS to specify an IP precedence range and type of services.
Select DSCP to specify a DiffServ Code Point (DSCP) range.
IP Precedence
Remarking
Enter a range from 0 to 7 to re-assign IP precedence to matched traffic. Zero is the
lowest priority and seven is the highest.
Type of Service
Remarking
Select a type of service to re-assign the priority level to matched traffic.
Available options are: Normal service, Minimize delay, Maximize throughput,
Maximize reliability and Minimize monetary cost.
DSCP Remarking Specify a DSCP number between 0 and 63 to re-assign the priority level to matched
traffic.
Table 77 Advanced Setup > QoS > Class Setup (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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16.5 QoS Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this
chapter.
16.5.1 IEEE 802.1p
IEEE 802.1p specifies the user priority field and defines up to eight separate traffic types. The
following table describes the traffic types defined in the IEEE 802.1d standard (which incorporates
the 802.1p).
16.5.2 IP Precedence
Similar to IEEE 802.1p prioritization at layer-2, you can use IP precedence to prioritize packets in a
layer-3 network. IP precedence uses three bits of the eight-bit ToS (Type of Service) field in the IP
header. There are eight classes of services (ranging from zero to seven) in IP precedence. Zero is
the lowest priority level and seven is the highest.
802.1p Remarking Select a priority level (0 to 7) to re-assign the priority level to matched traffic.
Queue # Specify a queue tag to matched traffic. Traffic assigned to a higher queue gets through
faster while traffic in lower queues is dropped when there is network congestion.
Add Click this to add the rule.
Delete Click this to remove the rule.
Cancel Click this to restore previously saved settings.
Table 77 Advanced Setup > QoS > Class Setup (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 78 IEEE 802.1p Priority Level and Traffic Type
PRIORITY
LEVEL
TRAFFIC TYPE
Level 7 Typically used for network control traffic such as router configuration messages.
Level 6 Typically used for voice traffic that is especially sensitive to jitter (jitter is the variations in
delay).
Level 5 Typically used for video that consumes high bandwidth and is sensitive to jitter.
Level 4 Typically used for controlled load, latency-sensitive traffic such as SNA (Systems Network
Architecture) transactions.
Level 3 Typically used for “excellent effort” or better than best effort and would include important
business traffic that can tolerate some delay.
Level 2 This is for “spare bandwidth”.
Level 1 This is typically used for non-critical “background” traffic such as bulk transfers that are
allowed but that should not affect other applications and users.
Level 0 Typically used for best-effort traffic.
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16.5.3 Automatic Priority Queue Assignment
If you enable QoS on the ZyXEL Device, the ZyXEL Device can automatically base on the IEEE
802.1p priority level, IP precedence and/or packet length to assign priority to traffic which does not
match a class.
The following table shows you the internal layer-2 and layer-3 QoS mapping on the ZyXEL Device.
On the ZyXEL Device, traffic assigned to higher priority queues gets through faster while traffic in
lower index queues is dropped if the network is congested.
Table 79 Internal Layer2 and Layer3 QoS Mapping
PRIORITY
QUEUE
LAYER 2 LAYER 3
IEEE 802.1P USER
PRIORITY
(ETHERNET
PRIORITY)
TOS (IP
PRECEDENCE)
DSCP
IP PACKET
LENGTH (BYTE)
0 1 0 000000
12
2 0 0 000000 >1100
3 3 1 001110
001100
001010
001000
250~1100
4 4 2 010110
010100
010010
010000
5 5 3 011110
011100
011010
011000
<250
6 6 4 100110
100100
100010
100000
5 101110
101000
7 7 6 110000
111000
7
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CHAPTER 17
Dynamic DNS Setup
17.1 Overview
Dynamic DNS allows you to update your current dynamic IP address with one or many dynamic
DNS services so that anyone can contact you (in NetMeeting, CU-SeeMe, etc.). You can also access
your FTP server or Web site on your own computer using a domain name (for instance
myhost.dhs.org, where myhost is a name of your choice) that will never change instead of using an
IP address that changes each time you reconnect. Your friends or relatives will always be able to
call you even if they don't know your IP address.
First of all, you need to have registered a dynamic DNS account with www.dyndns.org. This is for
people with a dynamic IP from their ISP or DHCP server that would still like to have a domain name.
The Dynamic DNS service provider will give you a password or key.
17.1.1 What You Can Do in the DDNS Screen
Use the Dynamic DNS screen (Section 17.2 on page 218) to enable DDNS and configure the DDNS
settings on the ZyXEL Device.
17.1.2 What You Need To Know About DDNS
DYNDNS Wildcard
Enabling the wildcard feature for your host causes *.yourhost.dyndns.org to be aliased to the same
IP address as yourhost.dyndns.org. This feature is useful if you want to be able to use, for example,
www.yourhost.dyndns.org and still reach your hostname.
If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use Dynamic DNS.
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17.2 The Dynamic DNS Screen
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s DDNS. Click Advanced > Dynamic DNS. The
screen appears as shown.
Figure 108 Advanced > Dynamic DNS
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 80 Advanced > Dynamic DNS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Dynamic DNS Setup
Active Dynamic
DNS
Select this check box to use dynamic DNS.
Service Provider This is the name of your Dynamic DNS service provider.
Dynamic DNS
Type
Select the type of service that you are registered for from your Dynamic DNS service
provider.
Host Name Type the domain name assigned to your ZyXEL Device by your Dynamic DNS provider.
You can specify up to two host names in the field separated by a comma (",").
User Name Type your user name.
Password Type the password assigned to you.
Enable Wildcard
Option
Select the check box to enable DynDNS Wildcard.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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CHAPTER 18
Remote Management
18.1 Overview
Remote management allows you to determine which services/protocols can access which ZyXEL
Device interface (if any) from which computers.
The following figure shows remote management of the ZyXEL Device coming in from the WAN.
Figure 109 Remote Management From the WAN
Note: When you configure remote management to allow management from the WAN, you
still need to configure a IP filter rule to allow access.
You may manage your ZyXEL Device from a remote location via:
Internet (WAN only)
•LAN only
•LAN and WAN
None (Disable)
To disable remote management of a service, select Disable in the corresponding Service Access
field.
18.1.1 What You Can Do in the Remote Management Screens
•Use the WWW screen (Section 18.2 on page 220) to configure through which interface(s) and
from which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the ZyXEL Device.
•Use the Telnet screen (Section 18.3 on page 221) to configure through which interface(s) and
from which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the ZyXEL Device.
•Use the FTP screen (Section 18.4 on page 222) to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the ZyXEL Device.
LAN
WAN
HTTP
Telnet
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Your ZyXEL Device can act as an SNMP agent, which allows a manager station to manage and
monitor the ZyXEL Device through the network. Use the SNMP screen (see Section 18.5 on page
223) to configure through which interface(s) and from which IP address(es) users can use SNMP
to access the ZyXEL Device.
•Use the DNS screen (Section 18.6 on page 225) to configure through which interface(s) and
from which IP address(es) users can send DNS queries to the ZyXEL Device.
•Use the ICMP screen (Section 18.7 on page 226) to set whether or not your ZyXEL Device will
respond to pings and probes for services that you have not made available.
•Use the SSH screen (Section 18.8 on page 227) to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use SSH to manage the ZyXEL Device.
18.1.2 What You Need to Know About Remote Management
Remote Management Limitations
Remote management does not work when:
You have not enabled that service on the interface in the corresponding remote management
screen.
You have disabled that service in one of the remote management screens.
The IP address in the Secured Client IP Address field does not match the client IP address. If
it does not match, the ZyXEL Device will disconnect the session immediately.
There is a firewall rule that blocks it.
Remote Management and NAT
When NAT is enabled:
Use the ZyXEL Device’s WAN IP address when configuring from the WAN.
Use the ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP address when configuring from the LAN.
18.2 The WWW Screen
Use this screen to specify how to connect to the ZyXEL Device from a web browser, such as Internet
Explorer.
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18.2.1 Configuring the WWW Screen
Click Advanced > Remote MGMT to display the WWW screen.
Figure 110 Advanced > Remote MGMT > WWW
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
18.3 The Telnet Screen
You can use Telnet to access the ZyXEL Device’s command line interface. Specify which interfaces
allow Telnet access and from which IP address the access can come.
Table 81 Advanced > Remote Management > WWW
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port This displays the service port number for accessing the ZyXEL Device. If the number is
grayed out, it is not editable.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using
this service.
Note: It is recommended if you are allowing WAN access even temporarily to change the
default password (in Maintenance > System > General). To allow access from the
WAN, you will need to configure a WAN to Router firewall rule. See Section 4.8 on
page 60 for information on configuring firewall rules.
Secured Client IP
Address
A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL
Device using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to
access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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Click Advanced > Remote MGMT > Telnet tab to display the screen as shown.
Figure 111 Advanced > Remote MGMT > Telnet
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
18.4 The FTP Screen
You can use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) to upload and download the ZyXEL Device’s firmware and
configuration files. Please see the User’s Guide chapter on firmware and configuration file
maintenance for details. To use this feature, your computer must have an FTP client.
Table 82 Advanced > Remote Management > Telnet
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port This displays the service port number for accessing the ZyXEL Device. If the number is
grayed out, it is not editable.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using this
service.
Note: It is recommended if you are allowing WAN access even temporarily to change the
default password (in Maintenance > System > General). To allow access from the
WAN, you will need to configure a WAN to Router firewall rule. See Section 4.8 on
page 60 for information on configuring firewall rules.
Secured Client IP
Address
A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL
Device using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to
access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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Use this screen to specify which interfaces allow FTP access and from which IP address the access
can come. To change your ZyXEL Device’s FTP settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTP.
The screen appears as shown.
Figure 112 Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
18.5 The SNMP Screen
Simple Network Management Protocol is a protocol used for exchanging management information
between network devices. Your ZyXEL Device supports SNMP agent functionality, which allows a
manager station to manage and monitor the ZyXEL Device through the network. The ZyXEL Device
Table 83 Advanced > Remote MGMT > FTP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port This displays the service port number for accessing the ZyXEL Device. If the number is
grayed out, it is not editable.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using
this service.
Secured Client IP
Address
A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL
Device using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to
access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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supports SNMP version one (SNMPv1) and version two (SNMPv2c). The next figure illustrates an
SNMP management operation.
Figure 113 SNMP Management Model
An SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and a manager.
An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the ZyXEL Device).
An agent translates the local management information from the managed device into a form
compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform
network management functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed
devices.
The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each piece of
information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include such as number of
packets received, node port status etc. A Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of
managed objects. SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing
these objects.
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18.5.1 Configuring SNMP
To change your ZyXEL Device’s SNMP settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT > SNMP tab.
The screen appears as shown.
Figure 114 Advanced > Remote MGMT > SNMP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
18.6 The DNS Screen
Use DNS (Domain Name System) to map a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice
versa.
Table 84 Advanced > Remote MGMT > SNMP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port This displays the port the SNMP agent listens on. If the number is grayed out, it is not
editable.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using this
service.
Secured Client IP
Address
A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to access the SNMP agent on the
ZyXEL Device.
Select All to allow any computer to access the SNMP agent.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to
access the SNMP agent.
Get Community Enter the Get Community, which is the password for the incoming Get and GetNext
requests from the management station. The default is public and allows all requests.
Set Community Enter the Set community, which is the password for incoming Set requests from the
management station. The default is public and allows all requests.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Cancel Click Cancel to begin configuring this screen afresh.
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Use this screen to set from which IP address the ZyXEL Device will accept DNS queries and on
which interface it can send them your ZyXEL Device’s DNS settings. This feature is not available
when the ZyXEL Device is set to bridge mode. Click Advanced > Remote MGMT > DNS to change
your ZyXEL Device’s DNS settings.
Figure 115 Advanced > Remote MGMT > DNS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
18.7 The ICMP Screen
To change your ZyXEL Device’s security settings, click Advanced > Remote MGMT > ICMP. The
screen appears as shown.
If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your ZyXEL Device, an ICMP response
packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the ZyXEL Device exists.
Your ZyXEL Device supports anti-probing, which prevents the ICMP response packet from being
sent. This keeps outsiders from discovering your ZyXEL Device when unsupported ports are probed.
Table 85 Advanced > Remote MGMT > DNS
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port This displays the service port number for accessing the ZyXEL Device. If the
number is grayed out, it is not editable.
Access Status Select the interface(s) through which a computer may send DNS queries to the
ZyXEL Device.
Secured Client IP A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to send DNS queries to
the ZyXEL Device.
Select All to allow any computer to send DNS queries to the ZyXEL Device.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify
to send DNS queries to the ZyXEL Device.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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Note: If you want your device to respond to pings and requests for unauthorized services,
you will also need to configure the firewall accordingly by disabling SPI.
Figure 116 Advanced > Remote Management > ICMP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
18.8 The SSH Screen
You can use Secure SHell (SSH) to securely access the ZyXEL Device’s command line interface.
Specify which interfaces allow SSH access and from which IP address the access can come. SSH is
a secure communication protocol that combines authentication and data encryption to provide
secure encrypted communication between two hosts over an unsecured network.
Click Advanced > Remote MGMT > SSH tab to display the screen as shown.
Figure 117 Advanced > Remote MGMT > SSH
Table 86 Advanced > Remote Management > ICMP
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol is a message control and error-reporting protocol
between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP)
datagrams, but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly
apparent to the application user.
Respond to Ping on The ZyXEL Device will not respond to any incoming Ping requests when Disable is
selected. Select LAN to reply to incoming LAN Ping requests. Select WAN to reply to
incoming WAN Ping requests. Otherwise select LAN & WAN to reply to both incoming
LAN and WAN Ping requests.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
18.8.1 SSH Example
This section shows an example using a graphical interface SSH client program to remotely access
the ZyXEL device. The configuration and connection steps are similar for most SSH client programs.
Refer to your SSH client program users guide.
1 Enter the IP address and port number. Select SSH.
Table 87 Advanced > Remote Management > SSH
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server Port This displays the service port number for accessing the ZyXEL Device. If the number is
grayed out, it is not editable.
Server Access Select the interface(s) through which a computer may access the ZyXEL Device using this
service.
Note: It is recommended if you are allowing WAN access even temporarily to change the
default password (in Maintenance > System > General). To allow access from the
WAN, you will need to configure a WAN to Router firewall rule. See Section 4.8 on
page 60 for information on configuring firewall rules.
Secured Client IP
Address
A secured client is a “trusted” computer that is allowed to communicate with the ZyXEL
Device using this service.
Select All to allow any computer to access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Choose Selected to just allow the computer with the IP address that you specify to
access the ZyXEL Device using this service.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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2 A window displays prompting you to store the host key in your computer. Click Yes to continue.
3 Enter your user name and password.
4 The command line interface displays.
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CHAPTER 19
Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP)
19.1 Overview
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) is a distributed, open networking standard that uses TCP/IP for
simple peer-to-peer network connectivity between devices. A UPnP device can dynamically join a
network, obtain an IP address, convey its capabilities and learn about other devices on the network.
In turn, a device can leave a network smoothly and automatically when it is no longer in use.
19.1.1 What You Can Do in the UPnP Screen
Use the UPnP screen (Section 19.2 on page 231) to enable UPnP on the ZyXEL Device and allow
UPnP-enabled applications to automatically configure the ZyXEL Device.
19.1.2 What You Need to Know About UPnP
Identifying UPnP Devices
UPnP hardware is identified as an icon in the Network Connections folder (Windows XP). Each UPnP
compatible device installed on your network will appear as a separate icon. Selecting the icon of a
UPnP device will allow you to access the information and properties of that device.
NAT Traversal
UPnP NAT traversal automates the process of allowing an application to operate through NAT. UPnP
network devices can automatically configure network addressing, announce their presence in the
network to other UPnP devices and enable exchange of simple product and service descriptions.
NAT traversal allows the following:
Dynamic port mapping
Learning public IP addresses
Assigning lease times to mappings
Windows Messenger is an example of an application that supports NAT traversal and UPnP.
See the NAT chapter for more information on NAT.
Cautions with UPnP
The automated nature of NAT traversal applications in establishing their own services and opening
firewall ports may present network security issues. Network information and configuration may also
be obtained and modified by users in some network environments.
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When a UPnP device joins a network, it announces its presence with a multicast message. For
security reasons, the ZyXEL Device allows multicast messages on the LAN only.
All UPnP-enabled devices may communicate freely with each other without additional configuration.
Disable UPnP if this is not your intention.
UPnP and ZyXEL
ZyXEL has achieved UPnP certification from the Universal Plug and Play Forum UPnP™
Implementers Corp. (UIC). ZyXEL's UPnP implementation supports Internet Gateway Device (IGD)
1.0.
See the following sections for examples of installing and using UPnP.
19.2 The UPnP Screen
Use the following screen to configure the UPnP settings on your ZyXEL Device. Click Advanced >
UPnP to display the screen shown next.
See Section 19.1 on page 230 for more information.
Figure 118 Advanced > UPnP > General
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 88 Advanced > UPnP > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active the Universal Plug and
Play (UPnP) Feature
Select this check box to activate UPnP. Be aware that anyone could use a
UPnP application to open the web configurator's login screen without
entering the ZyXEL Device's IP address (although you must still enter the
password to access the web configurator).
Allow users to make
configuration changes through
UPnP
Select this check box to allow UPnP-enabled applications to automatically
configure the ZyXEL Device so that they can communicate through the
ZyXEL Device, for example by using NAT traversal, UPnP applications
automatically reserve a NAT forwarding port in order to communicate with
another UPnP enabled device; this eliminates the need to manually configure
port forwarding for the UPnP enabled application.
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19.3 Installing UPnP in Windows Example
This section shows how to install UPnP in Windows Me and Windows XP.
Installing UPnP in Windows Me
Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows Me.
1 Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Add/Remove Programs.
2 Click on the Windows Setup tab and select Communication in the Components selection box.
Click Details.
Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 88 Advanced > UPnP > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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3 In the Communications window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box in the
Components selection box.
Add/Remove Programs: Windows Setup: Communication: Components
4 Click OK to go back to the Add/Remove Programs Properties window and click Next.
5 Restart the computer when prompted.
Installing UPnP in Windows XP
Follow the steps below to install the UPnP in Windows XP.
1 Click Start and Control Panel.
2 Double-click Network Connections.
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3 In the Network Connections window, click Advanced in the main menu and select Optional
Networking Components ….
Network Co nnections
4 The Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard window displays. Select Networking
Service in the Components selection box and click Details.
Windows Optional Networking Components Wizard
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5 In the Networking Services window, select the Universal Plug and Play check box.
Networking Services
6 Click OK to go back to the Windows Optional Networking Component Wizard window and
click Next.
19.4 Using UPnP in Windows XP Example
This section shows you how to use the UPnP feature in Windows XP. You must already have UPnP
installed in Windows XP and UPnP activated on the ZyXEL Device.
Make sure the computer is connected to a LAN port of the ZyXEL Device. Turn on your computer
and the ZyXEL Device.
Auto-discover Your UPnP-enabled Network Device
1 Click Start and Control Panel. Double-click Network Connections. An icon displays under
Internet Gateway.
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2 Right-click the icon and select Properties.
Network Co nnections
3 In the Internet Connection Properties window, click Settings to see the port mappings there
were automatically created.
Internet Connection Properties
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4 You may edit or delete the port mappings or click Add to manually add port mappings.
Internet Connection Properties: Advanced Settings
Internet Connection Properties : Advanced Settings: Add
5 When the UPnP-enabled device is disconnected from your computer, all port mappings will be
deleted automatically.
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6 Select Show icon in notification area when connected option and click OK. An icon displays in
the system tray.
System Tray Icon
7 Double-click on the icon to display your current Internet connection status.
Internet Connection Status
Web Configurator Easy Access
With UPnP, you can access the web-based configurator on the ZyXEL Device without finding out the
IP address of the ZyXEL Device first. This comes helpful if you do not know the IP address of the
ZyXEL Device.
Follow the steps below to access the web configurator.
1 Click Start and then Control Panel.
2 Double-click Network Connections.
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3 Select My Network Places under Other Places.
Network Co nnections
4 An icon with the description for each UPnP-enabled device displays under Local Network.
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5 Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Invoke. The web configurator login screen
displays.
Network Co nnections: My Netw ork Places
6 Right-click on the icon for your ZyXEL Device and select Properties. A properties window displays
with basic information about the ZyXEL Device.
Network Co nnections: My Netw ork Places: Proper ties: Example
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CHAPTER 20
File Sharing
20.1 Overview
Share files on a USB memory stick or hard drive connected to your ZyXEL Device with users on your
network.
The following figure is an overview of the ZyXEL Device’s file server feature. Computers A and B
can access files on a USB device (C) which is connected to the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 119 File Sharing Overview
•See Section 20.1.2 on page 241 for an explanation of file-sharing terms.
•See Section 4.5 on page 52 for file-sharing examples.
20.1.1 What You Can Do in this chapter
The File Sharing screen lets you enable file-sharing server on the ZyXEL Device (Section 20.2 on
page 243).
20.1.2 What You Need to Know
Workgroup name
This is the name given to a set of computers that are connected on a network and share resources
such as a printer or files. Windows automatically assigns the workgroup name when you set up a
network.
A
B
C
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Shares
When settings are set to default, each USB device connected to the ZyXEL Device is given a folder,
called a “share”. If a USB hard drive connected to the ZyXEL Device has more than one partition,
then each partition will be allocated a share. You can also configure a “share” to be a sub-folder or
file on the USB device.
File Systems
A file system is a way of storing and organizing files on your hard drive and storage device. Often
different operating systems such as Windows or Linux have different file systems. The file-sharing
feature on your ZyXEL Device supports File Allocation Table (FAT) and FAT32 file systems.
Windows/CIFS
Common Internet File System (CIFS) is a standard protocol supported by most operating systems
in order to share files across the network.
CIFS runs over TCP/IP but uses the SMB (Server Message Block) protocol found in Microsoft
Windows for file and printer access; therefore, CIFS will allow all applications, not just Web
browsers, to open and share files across the Internet.
The ZyXEL Device uses Common Internet File System (CIFS) protocol for its file sharing functions.
CIFS compatible computers can access the USB file storage devices connected to the ZyXEL Device.
CIFS protocol is supported on Microsoft Windows, Linux Samba and other operating systems (refer
to your systems specifications for CIFS compatibility).
NFS
Network File System (NFS) is a protocol most commonly used on Unix-like systems in order to
share files across the network.
Samba
SMB is a client-server protocol used by Microsoft Windows systems for sharing files, printers, and
so on.
Samba is a free SMB server that runs on most Unix and Unix-like systems. It provides an
implementation of an SMB client and server for use with non-Microsoft operating systems.
File Transfer Protocol
This is a method of transferring data from one computer to another over a network such as the
Internet.
20.1.3 Before You Begin
Make sure the ZyXEL Device is connected to your network and turned on.
1 Connect the USB device to one of the ZyXEL Device’s USB ports. Make sure the ZyXEL Device is
connected to your network.
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2 The ZyXEL Device detects the USB device and makes its contents available for browsing. If you are
connecting a USB hard drive that comes with an external power supply, make sure it is connected
to an appropriate power source that is on.
Note: If your USB device cannot be detected by the ZyXEL Device, see the
troubleshooting for suggestions.
20.2 The File Sharing Screen
Use this screen to set up file sharing via the ZyXEL Device. To access this screen, click Advanced >
USB Application > File Sharing.
Figure 120 Advanced > USB Application > File Sharing
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 89 Advanced > USB Application > File Sharing
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Server
Configuration
Active the File
Sharing Services
Select this to enable file sharing through the ZyXEL Device.
Share Directory
Access Level
Select Public to allow all users on the network to access the shared files.
Select Security to require users to log in to access shared files. Set up user accounts in
the Account Management section.
Account
Management
Active This field displays whether a user account is activated or not. Select the check box to
enable the account. Clear the check box to disable the account.
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20.2.1 User Edit
Click Edit in the File Sharing screen to edit a users information on the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 121 Advanced > File Sharing > Edit
Each field is described in the following table.
User Name This displays the user name that has been configured on the ZyXEL Device for file
sharing.
Edit
Click this to go to the screen for editing user account information.
Delete Click this to remove a user account from the list.
Apply Click this to save your changes to the ZyXEL Device.
Cancel Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
Table 89 Advanced > USB Application > File Sharing
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 90 USB Services > File Sharing > Edit
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select the check box to enable the account. Clear the check box to disable the account.
User Name
Enter a user name that will be allowed to access shares. You can enter up to 16
characters. Only letters and numbers allowed.
New Password
Enter the password used to access the share. You can enter up to 15 characters. Only
letters and numbers are allowed. The password is case sensitive.
Retype New
Password
Retype the password that you entered above.
Back
Click this to return to the previous screen.
Apply Click this to save your changes to the ZyXEL Device.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
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CHAPTER 21
Sharing a USB Printer
This chapter describes how you can share a USB printer via your ZyXEL Device.
21.1 Overview
The ZyXEL Device allows you to share a USB printer on your LAN. You can do this by connecting a
USB printer to one of the USB ports on the ZyXEL Device and then allowing the computers
connected to your network to communicate with the print server (ZyXEL Device) using the Internet
Printing Protocol.
Figure 122 Sharing a USB Printer
21.1.1 What You Can Do in this chapter
•The Print Server screen lets you enable the print server on the ZyXEL Device. (Section 21.4 on
page 246).
This chapter also shows you examples of adding a new network printer using Windows (Section
21.5 on page 247) and adding a new network printer using Macintosh OS X (Section 21.6 on
page 251).
21.2 What You Need to Know
Print Server
This is a computer or other device which manages one or more printers, and which sends print jobs
to each printer from the computer itself or other devices.
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Operating System
An operating system (OS) is the interface which helps you manage a computer. Common examples
are Microsoft Windows, Mac OS or Linux.
Port
A port maps a network service such as http to a process running on your computer, such as a
process run by your web browser. When traffic from the Internet is received on your computer, the
port number is used to identify which process running on your computer it is intended for.
Internet Printing Protocol
The Internet Printing Protocol (IPP) uses TCP and UDP with port 631. It can run locally or over the
Internet on top of HTTP. It allows users to send print jobs to a printer, cancel a previous print job,
and know the status of the printer and print jobs.
Supported OSs
The following OSs support ZyXEL Device’s printer sharing feature.
Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows Vista or Macintosh OS X and later
versions.
21.3 Before You Begin
To configure the print server you need the following:
Your ZyXEL Device must be connected to your computer and any other devices on your network.
The USB printer must be connected to your ZyXEL Device.
The computers on your network must have the printer software already installed before they can
use the printer. Follow your printer manufacturers instructions on how to install the printer
software on your computer.
Note: Your printer’s installation instructions may ask that you connect the printer to your
computer. Connect your printer to the ZyXEL Device instead.
21.4 The Print Server Screen
The print server screen is used to enable the print server function on the ZyXEL Device.
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Click Advanced > USB Application > Print Server to display the Print Server screen.
Figure 123 Advanced > USB Application > Print Server
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
21.5 Add a New Printer Using Windows
This example shows how to connect a printer behind the ZyXEL Device to your computer using the
Windows XP Professional operating system. Some menu items may look different on your operating
system.
Table 91 Advanced > USB Application > Print Server
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Print Server Select this option to have the ZyXEL Device act as a print server.
Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the ZyXEL Device.
Cancel Click Cancel to return to the previous configuration.
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1 Click Start > Control Panel > Printers and Faxes to open the Printers and Faxes screen. Click
Add a Printer.
Figure 124 Printers Folder
2 The Add Printer Wizard screen displays. Click Next.
Figure 125 Add Printer Wizard: Welcome
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3 Select A network printer, or a printer attached to another computer and click Next.
Figure 126 Add Printer Wizard: Local or Network Printer
4 Select Connect to a printer on the Internet or on a home or office network: and enter
“http://192.168.1.1:631/printers/USB_PRINTER” as the URL to access the print server (ZyXEL
Device). Click Next.
Note: If you change the ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP address, use the new IP address in the
URL to access the print server.
Figure 127 Add Printer Wizard: Specify a Printer
5 Select the make of the printer that you want to connect to the print server in the Manufacturer list
of printers.
6 Select the printer model from the list of Printers.
7 If your printer is not displayed in the list of Printers, you can insert the printer driver installation
CD/disk or download the driver file to your computer, click Have Disk… and install the new printer
driver.
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8 Click Next to continue.
Figure 128 Add Printer Wizard: Printer Model
9 Select Yes and then click the Next button if you want to use this printer as the default
printer on your computer. Otherwise select No and then click Next to continue.
Figure 129 Add Printer Wizard: Default Printer
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10 The following screen shows your current printer settings. Select Finish to complete
adding a new printer.
Figure 130 Add Printer Wizard Complete
21.6 Add a New Printer Using Macintosh OS X
Complete the following steps to set up a print server driver on your Macintosh computer.
21.6.1 Mac OS 10.3 and 10.4
This example shows how to connect a printer behind the ZyXEL Device to your computer using Mac
OS X v10.4.11. Some menu items may look different on your operating system.
11 Click the Finder icon on the Dock (a place holding a series of icons/shortcuts at the bottom of the
desktop) or double-click your Mac hard disk icon (Mac OS X in this example) on your desktop to
open the Mac HD window.
Figure 131 Mac OS X HD
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12 Open the Applications folder.
Figure 132 Macintosh HD Folder
13 Open the Utilities folder.
Figure 133 Applications Folder
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14 Double-click the Printer Setup Utility icon.
Figure 134 Utilities Folder
15 Click the Add icon at the top of the screen.
Figure 135 Printer List: Add
16 Click the IP Printer tab to set up your printer.
•Press the alt key and click More Printers in the Printer Browser screen.
•Select Advanced from the top drop-down list.
•Select Internet Printing Protocol using HTTP from the Device drop-down list.
Enter a descriptive name for the printer in the Device Name field.
•In the Device URL field, enter “http://192.168.1.1:631/printers/USB_PRINTER” as the
URL to access the print server (ZyXEL Device).
Note: If you change the ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP address, use the new IP address in the
URL to access the print server.
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Select your printer manufacturer from the Printer Model drop-down list and then select a
printer model. Click Add to save and close the Printer Browser configuration screen.
Figure 136 Printer Browser
17 The new network printer displays in the Printer List. The default printer Name displays
in bold type.
Figure 137 Printer List
18 Your print server driver setup is complete. You can now use the ZyXEL Device’s print
server to print from a Mac computer.
21.6.2 Mac OS 10.5 and 10.6
This example shows how to connect a printer behind the ZyXEL Device to your computer using Mac
OS X v10.6.2. Some menu items may look different on your operating system.
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1 Click the Finder icon on the Dock or double-click your Mac hard disk icon (Mac OS X in this
example) on your desktop to open the Mac HD window.
Figure 138 Mac OS X HD
2 Open the Applications folder.
Figure 139 Macintosh HD Folder
3 Double-click the System Preferences icon.
Figure 140 Applications Folder
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4 Click the Print & Fax icon.
Figure 141 System Preferences
5 Select the Printing tab and click the + icon to add a new printer.
Figure 142 Print & Fax
6 Click the Advanced button on the Add Printer toolbar to set up your printer.
If the Advanced button doesn’t appear, Ctrl-click the toolbar, select Customize Toolbar... and
then drag the Advanced button onto the toolbar.
•Select Internet Printing Protocol (HTTP) from the Type drop-down list.
•Select Another Device from the Device drop-down list.
•In the URL field, enter “http://192.168.1.1:631/printers/USB_PRINTER” as the URL to
access the print server (ZyXEL Device).
Note: If you change the ZyXEL Device’s LAN IP address, use the new IP address in the
URL to access the print server.
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Enter a descriptive name for the printer and where it is located.
Select your printer manufacturer from the Print Using drop-down list and then select a
printer model. Click Add to save and close the Printer Browser configuration screen.
Figure 143 Add Printer
7 The new network printer displays in the Printers list.
Figure 144 Printer List
8 Your print server driver setup is complete. You can now use the ZyXEL Device’s print
server to print from a Mac computer.
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CHAPTER 22
CWMP
22.1 Overview
The ZyXEL Device supports TR-069 Amendment 1 (CPE WAN Management Protocol Release 2.0)
and TR-069 Amendment 2 (CPE WAN Management Protocol v1.1, Release 3.0).
TR-069 is a protocol that defines how your ZyXEL Device (ZD) can be managed via a management
server (MS) such as ZyXEL’s Vantage Access.
Figure 145 LAN and WAN
An administrator can use a management server to remotely set up the ZyXEL device, modify
settings, perform firmware upgrades as well as monitor and diagnose the ZyXEL device.
In order to use CWMP, you need to configure the following steps:
1 Activate CWMP
2 Specify the URL, username and password.
3 Activate periodic inform and specify an interval value.
MSZD
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22.2 The CWMP Setup Screen
Use this screen to configure your ZyXEL Device to be managed by a management server. Click
Advanced> CWMP to display the following screen.
Figure 146 Advanced > CWMP
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 92 Advanced > CWMP
LINK DESCRIPTION
CWMP Setup
CWMP Select Activated to allow the ZyXEL Device to be managed by a management server or
select Deactivated to not allow the ZyXEL Device to be managed by a management server.
Login ACS Configure this part of the screen to log into the management server.
URL Type the IP address or domain name of the management server. If the ZyXEL Device is
behind a NAT router that assigns it a private IP address, you will have to configure a NAT
port forwarding rule on the NAT router.
User Name The user name is used to authenticate the ZyXEL Device when making a connection to the
management server. This user name on the management server and the ZyXEL Device
must be the same. Type a user name of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-
language keyboard. Spaces and characters such as @#$%^&*()_+ are allowed.
Password The password is used to authenticate the ZyXEL Device when making a connection to the
management server. This password on the management server and the ZyXEL Device must
be the same. Type a password of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-
language keyboard.
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Connection
Request
Use this part of the screen to allow the management server to connect to the ZyXEL Device
after a successful login.
Path Type the IP address or domain name of the ZyXEL Device. The management server uses
this path to verify the ZyXEL Device.
Port The default port for access to the ZyXEL Device from the management server is port 7547.
If you change it, make sure it does not conflict with another port on your network and it is
recommended to use a port number above 1024 (not a commonly used port). The
management server should use this port to connect to the ZyXEL Device. You may need to
alter your NAT port forwarding rules if they were already configured.
UserName The user name is used to authenticate the management server when connecting to the
ZyXEL Device. Type a user name of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-
language keyboard. Spaces and characters such as @#$%^&*()_+ are allowed.
Password The password is used to authenticate the management server when connecting to the
ZyXEL Device. Type a password of up to 255 printable characters found on an English-
language keyboard. Spaces are not allowed.
Periodic Inform Select Activated to have the ZyXEL Device periodically send information to the
management server (recommended if CWMP is enabled) or select Deactivated to not have
the ZyXEL Device periodically send information to the management server
Interval The interval is the duration in seconds for which the ZyXEL Device must attempt to connect
with the management server to send information and check for configuration updates. Enter
a value between 1 and 86400 seconds.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 92 Advanced > CWMP (continued)
LINK DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 23
System Settings
23.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to configure system related settings, such as system time, password,
name, the domain name and the inactivity timeout interval.
23.1.1 What You Can Do in the System Settings Screens
•Use the General screen (Section 23.2 on page 263) to configure system settings.
•Use the Time Setting screen (Section 23.3 on page 264) to set the system time.
23.2 The General Screen
Use this screen to configure system admin password.
Click Maintenance > System to open the General screen.
Figure 147 Maintenance > System > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 93 Maintenance > System > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Password
Admin Password
Old Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this
field.
New Password
Type your new system password (up to 30 characters). Note that as you type a password,
the screen displays a (*) for each character you type. After you change the password, use
the new password to access the ZyXEL Device.
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23.3 The Time Setting Screen
Use this screen to configure the ZyXEL Device’s time based on your local time zone. To change your
ZyXEL Device’s time and date, click Maintenance > System > Time Setting. The screen appears
as shown.
Figure 148 Maintenance > System > Time Setting
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Retype to
confirm
Type the new password again for confirmation.
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 93 Maintenance > System > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Table 94 Maintenance > System > Time Setting
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Current Time and Date
Current Time This field displays the time and date of your ZyXEL Device.
Each time you reload this page, the ZyXEL Device synchronizes the time and date with
the time server.
Time and Date Setup
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Manual Select this radio button to enter the time and date manually. If you configure a new
time and date, Time Zone and Daylight Saving at the same time, the new time and date
you entered has priority and the Time Zone and Daylight Saving settings do not affect
it.
New Time
(hh:mm:ss)
This field displays the last updated time from the time server or the last time configured
manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new time in this field and
then click Apply.
New Date
(yyyy/mm/dd)
This field displays the last updated date from the time server or the last date configured
manually.
When you set Time and Date Setup to Manual, enter the new date in this field and
then click Apply.
Get from Time
Server
Select this radio button to have the ZyXEL Device get the time and date from the time
server you specified below.
Time Server
Address
Enter the IP address or URL (up to 20 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time
server. Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.
Time Zone Setup
Time Zone Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your
time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
Daylight Savings Daylight saving is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their
clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the
evening.
Select this option if you use Daylight Saving Time.
Start Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you selected Enable
Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of
examples:
Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the second Sunday of
March. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M.
local time. So in the United States you would select Second, Sunday, March and type
2 in the o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of
the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same
moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last,
Sunday, March. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In
Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour
ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
End Date Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you selected Enable
Daylight Saving. The o'clock field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of
examples:
Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of November. Each
time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So
in the United States you would select First, Sunday, November and type 2 in the
o'clock field.
Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of
the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same
moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would select Last,
Sunday, October. The time you type in the o'clock field depends on your time zone.
In Germany for instance, you would type 2 because Germany's time zone is one hour
ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
Apply Click this to save your changes.
Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 94 Maintenance > System > Time Setting (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 24
Logs
24.1 Overview
This chapter contains information about viewing the ZyXEL Device’s logs.
The web configurator allows you to choose which types of events and/or alerts to have the ZyXEL
Device log and then display the logs.
24.1.1 What You Need To Know About Logs
Alerts
An alert is a message that is enabled as soon as the event occurs. They include system errors,
attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as
System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the
View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.
Logs
A log is a message about an event that occurred on your ZyXEL Device. For example, when
someone logs in to the ZyXEL Device, you can set a schedule for how often logs should be enabled,
or sent to a syslog server.
24.2 The View Log Screen
Use the View Log screen to view logs.
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To view your ZyXEL Device’s logs, click Maintenance > Logs > View Log. The screen appears as
shown.
Figure 149 Maintenance > System Logs
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
24.3 The Log Settings Screen
Use the Log Settings screen to configure to where the ZyXEL Device is to send logs and which logs
and/or immediate alerts the ZyXEL Device is to record and display.
To change your ZyXEL Device’s log settings, click Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings. The
screen appears as shown.
Figure 150 Maintenance > System Logs > Log Settings
Table 95 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings
LABEL DESCRIPTION
System Log
Refresh Click this to refresh to log display.
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 96 Maintenance > Logs > Log Settings
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Active Select to enable or disable system logging.
Mode Select Local File to record the logs and store them in the local memory of the ZyXEL
Device only.
Select Local File and Remote to record the logs and store them in the local memory and
also send logs to the log server.
Syslog Server IP
Address
Enter the server name or the IP address of the log server.
Syslog Server
UDP Port
Enter the UDP port of the log server.
Apply Click Apply to save your customized settings.
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CHAPTER 25
Tools
25.1 Overview
This chapter explains how to upload new firmware, manage configuration files and restart your
ZyXEL Device.
Use the instructions in this chapter to change the device’s configuration file or upgrade its firmware.
After you configure your device, you can backup the configuration file to a computer. That way if
you later misconfigure the device, you can upload the backed up configuration file to return to your
previous settings. You can alternately upload the factory default configuration file if you want to
return the device to the original default settings. The firmware determines the device’s available
features and functionality. You can download new firmware releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP
site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your device’s performance.
Only use firmware for your device’s specific model. Refer to the label on
the bottom of your ZyXEL Device.
25.1.1 What You Can Do in the Tool Screens
•Use the Firmware Upgrade screen (Section 25.2 on page 271) to upload firmware to your
device.
•Use the Configuration screen (Section 25.3 on page 273) to backup and restore device
configurations. You can also reset your device settings back to the factory default.
•Use the Restart screen (Section 25.4 on page 275) to restart your ZyXEL device.
25.2 The Firmware Screen
Click Maintenance > Tools to open the Firmware screen. Follow the instructions in this screen to
upload firmware to your ZyXEL Device. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot.
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Do NOT turn off the ZyXEL Device while firmware upload is in progress!
Figure 151 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
After you see the Firmware Upload in Progress screen, wait two minutes before logging into the
ZyXEL Device again.
Figure 152 Firmware Upload In Progress
The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In
some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 153 Network Temporarily Disconnected
After two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.
Table 97 Maintenance > Tools > Firmware
LABEL DESCRIPTION
Current Firmware
Version
This is the present Firmware version and the date created.
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find
it.
Browse... Click this to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress
compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click this to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
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If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the
Firmware screen.
Figure 154 Error Message
25.3 The Configuration Screen
Click Maintenance > Tools > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup
configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next.
Figure 155 Maintenance > Tools > Configuration
Backup Configuration
Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the ZyXEL Device’s current configuration to a file
on your computer. Once your ZyXEL Device is configured and functioning properly, it is highly
recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The
backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings.
Click Backup to save the ZyXEL Device’s current configuration to your computer.
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Restore Configuration
Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your
computer to your ZyXEL Device.
Do not turn off the ZyXEL Device while configuration file upload is in
progress.
After you see a “restore configuration successful” screen, you must then wait one minute before
logging into the ZyXEL Device again.
Figure 156 Configuration Upload Successful
The ZyXEL Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In
some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.
Figure 157 Network Temporarily Disconnected
If you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your
computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.1.1). See
Appendix A on page 287 for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.
Table 98 Restore Configuration
LABEL DESCRIPTION
File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.
Browse... Click this to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress
compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them.
Upload Click this to begin the upload process.
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If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click Return to go back to the
Configuration screen.
Figure 158 Configuration Upload Error
Reset to Factory Defaults
Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the ZyXEL
Device to its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears.
Figure 159 Reset Warning Message
Figure 160 Reset In Process Message
You can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your ZyXEL
Device. Refer to Section 1.6 on page 26 for more information on the RESET button.
25.4 The Restart Screen
System restart allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device remotely without turning the power off. You
may need to do this if the ZyXEL Device hangs, for example.
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Click Maintenance > Tools > Restart. Click Restart to have the ZyXEL Device reboot. This does
not affect the ZyXEL Device's configuration.
Figure 161 Maintenance > Tools >Restart
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CHAPTER 26
Diagnostic
26.1 Overview
These read-only screens display information to help you identify problems with the ZyXEL Device.
26.1.1 What You Can Do in the Diagnostic Screens
•Use the General screen (Section 26.2 on page 277) to ping an IP address.
•Use the DSL Line screen (Section 26.3 on page 278) to view the DSL line statistics and reset the
ADSL line.
26.2 The General Screen
Use this screen to ping an IP address. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic to open the screen shown
next.
Figure 162 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 99 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General
LABEL DESCRIPTION
TCP/IP Address Type the IP address of a computer that you want to ping in order to test a connection.
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26.3 The DSL Line Screen
Use this screen to view the DSL line statistics and reset the ADSL line. Click Maintenance >
Diagnostic > DSL Line to open the screen shown next.
Figure 163 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line
Ping Click this to ping the IP address that you entered.
PingV6 Click this to ping the IPv6 address that you entered.
Table 99 Maintenance > Diagnostic > General (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 100 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line
LABEL DESCRIPTION
ATM Status Click this to view your DSL connection’s Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) statistics.
ATM is a networking technology that provides high-speed data transfer. ATM uses fixed-
size packets of information called cells. With ATM, a high QoS (Quality of Service) can be
guaranteed.
The (Segmentation and Reassembly) SAR driver translates packets into ATM cells. It also
receives ATM cells and reassembles them into packets.
These counters are set back to zero whenever the device starts up.
inPkts is the number of good ATM cells that have been received.
inDiscards is the number of received ATM cells that were rejected.
outPkts is the number of ATM cells that have been sent.
outDiscards is the number of ATM cells sent that were rejected.
inF4Pkts is the number of ATM Operations, Administration, and Management (OAM) F4
cells that have been received. See ITU recommendation I.610 for more on OAM for ATM.
outF4Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F4 cells that have been sent.
inF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been received.
outF5Pkts is the number of ATM OAM F5 cells that have been sent.
openChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has opened a logical DSL
channel.
closeChan is the number of times that the ZyXEL Device has closed a logical DSL
channel.
txRate is the number of bytes transmitted per second.
rxRate is the number of bytes received per second.
ATM Loopback
Test
Click this to start the ATM loopback test. Make sure you have configured at least one PVC
with proper VPIs/VCIs before you begin this test. The ZyXEL Device sends an OAM F5
packet to the DSLAM/ATM switch and then returns it (loops it back) to the ZyXEL Device.
The ATM loopback test is useful for troubleshooting problems with the DSLAM and ATM
network.
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DSL Line Status Click this to view statistics about the DSL connections.
noise margin downstream is the signal to noise ratio for the downstream part of the
connection (coming into the ZyXEL Device from the ISP). It is measured in decibels. The
higher the number the more signal and less noise there is.
output power upstream is the amount of power (in decibels) that the ZyXEL Device is
using to transmit to the ISP.
attenuation downstream is the reduction in amplitude (in decibels) of the DSL signal
coming into the ZyXEL Device from the ISP.
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation divides up a line’s bandwidth into sub-carriers
(sub-channels) of 4.3125 KHz each called tones. The rest of the display is the line’s bit
allocation. This is displayed as the number (in hexadecimal format) of bits transmitted for
each tone. This can be used to determine the quality of the connection, whether a given
sub-carrier loop has sufficient margins to support certain ADSL transmission rates, and
possibly to determine whether particular specific types of interference or line attenuation
exist. Refer to the ITU-T G.992.1 recommendation for more information on DMT.
The better (or shorter) the line, the higher the number of bits transmitted for a DMT tone.
The maximum number of bits that can be transmitted per DMT tone is 15. There will be
some tones without any bits as there has to be space between the upstream and
downstream channels.
Reset ADSL Line Click this to reinitialize the ADSL line. The large text box above then displays the progress
and results of this operation, for example:
"Start to reset ADSL
Loading ADSL modem F/W...
Reset ADSL Line Successfully!"
Capture All Logs Click this to display information and statistics about your ZyXEL Device’s ATM statistics,
DSL connection statistics, DHCP settings, firmware version, WAN and gateway IP address,
VPI/VCI and LAN IP address.
Table 100 Maintenance > Diagnostic > DSL Line (continued)
LABEL DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 27
Troubleshooting
This chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential
problems are divided into the following categories.
Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
ZyXEL Device Access and Login
Internet Access
27.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs
The ZyXEL Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.
1 Make sure the ZyXEL Device is turned on.
2 Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the ZyXEL Device.
3 Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the ZyXEL Device and plugged in to an
appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.
4 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
5 If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.
1 Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 28.1 on page 285.
2 Check the hardware connections.
3 Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.
4 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
5 If the problem continues, contact the vendor.
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27.2 ZyXEL Device Access and Login
I forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.
1 The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
2 If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the ZyXEL
Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most
Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the
Default Gateway might be the IP address of the ZyXEL Device (it depends on the network), so
enter this IP address in your Internet browser.
3 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page
26.
I forgot the password.
1 The default admin user name and password can be found on the cover of this User’s Guide.
2 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page
26.
I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web configurator.
1 Make sure you are using the correct IP address.
The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.
If you changed the IP address (Section 7.2 on page 110), use the new IP address.
If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I
forgot the IP address for the ZyXEL Device.
2 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide.
3 Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScripts and Java
enabled. See Appendix C on page 317.
4 Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the ZyXEL Device with the default IP
address. See Section 1.6 on page 26.
5 If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced
suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
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Try to access the ZyXEL Device using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the
ZyXEL Device, check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the
ZyXEL Device does not respond to HTTP.
If your computer is connected to the WAN port or is connected wirelessly, use a computer that is
connected to a ETHERNET port.
I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the ZyXEL Device.
1 Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default user and default admin password
can be found on the cover page of this User’s Guide. The field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps
Lock] is not on.
2 You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the ZyXEL Device.
Log out of the ZyXEL Device in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out.
3 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
4 If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page
26.
I cannot Telnet to the ZyXEL Device.
See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web
configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to upload
new firmware.
See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen for the web
configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
27.3 Internet Access
I cannot access the Internet.
1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide and Section 28.1 on page 285.
2 Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the wizard. These fields are case-
sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on.
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3 If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure the wireless settings in the wireless
client are the same as the settings in the AP.
4 If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure you enabled the wireless LAN and
have selected the correct country and channel in which your ZyXEL Device operates in the
Wireless LAN > AP screen.
5 Disconnect all the cables from your device, and follow the directions in the Quick Start Guide again.
6 If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the ZyXEL Device),
but my Internet connection is not available anymore.
1 Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick
Start Guide and Section 28.1 on page 285.
2 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
3 If the problem continues, contact your ISP.
The Internet connection is slow or intermittent.
1 There might be a lot of traffic on the network. Look at the LEDs, and check Section 28.1 on page
285. If the ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving a lot of information, try closing some programs
that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications.
2 Check the signal strength. If the signal strength is low, try moving your computer closer to the
ZyXEL Device if possible, and look around to see if there are any devices that might be interfering
with the wireless network (for example, microwaves, other wireless networks, and so on).
3 Turn the ZyXEL Device off and on.
4 If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced
suggestions.
Advanced Suggestions
Check the settings for QoS. If it is disabled, you might consider activating it. If it is enabled, you
might consider raising or lowering the priority for some applications.
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CHAPTER 28
Product Specifications
The following tables summarize the ZyXEL Device’s hardware and firmware features.
28.1 Hardware Specifications
.
Table 101 LED Descriptions for P-660HN-T1H, P-660HNU-Tx, P-660HU-Tx
LED COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTION
(POWER)
Green On The ZyXEL Device is receiving power and ready for use.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is self-testing.
Red On The ZyXEL Device detected an error while self-testing, or there is
a device malfunction.
Off The ZyXEL Device is not receiving power.
LAN 1-4 Green On The ZyXEL Device has an Ethernet connection with a device on the
Local Area Network (LAN).
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is sending/receiving data to /from the LAN.
Off The ZyXEL Device does not have an Ethernet connection with the
LAN.
(WPS/WLAN)
Green On The wireless network is activated.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is communicating with other wireless clients.
Orange Blinking The ZyXEL Device is setting up a WPS connection.
Off The wireless network is not activated.
(USB)
Green On The ZyXEL Device recognizes a USB connection but there is no
traffic.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is sending/receiving data to/from the USB
device connected to it.
Green On The ZyXEL Device recognizes a USB connection but there is no
traffic.
(DSL)
Green On The DSL line is up.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is initializing the DSL line.
Off The DSL line is down.
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(INTERNET)
Green On The ZyXEL Device has an IP connection but no traffic.
Your device has a WAN IP address (either static or assigned by a
DHCP server), PPP negotiation was successfully completed (if
used) and the DSL connection is up.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving IP traffic.
Red On The ZyXEL Device attempted to make an IP connection but failed.
Possible causes are no response from a DHCP server, no PPPoE
response, PPPoE authentication failed.
Off The ZyXEL Device does not have an IP connection.
Table 102 LED Descriptions for P-660HN-TxA, P-660HN-Tx, P-660N-T1A
LED COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTION
POWER Green On The ZyXEL Device is receiving power and ready for use.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is self-testing.
Red On The ZyXEL Device detected an error while self-testing, or there is a
device malfunction.
Off The ZyXEL Device is power off.
ETHERNET 1-
4
Green On The ZyXEL Device has an Ethernet connection with a device on the
Local Area Network (LAN).
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is transmitting data to or receiving data from the
LAN.
Off The ZyXEL Device does not have an Ethernet connection with the
LAN.
WPS/WLAN Green On The wireless network is activated.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is communicating with other wireless clients.
Orange Blinking The ZyXEL Device is setting up a WPS connection.
Off The wireless network is not activated.
DSL Green On The DSL line is up.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is initializing the DSL line.
Off The DSL line is down.
INTERNET Green On The ZyXEL Device has an IP connection but no traffic.
Your device has a WAN IP address (either static or assigned by a
server), PPP negotiation was successfully completed (if used) and
the DSL connection is up.
Blinking The ZyXEL Device is sending or receiving IP traffic.
Red On The ZyXEL Device attempted to make an IP connection but failed.
Possible causes are no response from a DHCP server, no PPPoE
response, PPPoE authentication failed, no IP address from IPCP.
Off The ZyXEL Device does not have an IP connection.
Table 101 LED Descriptions for P-660HN-T1H, P-660HNU-Tx, P-660HU-Tx
LED COLOR STATUS DESCRIPTION
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APPENDIX A
Setting up Your Computers IP Address
All computers must have a 10M or 100M Ethernet adapter card and TCP/IP installed.
Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems and all versions
of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to install and use TCP/IP on your
computer. Windows 3.1 requires the purchase of a third-party TCP/IP application package.
TCP/IP should already be installed on computers using Windows NT/2000/XP, Macintosh OS 7 and
later operating systems.
After the appropriate TCP/IP components are installed, configure the TCP/IP settings in order to
"communicate" with your network.
If you manually assign IP information instead of using dynamic assignment, make sure that your
computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet as the ZyXEL Device’s LAN port.
Windows 95/98/Me
Click Start, Settings, Control Panel and double-click the Network icon to open the Network
window.
Figure 164 WIndows 95/98/Me: Network: Configuration
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Installing Components
The Network window Configuration tab displays a list of installed components. You need a
network adapter, the TCP/IP protocol and Client for Microsoft Networks.
If you need the adapter:
1 In the Network window, click Add.
2 Select Adapter and then click Add.
3 Select the manufacturer and model of your network adapter and then click OK.
If you need TCP/IP:
1 In the Network window, click Add.
2 Select Protocol and then click Add.
3 Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.
4 Select TCP/IP from the list of network protocols and then click OK.
If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:
1 Click Add.
2 Select Client and then click Add.
3 Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.
4 Select Client for Microsoft Networks from the list of network clients and then click OK.
5 Restart your computer so the changes you made take effect.
Configuring
1 In the Network window Configuration tab, select your network adapter's TCP/IP entry and click
Properties
2 Click the IP Address tab.
If your IP address is dynamic, select Obtain an IP address automatically.
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If you have a static IP address, select Specify an IP address and type your information into
the IP Address and Subnet Mask fields.
Figure 165 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: IP Address
3 Click the DNS Configuration tab.
If you do not know your DNS information, select Disable DNS.
If you know your DNS information, select Enable DNS and type the information in the fields
below (you may not need to fill them all in).
Figure 166 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: DNS Configuration
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4 Click the Gateway tab.
If you do not know your gateway’s IP address, remove previously installed gateways.
If you have a gateway IP address, type it in the New gateway field and click Add.
5 Click OK to save and close the TCP/IP Properties window.
6 Click OK to close the Network window. Insert the Windows CD if prompted.
7 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer when prompted.
Verifying Settings
1 Click Start and then Run.
2 In the Run window, type "winipcfg" and then click OK to open the IP Configuration window.
3 Select your network adapter. You should see your computer's IP address, subnet mask and default
gateway.
Windows 2000/NT/XP
The following example figures use the default Windows XP GUI theme.
1 Click start (Start in Windows 2000/NT), Settings, Control Panel.
Figure 167 Windows XP: Start Menu
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2 In the Control Panel, double-click Network Connections (Network and Dial-up Connections
in Windows 2000/NT).
Figure 168 Windows XP: Control Panel
3 Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.
Figure 169 Windows XP: Control Panel: Network Connections: Properties
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4 Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (under the General tab in Win XP) and then click Properties.
Figure 170 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties
5 The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens (the General tab in Windows XP).
If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.
If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address,
Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.
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Click Advanced.
Figure 171 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
6 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP
Settings tab and click OK.
Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.
•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask,
and then click Add.
Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.
Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default
gateways.
•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To
manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic
metric check box and type a metric in Metric.
Click Add.
Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
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Click OK when finished.
Figure 172 Windows XP: Advanced TCP/IP Properties
7 In the Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window (the General tab in Windows XP):
Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP
address(es).
If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server
addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields.
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If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order
them.
Figure 173 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
8 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.
9 Click Close (OK in Windows 2000/NT) to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
10 Close the Network Connections window (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows
2000/NT).
11 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
1 Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.
2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open
Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support
tab.
Windows Vista
This section shows screens from Windows Vista Enterprise Version 6.0.
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1 Click the Start icon, Control Panel.
Figure 174 Windows Vista: Start Menu
2 In the Control Panel, double-click Network and Internet.
Figure 175 Windows Vista: Control Panel
3 Click Network and Sharing Center.
Figure 176 Windows Vista: Network And Internet
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4 Click Manage network connections.
Figure 177 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
5 Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.
Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying
that it needs your permission to continue.
Figure 178 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
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6 Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties.
Figure 179 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties
7 The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens (the General tab).
If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.
If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP address and fill in the IP address,
Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.
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Click Advanced.
Figure 180 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
8 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP
Settings tab and click OK.
Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:
•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.
•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask,
and then click Add.
Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.
Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default
gateways.
•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To
manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic
metric check box and type a metric in Metric.
Click Add.
Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
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Click OK when finished.
Figure 181 Windows Vista: Advanced TCP/IP Properties
9 In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window, (the General tab):
Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP
address(es).
If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server
addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields.
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If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order
them.
Figure 182 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties
10 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window.
11 Click Close to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.
12 Close the Network Connections window.
13 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
1 Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.
2 In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open
Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support
tab.
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Macintosh OS 8/9
1 Click the Apple menu, Control Panel and double-click TCP/IP to open the TCP/IP Control
Panel.
Figure 183 Macintosh OS 8/9: Apple Menu
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2 Select Ethernet built-in from the Connect via list.
Figure 184 Macintosh OS 8/9: TCP/IP
3 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP Server from the Configure: list.
4 For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure box, select Manually.
Type your IP address in the IP Address box.
Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.
Type the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in the Router address box.
5 Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.
6 Click Save if prompted, to save changes to your configuration.
7 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties in the TCP/IP Control Panel window.
Macintosh OS X
1 Click the Apple menu, and click System Preferences to open the System Preferences window.
Figure 185 Macintosh OS X: Apple Menu
2 Click Network in the icon bar.
•Select Automatic from the Location list.
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•Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show list.
Click the TCP/IP tab.
3 For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure list.
Figure 186 Macintosh OS X: Network
4 For statically assigned settings, do the following:
•From the Configure box, select Manually.
Type your IP address in the IP Address box.
Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.
Type the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in the Router address box.
5 Click Apply Now and close the window.
6 Turn on your ZyXEL Device and restart your computer (if prompted).
Verifying Settings
Check your TCP/IP properties in the Network window.
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Linux
This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in Red Hat Linux 9.0.
Procedure, screens and file location may vary depending on your Linux distribution and release
version.
Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator.
Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE)
Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address using the KDE.
1 Click the Red Hat button (located on the bottom left corner), select System Setting and click
Network.
Figure 187 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Devices
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2 Double-click on the profile of the network card you wish to configure. The Ethernet Device
General screen displays as shown.
Figure 188 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Ethernet Device: General
If you have a dynamic IP address, click Automatically obtain IP address settings with and
select dhcp from the drop down list.
If you have a static IP address, click Statically set IP Addresses and fill in the Address,
Subnet mask, and Default Gateway Address fields.
3 Click OK to save the changes and close the Ethernet Device General screen.
4 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Configuration
screen. Enter the DNS server information in the fields provided.
Figure 189 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DNS
5 Click the Devices tab.
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6 Click the Activate button to apply the changes. The following screen displays. Click Yes to save
the changes in all screens.
Figure 190 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Activate
7 After the network card restart process is complete, make sure the Status is Active in the Network
Configuration screen.
Using Configuration Files
Follow the steps below to edit the network configuration files and set your computer IP address.
1 Assuming that you have only one network card on the computer, locate the ifconfig-eth0
configuration file (where eth0 is the name of the Ethernet card). Open the configuration file with
any plain text editor.
If you have a dynamic IP address, enter dhcp in the BOOTPROTO= field. The following figure
shows an example.
Figure 191 Red Hat 9.0: Dynamic IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0
If you have a static IP address, enter
static in the BOOTPROTO= field. Type IPADDR= followed
by the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) and type NETMASK= followed by the subnet
mask. The following example shows an example where the static IP address is 192.168.1.10
and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.
Figure 192 Red Hat 9.0: Static IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
USERCTL=no
PEERDNS=yes
TYPE=Ethernet
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
BOOTPROTO=static
IPADDR=192.168.1.10
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
USERCTL=no
PEERDNS=yes
TYPE=Ethernet
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2 If you know your DNS server IP address(es), enter the DNS server information in the resolv.conf
file in the /etc directory. The following figure shows an example where two DNS server IP
addresses are specified.
Figure 193 Red Hat 9.0: DNS Settings in resolv.conf
3 After you edit and save the configuration files, you must restart the network card. Enter ./network
restart in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The following figure shows an example.
Figure 194 Red Hat 9.0: Restart Ethernet Card
Verifying Settings
Enter ifconfig in a terminal screen to check your TCP/IP properties.
Figure 195 Red Hat 9.0: Checking TCP/IP Properties
nameserver 172.23.5.1
nameserver 172.23.5.2
[root@localhost init.d]# network restart
Shutting down interface eth0: [OK]
Shutting down loopback interface: [OK]
Setting network parameters: [OK]
Bringing up loopback interface: [OK]
Bringing up interface eth0: [OK]
[root@localhost]# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BA:72:5B:44
inet addr:172.23.19.129 Bcast:172.23.19.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:717 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:100
RX bytes:730412 (713.2 Kb) TX bytes:1570 (1.5 Kb)
Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000
[root@localhost]#
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APPENDIX B
IP Addresses and Subnetting
This appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks.
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including
computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the
network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use
subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
Introduction to IP Addresses
One part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same
way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common
network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has
its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets
to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are
delivered.
Structure
An IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example,
192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary
number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation).
Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in
decimal.
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The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are
the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.
Figure 196 Network Number and Host ID
How much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according
to the subnet mask.
Subnet Masks
A subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are
part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.
A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP
address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit
in the IP address is part of the host ID.
The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host
ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).
By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the
leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.
Table 103 Subnet Masks
1ST OCTET:
(192)
2ND
OCTET:
(168)
3RD
OCTET:
(1)
4TH OCTET
(2)
IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001
Host ID 00000010
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Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value).
For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24
bits are zeroes.
Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following
examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks.
Network Size
The size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have
on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of
remaining host ID bits.
An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit
subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that
network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).
As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of
possible hosts in a network as follows:
Notation
Since the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a
continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the
number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/”
followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address.
For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128.
Table 104 Subnet Masks
BINARY
DECIMAL
1ST
OCTET
2ND
OCTET
3RD
OCTET
4TH OCTET
8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.0
16-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.0
24-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.0
29-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248
Table 105 Maximum Host Numbers
SUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS
8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 2
24
– 2 16777214
16 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 2
16
– 2 65534
24 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 2
8
– 2 254
29 bits 255.255.255.24
8
3 bits 2
3
– 2 6
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The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations.
Subnetting
You can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example
a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the
company network for security reasons.
In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address
(192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum
of 2
8
– 2 or 254 possible hosts.
The following figure shows the company network before subnetting.
Figure 197 Subnetting Example: Before Subnetting
You can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-
networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).
The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25
and 192.168.1.128 /25.
Table 106 Alternative Subnet Mask Notation
SUBNET MASK
ALTERNATIVE
NOTATION
LAST OCTET
(BINARY)
LAST OCTET
(DECIMAL)
255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0
255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128
255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192
255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224
255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240
255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248
255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252
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The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-
networks, A and B.
Figure 198 Subnetting Example: After Subnetting
In a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 2
7
– 2 or 126
possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s
broadcast address).
192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask
255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to
an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126.
Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.
Example: Four Subnets
The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two
subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID
bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192.
Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 2
6
- 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all
zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnets broadcast address).
Table 107 Subnet 1
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
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Example: Eight Subnets
Similarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111).
The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.0
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.63
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62
Table 108 Subnet 2
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 64
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.64
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.127
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126
Table 109 Subnet 3
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 128
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.128
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.191
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190
Table 110 Subnet 4
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUE
IP Address 192.168.1. 192
IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000
Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Subnet Address:
192.168.1.192
Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193
Broadcast Address:
192.168.1.255
Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254
Table 107 Subnet 1 (continued)
IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER
LAST OCTET BIT
VALUE
Table 111 Eight Subnets
SUBNET
SUBNET
ADDRESS
FIRST ADDRESS
LAST
ADDRESS
BROADCAST
ADDRESS
1 0 1 30 31
2 32 33 62 63
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Subnet Planning
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.
The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number.
3 64 65 94 95
4 96 97 126 127
5 128 129 158 159
6 160 161 190 191
7 192 193 222 223
8 224 225 254 255
Table 111 Eight Subnets (continued)
SUBNET
SUBNET
ADDRESS
FIRST ADDRESS
LAST
ADDRESS
BROADCAST
ADDRESS
Table 112 24-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
1 255.255.255.128 (/25) 2 126
2 255.255.255.192 (/26) 4 62
3 255.255.255.224 (/27) 8 30
4 255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 14
5 255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 6
6 255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 2
7 255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1
Table 113 16-bit Network Number Subnet Planning
NO. “BORROWED”
HOST BITS
SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS
NO. HOSTS PER
SUBNET
1 255.255.128.0 (/17) 2 32766
2 255.255.192.0 (/18) 4 16382
3 255.255.224.0 (/19) 8 8190
4 255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 4094
5 255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 2046
6 255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 1022
7 255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 510
8 255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 254
9 255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 126
10 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 62
11 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 30
12 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 14
13 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 6
14 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 2
15 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1
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Configuring IP Addresses
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your
network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in
selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user
account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this
is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses
specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You
must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the ZyXEL Device.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your ZyXEL Device that is
easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network
is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your ZyXEL Device will
compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need
to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do
otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the
Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to
the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private
network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP
can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are
part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the
appropriate IP addresses.
Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the
guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address
Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
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APPENDIX C
Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java
Permissions
In order to use the web configurator you need to allow:
Web browser pop-up windows from your device.
JavaScripts (enabled by default).
Java permissions (enabled by default).
Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer
versions may vary.
Internet Explorer Pop-up Blockers
You may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device.
Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow
pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.
Disable Pop-up Blockers
1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker.
Figure 199 Pop-up Blocker
You can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab.
1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
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2 Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any
web pop-up blockers you may have enabled.
Figure 200 Internet Options: Privacy
3 Click Apply to save this setting.
Enable Pop-up Blockers with Exceptions
Alternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.
1 In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
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2 Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.
Figure 201 Internet Options: Privacy
3 Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the
prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
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4 Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.
Figure 202 Pop-up Blocker Settings
5 Click Close to return to the Privacy screen.
6 Click Apply to save this setting.
JavaScripts
If pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts
are allowed.
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1 In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
Figure 203 Internet Options: Security
2 Click the Custom Level... button.
3 Scroll down to Scripting.
4 Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
5 Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
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6 Click OK to close the window.
Figure 204 Security Settings - Java Scripting
Java Permissions
1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab.
2 Click the Custom Level... button.
3 Scroll down to Microsoft VM.
4 Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
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5 Click OK to close the window.
Figure 205 Security Settings - Java
JAVA (Sun)
1 From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab.
2 Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.
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3 Click OK to close the window.
Figure 206 Java (Sun)
Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary.
You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the
screen that appears.
Figure 207 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options
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Click Content to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.
Figure 208 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
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APPENDIX D
Wireless LANs
Wireless LAN Topologies
This section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.
Ad-hoc Wireless LAN Configuration
The simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of
computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within
range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an
ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example
of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN.
Figure 209 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc Network
BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a
wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless
client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is
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disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with
each other.
Figure 210 Basic Service Set
ESS
An Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access
point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection
between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).
This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only
provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the
immediate neighborhood.
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An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated
wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.
Figure 211 Infrastructure WLAN
Channel
A channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data.
Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your
region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce
interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing
interference and degrading performance.
Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should
be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For
example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to
select a channel between 6 or 11.
RTS/CTS
A hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not
within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are
within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they
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cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore,
they are considered hidden from each other.
Figure 212 RTS/CTS
When station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the
channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of
data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.
RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest
size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is
invoked.
When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station
that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for
permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other
stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms
with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.
Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and
the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS
(Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake.
If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the
RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be
fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could
negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.
Fragmentation Threshold
A Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes)
that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data
frames.
A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while
you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.
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If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you
set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames
will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.
Preamble Type
Preamble is used to signal that data is coming to the receiver. Short and long refer to the length of
the synchronization field in a packet.
Short preamble increases performance as less time sending preamble means more time for sending
data. All IEEE 802.11 compliant wireless adapters support long preamble, but not all support short
preamble.
Use long preamble if you are unsure what preamble mode other wireless devices on the network
support, and to provide more reliable communications in busy wireless networks.
Use short preamble if you are sure all wireless devices on the network support it, and to provide
more efficient communications.
Use the dynamic setting to automatically use short preamble when all wireless devices on the
network support it, otherwise the ZyXEL Device uses long preamble.
Note: The wireless devices MUST use the same preamble mode in order to communicate.
IEEE 802.11g Wireless LAN
IEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b
adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or
lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the
maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:
Wireless Security Overview
Wireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless
clients, access points and the wired network.
Wireless security methods available on the ZyXEL Device are data encryption, wireless client
authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the ZyXEL Device identity.
Table 114 IEEE 802.11g
DATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION
1 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)
2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying)
6/9/12/18/24/36/48/
54
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
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The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on
your ZyXEL Device.
Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the ZyXEL Device and on all
wireless clients that you want to associate with it.
IEEE 802.1x
In June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to
support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It
is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x
are:
User based identification that allows for roaming.
Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for
centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server.
Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional
authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless
clients.
RADIUS
RADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and
accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server
handles the following tasks:
Authentication
Determines the identity of the users.
•Authorization
Determines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the
network.
Accounting
Keeps track of the client’s network activity.
Table 115 Wireless Security Levels
SECURITY
LEVEL
SECURITY TYPE
Least
Secure
Most Secure
Unique SSID (Default)
Unique SSID with Hide SSID Enabled
MAC Address Filtering
WEP Encryption
IEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server Authentication
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA2
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RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the
wireless client and the network RADIUS server.
Types of RADIUS Messages
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user authentication:
Access-Request
Sent by an access point requesting authentication.
Access-Reject
Sent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.
Access-Accept
Sent by a RADIUS server allowing access.
Access-Challenge
Sent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point
sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message.
The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS
server for user accounting:
Accounting-Request
Sent by the access point requesting accounting.
Accounting-Response
Sent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting.
In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret
key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the
shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from
unauthorized access.
Types of EAP Authentication
This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and
LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types.
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE
802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP
to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a
RADIUS server perform authentication.
The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that
supports IEEE 802.1x.
For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain
the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used
to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate
owner.
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EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)
MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server
sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by
encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in
plain text.
However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get
the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the
authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an
authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication.
Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You
must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption.
EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)
With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for
mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of
the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done
in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive
attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity.
However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which
imposes a management overhead.
EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service)
EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-
side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending
username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client
authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP,
CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2.
PEAP (Protected EAP)
Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then
use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the
clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5,
EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is
implemented only by Cisco.
LEAP
LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x.
Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
The AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the
wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is
generated each time reauthentication is performed.
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If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless
security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while
dynamic WEP is enabled.
Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key Exchange
For added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic
keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public
deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a
comparison of the features of authentication types.
WPA and WPA2
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a
wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management
than WPA.
Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user
authentication.
If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use
WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use
WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into
each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless
client will be granted access to a WLAN.
If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on
whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.
Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less
secure than WPA or WPA2.
Encryption
WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity
Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but
offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter
mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server.
AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm
Table 116 Comparison of EAP Authentication Types
EAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAP
Mutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Certificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional No
Certificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes No
Dynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Credential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong Moderate
Deployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate Moderate
Client Identity Protection No No Yes Yes No
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called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check
(MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying
mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is
never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key
hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption
keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless
clients. This all happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets,
altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the
receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is
assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity
checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi
network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference
between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific
credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force
password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent,
single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal
encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of
WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate
wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange
messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a
network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and
pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless
devices.
Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication
with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not
need to go with the authentication process again.
Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an
AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.
Wireless Client WPA Supplicants
A wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless
client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch
for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client.
The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero
Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it.
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WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
To set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812),
and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server
looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.
1 The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.
2 The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies
network access accordingly.
3 A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS
server and the client.
4 The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and
management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The
keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and
the wireless clients.
Figure 213 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application Example
WPA(2)-PSK Application Example
A WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.
1 First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must
consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and
symbols).
2 The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password
matches.
3 The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not
sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID.
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4 The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information
exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data
exchanged between them.
Figure 214 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
Security Parameters Summary
Refer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each
authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on
how you configure these security features.
Antenna Overview
An antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to
the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by
capturing RF signals from the air.
Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN.
Table 117 Wireless Security Relational Matrix
AUTHENTICATION
METHOD/ KEY
MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL
ENCRYPTIO
N METHOD
ENTER
MANUAL KEY
IEEE 802.1X
Open None No Disable
Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Open WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Disable
Shared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Enable without Dynamic WEP Key
Yes Disable
WPA TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
WPA2 TKIP/AES No Enable
WPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
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Antenna Characteristics
Frequency
An antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz (IEEE 802.11a)
is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LAN
Radiation Pattern
A radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage
area.
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width.
Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications.
For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately
2.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of
approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment.
Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal
power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna
that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the
antenna provides.
Types of Antennas for WLAN
There are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.
Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The
coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room
environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage
areas with multiple access points.
Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light
from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles
typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional
antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.
Positioning Antennas
In general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In
point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to
each other to attain the best performance.
For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For
omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP
application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible.
For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
Appendix D Wireless LANs
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
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ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 341
APPENDIX E
IPv6
Overview
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The
increase in IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 x 10
38
IP
addresses.
IPv6 Addressing
The 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This
is an example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000.
IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:
Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can
be written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0.
Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can
only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be
written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015,
2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15.
Prefix and Prefix Length
Similar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An
IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address
compose the network address. The prefix length is written as “/x” where x is a number. For
example,
2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32
means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix.
Link-local Address
A link-local address uniquely identifies a device on the local network (the LAN). It is similar to a
“private IP address” in IPv4. You can have the same link-local address on multiple interfaces on a
device. A link-local unicast address has a predefined prefix of fe80::/10. The link-local unicast
address format is as follows.
Table 118 Link-local Unicast Address Format
1111 1110 10 0 Interface ID
10 bits 54 bits 64 bits
Appendix E IPv6
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Global Address
A global address uniquely identifies a device on the Internet. It is similar to a “public IP address” in
IPv4. A global unicast address starts with a 2 or 3.
Unspecified Address
An unspecified address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::) is used as the source address when a device does
not have its own address. It is similar to “0.0.0.0” in IPv4.
Loopback Address
A loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) allows a host to send packets to itself. It is similar to
“127.0.0.1” in IPv4.
Multicast Address
In IPv6, multicast addresses provide the same functionality as IPv4 broadcast addresses.
Broadcasting is not supported in IPv6. A multicast address allows a host to send packets to all hosts
in a multicast group.
Multicast scope allows you to determine the size of the multicast group. A multicast address has a
predefined prefix of ff00::/8. The following table describes some of the predefined multicast
addresses.
The following table describes the multicast addresses which are reserved and can not be assigned
to a multicast group.
Table 119 Predefined Multicast Address
MULTICAST ADDRESS DESCRIPTION
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All hosts on a local node.
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local node.
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All hosts on a local connected link.
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local connected link.
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local site.
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:3 All DHCP severs on a local site.
Table 120 Reserved Multicast Address
MULTICAST ADDRESS
FF00:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF03:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF04:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF06:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF07:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
Appendix E IPv6
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343
Subnet Masking
Both an IPv6 address and IPv6 subnet mask compose of 128-bit binary digits, which are divided
into eight 16-bit blocks and written in hexadecimal notation. Hexadecimal uses four bits for each
character (1 ~ 10, A ~ F). Each block’s 16 bits are then represented by four hexadecimal
characters. For example, FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FC00:0000:0000:0000.
Interface ID
In IPv6, an interface ID is a 64-bit identifier. It identifies a physical interface (for example, an
Ethernet port) or a virtual interface (for example, the management IP address for a VLAN). One
interface should have a unique interface ID.
EUI-64
The EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier) defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers) is an interface ID format designed to adapt with IPv6. It is derived from the 48-bit (6-
byte) Ethernet MAC address as shown next. EUI-64 inserts the hex digits fffe between the third and
fourth bytes of the MAC address and complements the seventh bit of the first byte of the MAC
address. See the following example.
Stateless Autoconfiguration
With stateless autoconfiguration in IPv6, addresses can be uniquely and automatically generated.
Unlike DHCPv6 (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version six) which is used in IPv6 stateful
autoconfiguration, the owner and status of addresses don’t need to be maintained by a DHCP
server. Every IPv6 device is able to generate its own and unique IP address automatically when
IPv6 is initiated on its interface. It combines the prefix and the interface ID (generated from its own
Ethernet MAC address, see Interface ID and EUI-64) to form a complete IPv6 address.
When IPv6 is enabled on a device, its interface automatically generates a link-local address
(beginning with fe80).
When the interface is connected to a network with a router and the ZyXEL Device is set to
automatically obtain an IPv6 network prefix from the router for the interface, it generates
3
another
FF08:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF09:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0B:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0D:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
FF0F:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
Table 120 Reserved Multicast Address (continued)
MULTICAST ADDRESS
MAC 00 : 13 : 49 :12 : 34 :56
EUI-64 02 :13 :49
: FF : FE :12 : 34 :56
Appendix E IPv6
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
344
address which combines its interface ID and global and subnet information advertised from the
router. This is a routable global IP address.
DHCPv6
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6, RFC 3315) is a server-client protocol
that allows a DHCP server to assign and pass IPv6 network addresses, prefixes and other
configuration information to DHCP clients. DHCPv6 servers and clients exchange DHCP messages
using UDP.
Each DHCP client and server has a unique DHCP Unique IDentifier (DUID), which is used for
identification when they are exchanging DHCPv6 messages. The DUID is generated from the MAC
address, time, vendor assigned ID and/or the vendor's private enterprise number registered with
the IANA. It should not change over time even after you reboot the device.
Identity Association
An Identity Association (IA) is a collection of addresses assigned to a DHCP client, through which
the server and client can manage a set of related IP addresses. Each IA must be associated with
exactly one interface. The DHCP client uses the IA assigned to an interface to obtain configuration
from a DHCP server for that interface. Each IA consists of a unique IAID and associated IP
information.
The IA type is the type of address in the IA. Each IA holds one type of address. IA_NA means an
identity association for non-temporary addresses and IA_TA is an identity association for temporary
addresses. An IA_NA option contains the T1 and T2 fields, but an IA_TA option does not. The
DHCPv6 server uses T1 and T2 to control the time at which the client contacts with the server to
extend the lifetimes on any addresses in the IA_NA before the lifetimes expire. After T1, the client
sends the server (S1) (from which the addresses in the IA_NA were obtained) a Renew message. If
the time T2 is reached and the server does not respond, the client sends a Rebind message to any
available server (S2). For an IA_TA, the client may send a Renew or Rebind message at the client's
discretion.
DHCP Relay Agent
A DHCP relay agent is on the same network as the DHCP clients and helps forward messages
between the DHCP server and clients. When a client cannot use its link-local address and a well-
known multicast address to locate a DHCP server on its network, it then needs a DHCP relay agent
to send a message to a DHCP server that is not attached to the same network.
The DHCP relay agent can add the remote identification (remote-ID) option and the interface-ID
option to the Relay-Forward DHCPv6 messages. The remote-ID option carries a user-defined string,
3. In IPv6, all network interfaces can be associated with several addresses.
T1
T2
Renew
Rebind
Rebind
to S1
Renew
to S1
Renew
to S1
Renew
to S1
Renew
to S1
Renew
to S1
to S2
to S2
Appendix E IPv6
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such as the system name. The interface-ID option provides slot number, port information and the
VLAN ID to the DHCPv6 server. The remote-ID option (if any) is stripped from the Relay-Reply
messages before the relay agent sends the packets to the clients. The DHCP server copies the
interface-ID option from the Relay-Forward message into the Relay-Reply message and sends it to
the relay agent. The interface-ID should not change even after the relay agent restarts.
Prefix Delegation
Prefix delegation enables an IPv6 router to use the IPv6 prefix (network address) received from the
ISP (or a connected uplink router) for its LAN. The ZyXEL Device uses the received IPv6 prefix (for
example, 2001:db2::/48) to generate its LAN IP address. Through sending Router Advertisements
(RAs) regularly by multicast, the ZyXEL Device passes the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts.
The hosts then can use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.
ICMPv6
Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6 or ICMP for IPv6) is defined in RFC 4443.
ICMPv6 has a preceding Next Header value of 58, which is different from the value used to identify
ICMP for IPv4. ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6. IPv6 nodes use ICMPv6 to report errors
encountered in packet processing and perform other diagnostic functions, such as "ping".
Multicast Listener Discovery
The Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol (defined in RFC 2710) is derived from IPv4's
Internet Group Management Protocol version 2 (IGMPv2). MLD uses ICMPv6 message types, rather
than IGMP message types. MLDv1 is equivalent to IGMPv2 and MLDv2 is equivalent to IGMPv3.
MLD allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of MLD listeners who wish to receive
multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network.
MLD snooping and MLD proxy are analogous to IGMP snooping and IGMP proxy in IPv4.
MLD filtering controls which multicast groups a port can join.
MLD Messages
A multicast router or switch periodically sends general queries to MLD hosts to update the multicast
forwarding table. When an MLD host wants to join a multicast group, it sends an MLD Report
message for that address.
An MLD Done message is equivalent to an IGMP Leave message. When an MLD host wants to leave
a multicast group, it can send a Done message to the router or switch. The router or switch then
sends a group-specific query to the port on which the Done message is received to determine if
other devices connected to this port should remain in the group.
Transition Techniques
IPv6 Over IPv4 Tunnelling
To route traffic between two IPv6 networks over an IPv4 network, an IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel has to
be used.
Appendix E IPv6
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On the ZyXEL Device, you can either set up a configured tunnel or an automatic 6to4 tunnel. The
following describes each method.
Configured Tunnel
A configured tunnel is a point-to-point tunnelling mechanism that encapsulates an IPv6 address
with an IPv4 address. Routers (A and B) on both IPv6 networks (1 and 2) each must have an
interface that connects to the IPv4 network (with an IPv4 address). This allows the router to send
and receive IPv6 data over the IPv4 network.
In this case, you must specify Bs public IPv4 address on A (similarly, specify A’s public IPv4
address on B) in order for packets to arrive at the intended destination through the IPv4 network.
Figure 215 Configured Tunnel Example
6to4 Tunnel
A 6to4 tunnel is an automatic tunnelling mechanism that provides connection between IPv6
networks across an IPv4 network. To transmit IPv6 packets over an IPv4 network, the IPv6 packets
are encapsulated inside IPv4 packets.
The following figure shows a network example.
Figure 216 6to4 Relay Router Network Example
In a 6to4 tunnel, 6to4 routers (A and B in the example network) forward these packets between
IPv6 networks (1 and 2) over the IPv4 Internet. A 6to4 relay router (C) connects to both an IPv6
and IPv4 network. A 6to4 relay router is used to forward packets between 6to4 routers in an IPv4
Internet and an IPv6 device (Z) on the IPv6 Internet.
To transmit packets, a 6to4 address is used with a special IPv6 prefix of 2002:: to encode a given
IPv4 address. A 6to4 address has the following format:
2002:IPv4 address:subnet ID:host ID/64
Appendix E IPv6
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For example, if you have an IPv4 address of 192.168.1.1 (first converted to binary notation and then to
the colon hexadecimal representation of
c0a8:0101), then the 6to4 addresses is 2002:c0a8:0101::1/
64
.
Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows XP/2003/Vista
By default, Windows XP and Windows 2003 support IPv6. This example shows you how to use the
ipv6 install command on Windows XP/2003 to enable IPv6. This also displays how to use the
ipconfig command to see auto-generated IP addresses.
IPv6 is installed and enabled by default in Windows Vista. Use the ipconfig command to check
your automatic configured IPv6 address as well. You should see at least one IPv6 address available
for the interface on your computer.
Example - Enabling DHCPv6 on Windows XP
Windows XP does not support DHCPv6. If your network uses DHCPv6 for IP address assignment,
you have to additionally install a DHCPv6 client software on your Windows XP. (Note: If you use
static IP addresses or Router Advertisement for IPv6 address assignment in your network, ignore
this section.)
This example uses Dibbler as the DHCPv6 client. To enable DHCPv6 client on your computer:
1 Install Dibbler and select the DHCPv6 client option on your computer.
2 After the installation is complete, select Start > All Programs > Dibbler-DHCPv6 > Client
Install as service.
3 Select Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services.
C:\>ipv6 install
Installing...
Succeeded.
C:\>ipconfig
Windows IP Configuration
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.1.1.46
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : fe80::2d0:59ff:feb8:103c%4
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 10.1.1.254
Appendix E IPv6
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4 Double click Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client.
5 Click Start and then OK.
6 Now your computer can obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server.
Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows 7
Windows 7 supports IPv6 by default. DHCPv6 is also enabled when you enable IPv6 on a Windows 7
computer.
To enable IPv6 in Windows 7:
1 Select Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Local Area Connection.
2 Select the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) checkbox to enable it.
3 Click OK to save the change.
Appendix E IPv6
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4 Click Close to exit the Local Area Connection Status screen.
5 Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
6 Use the ipconfig command to check your dynamic IPv6 address. This example shows a global
address (2001:b021:2d::1000) obtained from a DHCP server.
C:\>ipconfig
Windows IP Configuration
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:
Connection-specific DNS Suffix . :
IPv6 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 2001:b021:2d::1000
Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::25d8:dcab:c80a:5189%11
IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.100.61
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : fe80::213:49ff:feaa:7125%11
172.16.100.254
Appendix E IPv6
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ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 351
APPENDIX F
Services
The following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port
numbers.
Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a
different one, if you like.
Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service
uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP
protocol number, not the port number.
Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol.
•If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.
•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.
Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations
in which this service is used.
Appendix F Services
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
352
Table 121 Examples of Services
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
AH (IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header)
tunneling protocol uses this service.
AIM TCP 5190 AOLs Internet Messenger service.
AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some
servers.
BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.
BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.
BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server.
CU-SEEME TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
7648
24032
A popular videoconferencing solution from
White Pines Software.
DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that
matches web names (for instance
www.zyxel.com
) to IP numbers.
ESP
(IPSEC_TUNNEL)
User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security
Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this
service.
FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related
command that can be used to find out if a
user is logged on.
FTP TCP
TCP
20
21
File Transfer Protocol, a program to enable
fast transfer of files, including large files
that may not be possible by e-mail.
H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.
HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/
server protocol for the world wide web.
HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often used
in e-commerce.
ICMP User-Defined 1 Internet Control Message Protocol is often
used for diagnostic purposes.
ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program.
IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined 2 Internet Group Multicast Protocol is used
when sending packets to a specific group
of hosts.
IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is
used for key distribution and management.
IMAP4 TCP 143 The Internet Message Access Protocol is
used for e-mail.
IMAP4S TCP 993 This is a more secure version of IMAP4 that
runs over SSL.
IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat
program.
MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service
uses this protocol.
NetBIOS TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
TCP/UDP
137
138
139
445
The Network Basic Input/Output System is
used for communication between
computers in a LAN.
Appendix F Services
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
353
NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.
NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.
NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/
server distributed file service that provides
transparent file sharing for network
environments.
NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is the
delivery mechanism for the USENET
newsgroup service.
PING User-Defined 1 Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that
sends out ICMP echo requests to test
whether or not a remote host is reachable.
POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client
computer get e-mail from a POP3 server
through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or
other).
POP3S TCP 995 This is a more secure version of POP3 that
runs over SSL.
PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables
secure transfer of data over public
networks. This is the control channel.
PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE) User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)
enables secure transfer of data over public
networks. This is the data channel.
RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.
REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that enables real
time sound over the web.
REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon.
RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.
ROADRUNNER TCP/UDP 1026 This is an ISP that provides services mainly
for cable modems.
RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.
RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media control)
Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for
multimedia on the Internet.
SFTP TCP 115 The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an old
way of transferring files between
computers.
SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the
message-exchange standard for the
Internet. SMTP enables you to move
messages from one e-mail server to
another.
SMTPS TCP 465 This is a more secure version of SMTP that
runs over SSL.
SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management Program.
SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).
Table 121 Examples of Services (continued)
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
Appendix F Services
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
354
SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an interface
to access data on many different types of
database systems, including mainframes,
midrange systems, UNIX systems and
network servers.
SSDP UDP 1900 The Simple Service Discovery Protocol
supports Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP).
SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.
STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol.
SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs to a
UNIX server.
TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal
Access Controller Access Control System).
TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation
protocol common on the Internet and in
UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/
IP networks. Its primary function is to
allow users to log into remote host
systems.
VDOLIVE TCP
UDP
7000
user-
defined
A videoconferencing solution. The UDP port
number is specified in the application.
Table 121 Examples of Services (continued)
NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 355
APPENDIX G
Legal Information
Copyright
Copyright © 2011 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed,
stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.
Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
ZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or
software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent
rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein
without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.
Trademarks
ZyNOS (ZyXEL Network Operating System) is a registered trademark of ZyXEL Communications,
Inc. Other trademarks mentioned in this publication are used for identification purposes only and
may be properties of their respective owners.
Certifications
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference Statement
The device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
This device may not cause harmful interference.
This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause
undesired operations.
This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant
to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against
harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio
frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause
harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will
not occur in a particular installation.
Appendix G Legal Information
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
356
If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be
determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one or more of the following measures:
1 Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
2 Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
3 Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is
connected.
4 Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC Radiation Exposure Statement
This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or
transmitter.
IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n(20MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-
limited to channels 1 through 11. IEEE 802.11n(40MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is
firmware-limited to channels 3 through 9.
To comply with FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, a separation distance of at least 20
cm must be maintained between the antenna of this device and all persons.
注意 !
依據 低功率電波輻射性電機管理辦法
第十二條 經型式認證合格之低功率射頻電機,非經許可,公司、商號或使用
者均不得擅自變更頻率、加大功率或變更原設計之特性及功能。
第十四條 低功率射頻電機之使用不得影響飛航安全及干擾合法通信;經發現
有干擾現象時,應立即停用,並改善至無干擾時方得繼續使用。
前項合法通信,指依電信規定作業之無線電信。低功率射頻電機須忍
受合法通信或工業、科學及醫療用電波輻射性電機設備之干擾。
本機限在不干擾合法電臺與不受被干擾保障條件下於室內使用。
減少電磁波影響,請妥適使用。
Notices
Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could
void the user's authority to operate the equipment.
This device has been designed for the WLAN 2.4 GHz network throughout the EC region and
Switzerland, with restrictions in France.
This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Appendix G Legal Information
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
357
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada.
Viewing Certifications
1 Go to http://www.zyxel.com.
2 Select your product on the ZyXEL home page to go to that product's page.
3 Select the certification you wish to view from this page.
ZyXEL Limited Warranty
ZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in
materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the
warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to
faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective
products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall
deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any
replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or
higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the
product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to
abnormal working conditions.
Note
Repair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser.
This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for
indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.
To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return Material
Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that
the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with
an out-dated warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer
will be billed for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the
corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you
may also have other rights that vary from country to country.
Registration
Register your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at
www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.
Regulatory Information
European Union
The following information applies if you use the product within the European Union.
Appendix G Legal Information
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
358
Declaration of Conformity with Regard to EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE
Directive)
Compliance Information for 2.4GHz and 5GHz Wireless Products Relevant to the EU and Other
Countries Following the EU Directive 1999/5/EC (R&TTE Directive)
[Czech] ZyXEL tímto prohlašuje, že tento zařízení je ve shodě se základními požadavky a
dalšími příslušnými ustanoveními směrnice 1999/5/EC.
[Danish] Undertegnede ZyXEL erklærer herved, at følgende udstyr udstyr overholder de
væsentlige krav og øvrige relevante krav i direktiv 1999/5/EF.
[German] Hiermit erklärt ZyXEL, dass sich das Gerät Ausstattung in Übereinstimmung mit
den grundlegenden Anforderungen und den übrigen einschlägigen
Bestimmungen der Richtlinie 1999/5/EU befindet.
[Estonian] Käesolevaga kinnitab ZyXEL seadme seadmed vastavust direktiivi 1999/5/EÜ
põhinõuetele ja nimetatud direktiivist tulenevatele teistele asjakohastele sätetele.
English Hereby, ZyXEL declares that this equipment is in compliance with the essential
requirements and other relevant provisions of Directive 1999/5/EC.
[Spanish] Por medio de la presente ZyXEL declara que el equipo cumple con los requisitos
esenciales y cualesquiera otras disposiciones aplicables o exigibles de la
Directiva 1999/5/CE.
[Greek] ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΟΥΣΑ ZyXEL ∆ΗΛΩΝΕΙ ΟΤΙ εξοπλισµός ΣΥΜΜΟΡΦΩΝΕΤΑΙ
ΠΡΟΣ ΤΙΣ ΟΥΣΙΕΙΣ ΑΠΑΙΤΗΣΕΙΣ ΚΑΙ ΤΙΣ ΛΟΙΠΕΣ ΣΧΕΤΙΚΕΣ ∆ΙΑΤΑΞΕΙΣ
ΤΗΣ Ο∆ΗΓΙΑΣ 1999/5/ΕC.
[French] Par la présente ZyXEL déclare que l'appareil équipements est conforme aux
exigences essentielles et aux autres dispositions pertinentes de la directive 1999/
5/EC.
[Italian] Con la presente ZyXEL dichiara che questo attrezzatura è conforme ai requisiti
essenziali ed alle altre disposizioni pertinenti stabilite dalla direttiva 1999/5/CE.
[Latvian] Ar šo ZyXEL deklarē, ka iekārtas atbilst Direktīvas 1999/5/EK būtiskajām
prasībām un citiem ar to saistītajiem noteikumiem.
[Lithuanian] Šiuo ZyXEL deklaruoja, kad šis įranga atitinka esminius reikalavimus ir kitas
1999/5/EB Direktyvos nuostatas.
[Dutch] Hierbij verklaart ZyXEL dat het toestel uitrusting in overeenstemming is met de
essentiële eisen en de andere relevante bepalingen van richtlijn 1999/5/EC.
[Maltese] Hawnhekk, ZyXEL, jiddikjara li dan tagħmir jikkonforma mal-ħtiġijiet essenzjali u
ma provvedimenti oħrajn relevanti li hemm fid-Dirrettiva 1999/5/EC.
[Hungarian] Alulírott, ZyXEL nyilatkozom, hogy a berendezés megfelel a vonatkozó alapvetõ
követelményeknek és az 1999/5/EK irányelv egyéb elõírásainak.
Appendix G Legal Information
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
359
National Restrictions
This product may be used in all EU countries (and other countries following the EU directive 1999/
5/EC) without any limitation except for the countries mentioned below:
Ce produit peut être utilisé dans tous les pays de l’UE (et dans tous les pays ayant transposés la
directive 1999/5/CE) sans aucune limitation, excepté pour les pays mentionnés ci-dessous:
Questo prodotto è utilizzabile in tutte i paesi EU (ed in tutti gli altri paesi che seguono le direttive EU
1999/5/EC) senza nessuna limitazione, eccetto per i paesii menzionati di seguito:
Das Produkt kann in allen EU Staaten ohne Einschränkungen eingesetzt werden (sowie in anderen
Staaten die der EU Direktive 1995/5/CE folgen) mit Außnahme der folgenden aufgeführten
Staaten:
[Polish] Niniejszym ZyXEL oświadcza, że sprzęt jest zgodny z zasadniczymi wymogami
oraz pozostałymi stosownymi postanowieniami Dyrektywy 1999/5/EC.
[Portuguese] ZyXEL declara que este equipamento está conforme com os requisitos
essenciais e outras disposições da Directiva 1999/5/EC.
[Slovenian] ZyXEL izjavlja, da je ta oprema v skladu z bistvenimi zahtevami in ostalimi
relevantnimi določili direktive 1999/5/EC.
[Slovak] ZyXEL týmto vyhlasuje, že zariadenia spĺňa základné požiadavky a všetky
príslušné ustanovenia Smernice 1999/5/EC.
[Finnish] ZyXEL vakuuttaa täten että laitteet tyyppinen laite on direktiivin 1999/5/EY
oleellisten vaatimusten ja sitä koskevien direktiivin muiden ehtojen mukainen.
[Swedish] Härmed intygar ZyXEL att denna utrustning står I överensstämmelse med de
väsentliga egenskapskrav och övriga relevanta bestämmelser som framgår av
direktiv 1999/5/EC.
[Bulgarian] С настоящото ZyXEL декларира, че това оборудване е в съответствие със
съществените изисквания и другите приложими разпоредбите на Директива
1999/5/ЕC.
[Icelandic] Hér með lýsir, ZyXEL því yfir að þessi búnaður er í samræmi við grunnkröfur og
önnur viðeigandi ákvæði tilskipunar 1999/5/EC.
[Norwegian] Erklærer herved ZyXEL at dette utstyret er I samsvar med de grunnleggende
kravene og andre relevante bestemmelser I direktiv 1999/5/EF.
[Romanian] Prin prezenta, ZyXEL declară că acest echipament este în conformitate cu
cerinţele esenţiale şi alte prevederi relevante ale Directivei 1999/5/EC.
Appendix G Legal Information
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
360
In the majority of the EU and other European countries,the 2,4- and 5-GHz bands have been made
available for the use of wireless local area networks (LANs). Later in this document you will find an
overview of countries inwhich additional restrictions or requirements or both are applicable.
The requirements for any country may evolve. ZyXEL recommends that you check with the local
authorities for the latest status of their national regulations for both the 2,4- and 5-GHz wireless
LANs.
The following countries have restrictions and/or requirements in addition to those given in the table
labeled “Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs”:.
Belgium
The Belgian Institute for Postal Services and Telecommunications (BIPT) must be notified of any
outdoor wireless link having a range exceeding 300 meters. Please check http://www.bipt.be for
more details.
Draadloze verbindingen voor buitengebruik en met een reikwijdte van meer dan 300 meter dienen
aangemeld te worden bij het Belgisch Instituut voor postdiensten en telecommunicatie (BIPT). Zie
http://www.bipt.be voor meer gegevens.
Les liaisons sans fil pour une utilisation en extérieur d’une distance supérieure à 300 mètres
doivent être notifiées à l’Institut Belge des services Postaux et des Télécommunications (IBPT).
Visitez http://www.ibpt.be pour de plus amples détails.
Denmark
In Denmark, the band 5150 - 5350 MHz is also allowed for outdoor usage.
I Danmark må frekvensbåndet 5150 - 5350 også anvendes udendørs.
France
For 2.4 GHz, the output power is restricted to 10 mW EIRP when the product is used outdoors in the
band 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. There are no restrictions when used indoors or in other parts of the 2.4
GHz band. Check http://www.arcep.fr/ for more details.
Pour la bande 2.4 GHz, la puissance est limitée à 10 mW en p.i.r.e. pour les équipements utilisés en
extérieur dans la bande 2454 - 2483.5 MHz. Il n'y a pas de restrictions pour des utilisations en
intérieur ou dans d'autres parties de la bande 2.4 GHz. Consultez http://www.arcep.fr/ pour de plus
amples détails.
Overview of Regulatory Requirements for Wireless LANs
Frequency Band (MHz) Max Power Level
(EIRP)
1
(mW)
Indoor ONLY Indoor and Outdoor
2400-2483.5 100 V
5150-5350 200 V
5470-5725 1000 V
R&TTE 1999/5/EC
WLAN 2.4 – 2.4835 GHz
IEEE 802.11 b/g/n
Appendix G Legal Information
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
361
Italy
This product meets the National Radio Interface and the requirements specified in the National
Frequency Allocation Table for Italy. Unless this wireless LAN product is operating within the
boundaries of the owner's property, its use requires a “general authorization.” Please check http://
www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ for more details.
Questo prodotto è conforme alla specifiche di Interfaccia Radio Nazionali e rispetta il Piano
Nazionale di ripartizione delle frequenze in Italia. Se non viene installato all 'interno del proprio
fondo, l'utilizzo di prodotti Wireless LAN richiede una “Autorizzazione Generale”. Consultare http://
www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/ per maggiori dettagli.
Latvia
The outdoor usage of the 2.4 GHz band requires an authorization from the Electronic
Communications Office. Please check http://www.esd.lv for more details.
2.4 GHz frekvenèu joslas izmantoðanai ârpus telpâm nepiecieðama atïauja no Elektronisko sakaru direkcijas.
Vairâk informâcijas: http://www.esd.lv.
Notes:
1. Although Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein are not EU member states, the EU Directive
1999/5/EC has also been implemented in those countries.
2. The regulatory limits for maximum output power are specified in EIRP. The EIRP level (in dBm) of
a device can be calculated by adding the gain of the antenna used(specified in dBi) to the output
power available at the connector (specified in dBm).
Location Frequency Range(GHz) Power (EIRP)
Indoor (No restrictions) 2.4 – 2.4835 100mW (20dBm)
Outdoor
2.4 – 2.454 100mW (20dBm)
2.454 – 2.4835 10mW (10dBm)
Appendix G Legal Information
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide
362
Index
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 363
Index
Numbers
802.1p 214, 215
802.1Q/1P 203
activation 204
group settings 206
port settings 207
priority 203
PVC 204
PVID 207
tagging frames 203, 204, 206
A
activation
802.1Q/1P 204
CWMP 260
dynamic DNS 218
DYNDNS wildcard 218
firewalls 166
MAC address filter 131
NAT 152
port binding 200
port forwarding 155
QoS 211, 213
SIP ALG 159
SPI 166
SSID 131
UPnP 231
wireless LAN 125
scheduling 136
WPS 133
adding a printer example 248
address mapping 156
rules 157
types 157, 158, 161
administrator password 30, 263
alerts 267
alternative subnet mask notation 312
antenna
directional 339
gain 339
omni-directional 339
anti-probing 165
AP (access point) 329
application filter 183
applications, NAT 161
Asynchronous Transfer Mode, see ATM
ATM 279
MBS 99, 104
PCR 99, 104
QoS 99, 104, 108
SCR 99, 104
status 279
authentication 139, 140
RADIUS server 140
B
backup
configuration 273
Basic Service Set, See BSS 327
Basic Service Set, see BSS
broadcast 94
BSS 142, 327
example 142
C
CA 189, 334
CBR 99, 104, 108
Certificate Authority
See CA.
certificates 189
authentication 189
CA
public key 189
Certification Authority 189
Certification Authority. see CA
Index
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide364
certifications 355
notices 356
viewing 357
channel 329
interference 329
channel, wireless LAN 138
CIFS 242
CIFS (Common Internet File System) 243
CLI 23
client list 113
Command Line Interface, see CLI
Common Internet File System (CIFS) 243
Common Internet File System, see CIFS
compatibility, WDS 135
configuration
backup 273
CWMP 260
DHCP 113
firewalls 166
IP alias 115
IP precedence 214
IP/MAC filter 185
logs 267
port forwarding 154
reset 275
restoring 274
static route 195, 197
WAN 95
wireless LAN 125
wizard 82
connection
nailed-up 103, 106
on demand 103
copyright 355
CPE WAN Management Protocol, see CWMP
CTS (Clear to Send) 330
CTS threshold 129, 139
customized services 171, 172, 173
CWMP 259
activation 260
configuration 260
D
data fragment threshold 129, 139
DDoS 164
default server, NAT 153, 154
Denials of Service, see DoS
DHCP 110, 113, 119
diagnostic 277
DiffServ Code Point, see DSCP
digital IDs 189
disclaimer 355
DNS 110, 113, 119, 225
Domain Name System, see DNS
DoS 164
three-way handshake 174
thresholds 165, 174, 175
DSCP 214
DSL connections, status 280
dynamic DNS 217
activation 218
wildcard 217
activation 218
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCP
dynamic WEP key exchange 334
DYNDNS wildcard 217
activation 218
E
EAP Authentication 333
encapsulation 93, 96, 102
ENET ENCAP 105
PPPoA 105
PPPoE 105
RFC 1483 105
encryption 125, 141, 335
WEP 127
key 127
WPA-PSK 128
pre-shared key 128
ENET ENCAP 96, 102, 105
ESS 328
Extended Service Set, See ESS 328
Index
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 365
F
FCC interference statement 355
file sharing 243
filters 181
application 183
IP/MAC 184
structure 181
IP/MAC filter
configuration 185
MAC address 130, 140
activation 131
URL 181, 182
firewalls 163
actions 171
address types 171
anti-probing 165
configuration 166
customized services 171, 172, 173
DDoS 164
default action 168
DoS 164
thresholds 165, 174, 175
ICMP 165
LAND attack 164
logs 171
P2P 175
packet direction 168
Ping of Death 164
rules 176
security 177
status 38
SYN attack 164
three-way handshake 174
triangle route 178
solutions 179
firmware 271
version 36
forwarding ports 152, 153
activation 155
configuration 154
example 153
rules 155
fragmentation threshold 129, 139, 330
FTP 23, 222
H
hidden node 329
I
IANA 316
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
see IANA
IBSS 327
ICMP 165, 226
IEEE 802.11g 331
IGA 159
IGMP 94, 110, 112, 121
ILA 159
Independent Basic Service Set
See IBSS 327
initialization vector (IV) 336
Inside Global Address, see IGA
Inside Local Address, see ILA
Internet Control Message Protocol, see ICMP
Internet Group Multicast Protocol, see IGMP
Internet Protocol version 6, see IPv6
IP address 93, 97, 102, 106, 109, 120
default server 153, 154
ping 277
private 120
IP alias 114
configuration 115
NAT applications 161
IP precedence 214, 215
configuration 214
IP/MAC filter 184
configuration 185
structure 181
IPv6 341
addressing 341
EUI-64 343
global address 342
interface ID 343
link-local address 341
Neighbor Discovery Protocol 341
ping 341
prefix 341
prefix length 341
Index
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide366
stateless autoconfiguration 343
unspecified address 342
L
LAN 109
and USB printer 246
client list 113
DHCP 110, 113, 119
DNS 110, 113, 119
IGMP 110, 121
IP address 109, 110, 120
IP alias 114
configuration 115
MAC address 114
multicast 110, 112, 121
RIP 110, 121
status 37
subnet mask 110, 111, 120
LAND attack 164
limitations
wireless LAN 141
WPS 148
Local Area Network, see LAN
login 29
passwords 29, 30
logs 267
alerts 267
firewalls 171
settings 267
M
MAC address 114, 131
filter 124, 125, 130, 140
MAC address filter
activation 131
Management Information Base (MIB) 224
mapping address 156
rules 157
types 157, 158, 161
Maximum Burst Size, see MBS
Maximum Transmission Unit, see MTU
MBS 99, 104, 107
MBSSID 142
MTU 99, 104
multicast 94, 99, 110, 112, 121
IGMPInternet Group Multicast Protocol, see IGMP
Multiple BSS, see MBSSID
multiplexing 96, 102, 105
LLC-based 106
VC-based 106
N
nailed-up connection 98, 103, 106
NAT 103, 151, 159, 160, 316
activation 152
address mapping 156
rules 157
types 157, 158, 161
applications 161
IP alias 161
default server IP address 153, 154
example 160
global 160
IGA 159
ILA 159
inside 159
local 160
outside 159
P2P 153
port forwarding 152, 153
activation 155
configuration 154
example 153
rules 155
remote management 220
SIP ALG 158
activation 159
SUA 152
Network Address Translation
see NAT
Network Address Translation, see NAT
P
P2P 153, 175
packet direction 168
Index
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 367
Pairwise Master Key (PMK) 336, 337
passwords 29, 30
administrator 263
PBC 143
PCR 99, 104, 107
Peak Cell Rate, see PCR
PIN, WPS 134, 144
example 145
Ping of Death 164
port binding 199
activation 200
summary screen 201
port forwarding 152, 153
activation 155
configuration 154
example 153
rules 155
PPPoA 96, 102, 105
PPPoE 96, 102, 105
preamble 129, 139
preamble mode 331
pre-shared key 128
printer sharing 245
and LAN 246
requirements 246
private IP address 120
probing, firewalls 165
product registration 357
PSK 336
push button 25, 134
Push Button Configuration, see PBC
push button, WPS 143
PVC 204
PVID 207
Q
QoS 209
802.1p 214, 215
activation 211, 213
DSCP 214
example 209
IP precedence 214, 215
priority queue 216
Quality of Service, see QoS
R
RADIUS 332
message types 333
messages 333
shared secret key 333
RADIUS server 140
registration
product 357
related documentation 3
remote management 219
DNS 225
FTP 222
ICMP 226
limitations 220
NAT 220
SSH 227
Telnet 221
WWW 221
reset 26, 275
restart 275
restoring configuration 274
RFC 1483 96, 102, 105
RIP 99, 110, 121
Routing Information Protocol, see RIP
RTS (Request To Send) 330
threshold 329, 330
RTS threshold 129, 139
rules, port forwarding 155
S
safety warnings 7
schedules
wireless LAN 136
SCR 99, 104, 107
security
network 177
wireless LAN 125, 139
Security Parameter Index, see SPI
Service Set IDentifier, see SSID
Index
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide368
setup
DHCP 113
firewalls 166
IP alias 115
IP precedenceQoS
IP precedence 214
IP/MAC filter 185
logs 267
port forwarding 154
static route 195, 197
WAN 95
wireless LAN 125
wizard 82
shaping traffic 107
sharing files 243
Simple Network Management Protocol, see SNMP
SIP ALG 158
activation 159
SNMP 223
agents 224
Manager 224
managers 224
MIB 224
network components 224
versions 223
SPI 164
activation 166
SSH 227
SSID 124, 125, 132, 140
activation 131
MBSSID 142
static route 193
configuration 195, 197
example 193
status 32, 35, 39
ATM 279
DSL connections 280
firewalls 38
firmware version 36
LAN 37
WAN 37
wireless LAN 38
WPS 133
SUA 152
subnet 309
subnet mask 110, 120, 310
subnetting 312
Sustain Cell Rate, see SCR
SYN attack 164
syntax conventions 5
system 263
firmware 271
version 36
passwords 29, 30
administrator 263
reset 26
status 32, 35
firewalls 38
LAN 37
WAN 37
wireless LAN 38
time 264
T
tagging frames 203, 204, 206
Telnet 221
three-way handshake 174
thresholds
data fragment 129, 139
DoS 165, 174, 175
P2P 175
RTS/CTS 129, 139
time 264
TR-069 23
trademarks 355
traffic priority 203
traffic shaping 107
example 107
triangle route 178
solutions 179
U
UBR 99, 104, 108
unicast 94
Universal Plug and Play, see UPnP
upgrading firmware 271
UPnP 230
activation 231
cautions 230
Index
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 369
example 232
installation 232
NAT traversal 230
URL 181
URL filter 182
URL 181
USB
printer sharing 245
V
VBR 108
VBR-nRT 99, 104, 108
VBR-RT 99, 104, 108
VCI 96, 102, 106
Virtual Channel Identifier, see VCI
Virtual Local Area Network, see VLAN
Virtual Path Identifier, see VPI
VLAN 203
802.1P priority 203
activation 204
group settings 206
port settings 207
PVC 204
PVID 207
tagging frames 203, 204, 206
VPI 96, 102, 106
W
WAN 93
ATM QoS 99, 104, 108
encapsulation 93, 96, 102
IGMP 94
IP address 93, 97, 102, 106
mode 96, 101
MTU 99, 104
multicast 94, 99
multiplexing 96, 102, 105
nailed-up connection 98, 103, 106
NAT 103
RIP 99
setup 95
status 37
traffic shaping 107
example 107
VCI 96, 102, 106
VPI 96, 102, 106
warranty 357
note 357
WDS 135, 143
compatibility 135
example 143
web configurator 23, 29
login 29
passwords 29, 30
WEP 127, 141
key 127
Wide Area Network, see WAN
Wi-Fi Protected Access 335
WiFi Protected Setup, see WPS
wireless
client configuration 50
wireless client WPA supplicants 336
Wireless Distribution System, see WDS
wireless LAN 123, 137
activation 125
authentication 139, 140
BSS 142
example 142
channel 138
configuration 125
encryption 125, 141
example 138
fragmentation threshold 129, 139
limitations 141
MAC address filter 124, 125, 130, 131, 140
MBSSID 142
preamble 129, 139
RADIUS server 140
RTS/CTS threshold 129, 139
scheduling 136
security 139
SSID 124, 125, 132, 140
activation 131
status 38
WDS 135, 143
compatibility 135
example 143
WEP 127, 141
key 127
wizard 87
Index
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide370
WPA 141
WPA-PSK 128, 141
pre-shared key 128
WPS 133, 143, 145
activation 133
adding stations 134
example 146
limitations 148
PIN 134, 144
push button 25, 134, 143
status 133
wireless security 331
Wireless tutorial 46
wizard 79
configuration 82
wireless LAN 87
WLAN
interference 329
security parameters 338
WPA 141, 335
key caching 336
pre-authentication 336
user authentication 336
vs WPA-PSK 336
wireless client supplicant 336
with RADIUS application example 337
WPA2 335
user authentication 336
vs WPA2-PSK 336
wireless client supplicant 336
with RADIUS application example 337
WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 335
WPA2-PSK 335, 336
application example 337
WPA-PSK 128, 141, 335, 336
application example 337
pre-shared key 128
WPS 133, 143, 145
activation 133
adding stations 134
example 146
limitations 148
PIN 134, 144
example 145
push button 25, 134, 143
status 133
Index
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide 371
Index
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide372
287

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