The Web Configurator .............................................................................................................................29
Status Screens ........................................................................................................................................35
Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard........................................................................................................ 79
WAN Setup .............................................................................................................................................93
LAN Setup .............................................................................................................................................109
Wireless LAN ........................................................................................................................................123
Port Binding ...........................................................................................................................................199
System Settings ....................................................................................................................................263
Note: For security reasons, the ZyXEL Device automatically logs you out if you do not use
the web configurator for five minutes (default). If this happens, log in again.
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2.2 The Main Screen
Figure 6 Main Screen
As illustrated above, the main screen is divided into these parts:
•A - title bar
•B - navigation panel
•C - main window
•D - status bar
2.2.1 Title Bar
The title bar provides some icons in the upper right corner.
The icons provide the following functions.
B
C
A
D
Table 1 Web Configurator Icons in the Title Bar
ICON DESCRIPTION
Wizards: Click this icon to go to the configuration wizards. See Chapter 5 on page 79 for
more information.
Logout: Click this icon to log out of the web configurator.
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2.2.2 Navigation Panel
Use the menu items on the navigation panel to open screens to configure ZyXEL Device features.
The following tables describe each menu item.
Table 2 Navigation Panel Summary
LINKTABFUNCTION
StatusThis screen shows the ZyXEL Device’s general device and network
status information. Use this screen to access the statistics and client
list.
Network
WANInternet
Connection
Use this screen to configure ISP parameters, WAN IP address
assignment, and other advanced properties.
More
Connections
Use this screen to configure additional WAN connections.
LANIPUse this screen to configure LAN TCP/IP settings, and other advanced
properties.
DHCP ServerUse this screen to configure LAN DHCP settings and DNS server.
Client ListUse this screen to view current DHCP client information and to
assign specific IP addresses to individual MAC addresses (and host
names).
IP AliasUse this screen to partition your LAN interface into subnets.
IPv6Use this screen to configure the IPv6 settings on the ZyXEL device’s
LAN interface.
Wireless LANAPUse this screen to configure the wireless LAN settings and WLAN
authentication/security settings.
More APUse this screen to configure multiple BSSs on the ZyXEL Device.
WPSUse this screen to configure and view your WPS (Wi-Fi Protected
Setup) settings.
WPS StationUse this screen to set up a WPS wireless network.
NATGeneralUse this screen to enable NAT.
Port ForwardingUse this screen to make your localservers visible to the outside
world.
ALGUse this screen to enable or disable SIP ALG.
Security
FirewallFirewallUse this screen to activate/deactivate the firewall and SPI (Security
Parameter Index).
GeneralUse this screen to select the firewall protection level.
Default ActionUse this screen to set the default action that the firewall takes on
packets that do not match any of the firewall rules.
RulesUse this screen to view the configured firewall rules and add, edit or
remove a firewall rule.
DoSUse this screen to set the thresholds that the ZyXEL Device uses to
determine when to start dropping sessions that do not become fully
established (half-open sessions).
FilterURL FilterUse this screen to block access to certain URL web sites.
IP/MAC FilterUse this screen to configure IP/MAC filtering rules for incoming or
outgoing traffic.
IPv6/MAC FilterUse this screen to configure IPv6/MAC filtering rules for incoming or
outgoing traffic
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CertificateUse this screen to view and manage the list of trusted CAs.
Advanced
Static RouteStatic RouteUse this screen to configure IP static routes to tell your device about
networks beyond the directly connected remote nodes.
IPv6 Static
Route
Use this screen to configure IPv6 static routes.
Port BindingUse this screen to configure and view port binding groups.
QoSGeneralUse this screen to enable QoS and traffic prioritizing.
Class SetupUse this screen to configure QoS rules and actions.
Dynamic DNSThis screen allows you to use a static hostname alias for a dynamic IP
address.
Remote MGMTWWWUse this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use HTTP to manage the ZyXEL
Device.
TelnetUse this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use Telnet to manage the ZyXEL
Device.
FTPUse this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use FTP to access the ZyXEL Device.
SNMPUse this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can access the SNMP agent on the ZyXEL
Device.
DNSUse this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can send DNS queries to the ZyXEL
Device.
ICMPUse this screen to set whether or not your device will respond to
pings and probes for services that you have not made available.
SSHUse this screen to configure through which interface(s) and from
which IP address(es) users can use SSH to manage the ZyXEL
Device.
UPnPUse this screen to turn UPnP on or off.
CWMPUse this screen to have a management server manage the ZyXEL
Device with TR-069.
USB
Application
File SharingUse this screen to enable file sharing via the ZyXEL Device.
Print ServerUse this screen to enable the print server on the ZyXEL Device and
get the model name of the associated printer.
Maintenance
SystemGeneralUse this screen to configure your device’s password.
Time and DateUse this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s time and date.
LogsView LogUse this screen to view the logs for the level that you selected.
Log SettingsUse this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s log settings.
ToolsFirmwareUse this screen to upload firmware to your device.
ConfigurationUse this screen to backup and restore your device’s configuration
(settings) or reset the factory default settings.
RestartThis screen allows you to reboot the ZyXEL Device without turning
the power off.
Table 2 Navigation Panel Summary
LINKTABFUNCTION
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2.2.3 Main Window
The main window displays information and configuration fields. It is discussed in the rest of this
document.
Right after you log in, the Status screen is displayed. See Chapter 3 on page 35 for more
information about the Status screen.
2.2.4 Status Bar
Check the status bar when you click Apply or OK to verify that the configuration has been updated.
DiagnosticGeneralUse this screen to test the connections to other devices.
DSL LineThis screen displays information to help you identify problems with
the DSL connection.
Table 2 Navigation Panel Summary
LINKTABFUNCTION
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide35
CHAPTER 3
Status Screens
3.1 Overview
Use the Status screens to look at the current status of the device, system resources, and
interfaces (LAN and WAN). The Status screen also provides detailed information from DHCP and
statistics from bandwidth management, and traffic.
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3.2 The Status Screen
Use this screen to view the status of the ZyXEL Device. Click Status to open this screen.
Figure 7 Status Screen
Each field is described in the following table.
Table 3 Status Screen
LABELDESCRIPTION
Refresh IntervalSelect how often you want the ZyXEL Device to update this screen.
ApplyClick this to update this screen immediately.
Device Information
User NameThis field displays the ZyXEL Device system name. It is used for identification.
Model NumberThis is the model number of your device.
MAC AddressThis is the MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address unique to your ZyXEL
Device.
Firmware
Version
This is the current version of the firmware inside the device. Click this to go to the
screen where you can change it.
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DSL Firmware
Version
This is the current version of the device’s DSL modem code.
WAN Information
DSL ModeThis is the DSL standard that your ZyXEL Device is using.
Annex TypeThis is the ADSL Annex Type that your ZyXEL Device is using.
IP AddressThis is the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the WAN. Click this to go to the
screen where you can change it.
IP Subnet MaskThis is the current subnet mask in the WAN.
Default
Gateway
This is the IP address of the default gateway, if applicable.
Primary DNS
This is the primary DNS server IP address assigned to the ZyXEL Device.
Secondary DNS This is the secondary DNS server IP address assigned to the ZyXEL Device.
IPv6 AddressThis is the current IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the WAN. Click this to go to the
screen where you can change it.
IPv6 Prefix
Length
This is the current IPv6 prefix length in the WAN.
IPv6 Default
Gateway
This is the IPv6 address of the default gateway, if applicable.
IPv6 Primary
DNS
This is the primary DNS server IPv6 address assigned to the ZyXEL Device.
IPv6 Secondary
DNS
This is the secondary DNS server IPv6 address assigned to the ZyXEL Device.
Link Local
address
This is the link local address assigned to the ZyXEL Device within the LAN.
IPv4/IPv6 MTUThis is the MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) for IPv4 and IPv6 packets passing
through the WAN interface.
VPI/VCIThis is the Virtual Path Identifier and Virtual Channel Identifier that you entered in the
wizard or WAN screen.
LAN Information
IP AddressThis is the current IP address of the ZyXEL Device in the LAN. Click this to go to the
screen where you can change it.
IP Subnet MaskThis is the current subnet mask in the LAN.
IPv6 AddressThis is the current IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the LAN. Click this to go to the
screen where you can change it.
IPv6 Prefix
Length
This is the current IPv6 prefix length in the LAN.
IPv6 PrefixThis is the current IPv6 prefix in the LAN.
IPv6 Global IPThis is the current global IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device.
DHCPThis field displays what DHCP services the ZyXEL Device is providing to the LAN.
Choices are:
Server - The ZyXEL Device is a DHCP server in the LAN. It assigns IP addresses to
other computers in the LAN.
Relay - The ZyXEL Deviceacts as a surrogate DHCP server and relays DHCP requests
and responses between the remote server and the clients.
None - The ZyXEL Device is not providing any DHCP services to the LAN.
Click this to go to the screen where you can change it.
IPv6 LAN DNS1This is the first DNS server IPv6 address the ZyXEL Device passes to the DHCP clients.
Table 3 Status Screen
LABELDESCRIPTION
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IPv6 LAN DNS2This is the second DNS server IPv6 address the ZyXEL Device passes to the DHCP
clients.
LAN IPv4/IPv6
MTU
This is the MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) for IPv4 and IPv6 packets passing
through the LAN interfaces.
WLAN Information
ESSIDThis is the descriptive name used to identify the ZyXEL Device in a wireless LAN. Click
this to go to the screen where you can change it.
ChannelThis is the channel number used by the ZyXEL Device now.
Security ModeThis displays the type of security mode the ZyXEL Device is using in the wireless LAN.
WPSThis displays whether WPS is configured. Click this to go to the screen where you can
configure the settings.
StatusThis displays whether WLAN is activated.
SchedulingThis displays whether WLAN scheduling is activated.
WiFi IPv4/IPv6
MTU
This is the MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) for IPv4 and IPv6 packets passing
through the WiFi interface.
WiFi MACThis is the MAC (Media Access Control) of the WiFi interface.
Security
FirewallThis displays whether or not the ZyXEL Device’s firewall is activated. Click this to go to
the screen where you can change it.
IPv6 FirewallThis displays whether or not the ZyXEL Device’s IPv6 firewall is activated. Click this to
go to the screen where you can change it.
System Status
System UptimeThis field displays how long the ZyXEL Device has been running since it last started up.
The ZyXEL Device starts up when you plug it in, when you restart it (Maintenance >
Tools > Restart), or when you reset it.
Current TimeThis field displays the current date and time in the ZyXEL Device. You can change this in
Maintenance > System > Time Setting.
System ModeThis displays whether the ZyXEL Device is functioning as a router or a bridge.
CPU UsageThis field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s processing ability is currently
used. When this percentage is close to 100%, the ZyXEL Device is running at full load,
and the throughput is not going to improve anymore. If you want some applications to
have more throughput, you should turn off other applications (for example, using QoS;
see Chapter 16 on page 209).
Memory UsageThis field displays what percentage of the ZyXEL Device’s memory is currently used.
Usually, this percentage should not increase much. If memory usage does get close to
100%, the ZyXEL Device is probably becoming unstable, and you should restart the
device. See Section 25.4 on page 275, or turn off the device (unplug the power) for a
few seconds.
Interface Status
InterfaceThis column displays each interface the ZyXEL Device has.
Table 3 Status Screen
LABELDESCRIPTION
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StatusThis field indicates whether or not the ZyXEL Device is using the interface.
For the DSL interface, this field displays Down (line is down), Up (line is up or
connected) and Drop (dropping a call) if you're using PPPoE encapsulation.
For the LAN interface, this field displays Up when the ZyXEL Device is using the
interface and NoLink when the ZyXEL Device is not using the interface.
For the WLAN interface, it displays Active when WLAN is enabled or InActive when
WLAN is disabled.
RateFor the LAN interface, this displays the port speed and duplex setting.
For the DSL interface, it displays the downstream and upstream transmission rate.
For the WLAN interface, it displays the maximum transmission rate when WLAN is
enabled or N/A when WLAN is disabled.
Table 3 Status Screen
LABELDESCRIPTION
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ADSL Router Series User’s Guide41
CHAPTER 4
Tutorials
4.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to use the ZyXEL Device’s various features.
•Setting Up Your DSL Connection, see page 41
•IPv6 Address Configuration, see page 43
•Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network, see page 45
•Configuring the MAC Address Filter for Restricting Wireless Internet Access, see page 52
•Multiple Public and Private IP Address Mappings, see page 54
•Setting Up NAT Forwarding for a Game Server, see page 58
•Configuring Firewall Rules to Allow a Specified Service, see page 60
•Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another Network, see page 63
•Port BindingConfiguration, see page 65
•Configuring QoS to Prioritize Traffic, see page 68
•Access the ZyXEL Device from the Internet Using DDNS, see page 71
•How to Use File Sharing on the ZyXEL Device, see page 72
•How to Share a USB Printer via Your ZyXEL Device, see page 74
4.2 Setting Up Your DSL Connection
This tutorial shows you how to set up your Internet connection using the web configurator.
If you connect to the Internet through a DSL connection, use the information from your Internet
Service Provider (ISP) to configure the ZyXEL Device. Do the following steps:
1Connect the ZyXEL Device properly. Refer to the Quick Start Guide for details on the ZyXEL Device’s
hardware connection.
2Connect one end of a DSL cable to the DSL port of your ZyXEL Device. The other end should be
connected to the DSL port in your house or a DSL router/modem provided by your ISP.
3Connect one end of Ethernet cable to an Ethernet port on the ZyXEL Device and the other end to a
computer that you will use to access the web configurator.
4Connect the ZyXEL Device to a power source, turn it on and wait for the POWER LED to become a
steady green.
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Account Configuration
For this example, the interface type is ADSL and the connection has the following information.
General
ModeRouter
EncapsulationPPPoE
User Name1234@DSL-Ex.com
PasswordABCDEF!
Service NameMy DSL
MultiplexLLC
IPv6/IPv4 Dual
Stack
Enabled
PPP
Authentication
Auto
VPI0
VCI33
OthersIP Address: Obtain IP Address Automatically
DNS Server: Obtained From ISP
IPv6 Address: Obtain IPv6 Address Automatically
DHCP IPv6: DHCP
DHCP PD: Enable
WAN Identifier Type: EUI64
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Enter or select these values and click Apply.
This completes your DSL WAN connection setting.
4.3 IPv6 Address Configuration
If the ISP’s network supports IPv6, the ISP may assign an IPv6 address to the ZyXEL Device
automatically.
IPv6
IPv6
IPv6
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In the Network > WAN screen’s IPv6 Address configuration section, select Obtain an IP
Address Automatically. In the DHCP IPv6 field select DHCP to obtain an IPv6 address from a
DHCPv6 server. In the DHCP PD field select Enable to have the ZyXEL Device pass the WAN prefix
to LAN hosts. The LAN hosts can then use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.
4.3.1 6to4 Tunneling
In 6to4 tunneling, ZyXEL Devices (A and B in the example network) forward IPv4 packets between
IPv6 networks (1 and 2) over the IPv4 Internet.
In the Network > WAN screen’s IPv6 Address configuration section, select 6to4 Tunneling and
6RD Enable.
The ZyXEL Device will attempt to obtain a 6to4 tunnel prefix from the ISP. For LAN addresses, the
ZyXEL Device will use this prefix for encapsulating IPv4 packets in IPv6 format. If it cannot obtain
this prefix, it will use the default prefix 2002://16 to encapsulate the packets.
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4.4 Setting Up a Secure Wireless Network
Thomas wants to set up a wireless network so that he can use his notebook to access the Internet.
In this wireless network, the ZyXEL Device serves as an access point (AP), and the notebook is the
wireless client. The wireless client can access the Internet through the AP.
Thomas has to configure the wireless network settings on the ZyXEL Device. Then he can set up a
wireless network using WPS (Section 4.4.2 on page 46) or manual configuration (Section 4.4.3 on
page 50).
4.4.1 Configuring the Wireless Network Settings
This example uses the following parameters to set up a wireless network. In the client, choose the
AP with the SSID configured here. When prompted for a key, use the Pre-Shared Key configured
here.
SSIDSecureWirelessNetwork
Security ModeWPA2-PSK
Pre-Shared KeyDoNotStealMyWirelessNetwork
802.11 Mode802.11b+g+n
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1Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the AP screen. Configure the screen using the provided
parameters (see page 45). Click Apply.
2Click the Advanced Setup button and select 802.11b+g+n in the 802.11 Mode field. Click
Apply.
Thomas can now use the WPS feature to establish a wireless connection between his notebook and
the ZyXEL Device (see Section 4.4.2 on page 46). He can also use the notebook’s wireless client to
search for the ZyXEL Device (see Section 4.4.3 on page 50).
4.4.2 Using WPS
This section shows you how to set up a wireless network using WPS. WPS is a way to automatically
set up a secure wireless network connection between an AP and a notebook. Limitations of using
WPS are that is must be done two devices at a time and within two minutes. It uses the ZyXEL
Device as the AP and ZyXEL NWD210N as the wireless client which connects to the notebook.
EXAMPLE
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Note: The wireless client must be a WPS-aware device (for example, a WPS USB adapter
or PCMCIA card).
There are two WPS methods to set up the wireless client settings:
•Push Button Configuration (PBC) - simply press a button. This is the easier of the two
methods.
•PIN Configuration - configure a Personal Identification Number (PIN) on the ZyXEL Device. A
wireless client must also use the same PIN in order to download the wireless network settings
from the ZyXEL Device.
Push Button Configuration (PBC)
1Make sure that your ZyXEL Device is turned on and your notebook is within the cover range of the
wireless signal.
2Make sure that you have installed the wireless client driver and utility in your notebook.
3In the wireless client utility, go to the WPS setting page. Enable WPS and press the WPS button
(Start or WPS button).
4Push and hold the WPS button located on the ZyXEL Device’s rear panel for 1-5 seconds.
Alternatively, you may log into ZyXEL Device’s web configurator and click the Push Button in the
Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station screen.
Note: Your ZyXEL Device has a WPS button located on its rear panel as well as a WPS
button in its configuration utility. Both buttons have exactly the same function: you
can use one or the other.
Note: It doesn’t matter which button is pressed first. You must press the second button
within two minutes of pressing the first one.
The ZyXEL Device sends the proper configuration settings to the wireless client. This may take up to
two minutes. The wireless client is then able to communicate with the ZyXEL Device securely.
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The following figure shows you an example of how to set up a wireless network and its security by
pressing a button on both ZyXEL Device and wireless client.
Example WPS Process: PBC Method
PIN Configuration
When you use the PIN configuration method, you need to use both the ZyXEL Device’s web
configurator and the wireless client’s utility.
1Launch your wireless client’s configuration utility. Go to the WPS settings and select the PIN method
to get a PIN number.
Wireless Client
ZyXEL Device
SECURITY INFO
COMMUNICATION
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
Press and hold for
5 seconds
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2Enter the PIN number in the PIN field in the Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station screen on
the ZyXEL Device.
3Click the Start buttons (or the button next to the PIN field) on both the wireless client utility screen
and the ZyXEL Device’s WPS Station screen within two minutes.
The ZyXEL Device authenticates the wireless client and sends the proper configuration settings to
the wireless client. This may take up to two minutes. The wireless client is then able to
communicate with the ZyXEL Device securely.
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The following figure shows you how to set up a wireless network and its security on a ZyXEL Device
and a wireless client by using PIN method.
Example WPS Process: PIN Method
4.4.3 Connecting Wirelessly to your ZyXEL Device
This section describes how to connect wirelessly to your ZyXEL Device. The connection procedure is
shown here using Windows XP as an example.
Authentication by PIN
SECURITY INFO
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
Wireless Client
ZyXEL Device
COMMUNICATION
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1Right-click the wireless adapter icon which appears in the bottom right of your computer monitor.
Click View Available Wireless Networks.
Tutorial: Network > Wireless LAN > SecuritOpen the Status screen. Verify your wireless and wireless security settings under Device In formation and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface Status
Tutorial: Status
2Select the ZyXEL Device’s SSID name and click Connect (A). The SSID “SecureWirelessNetwork”
is given here as an example.
Tutorial: Network > Wireless LAN > SecuritOpen the Status screen. Verify your wireless and wireless security settings under Device In formation and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface Status
Tutorial: Status
3You are prompted to enter a password. Enter it and click Connect.
Tutorial: Network > Wireless LAN > SecuritOpen the Status screen. Verify your wireless and wireless security settings under Device In formation and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface Status
Tutorial: Status
4You may have to wait several minutes while your computer connects to the wireless network.
A
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5You should now be securely connected wirelessly to the ZyXEL Device.
Tutorial: Network > Wireless LAN > SecuritOpen the Status screen. Verify your wireless and wireless security settings under Device In formation and check if the WLAN connection is up under Interface Status
Tutorial: Status
Congratulations! Your computer is now ready to connect to the Internet wirelessly through your
ZyXEL Device.
Note: If you cannot connect wirelessly to the ZyXEL Device, check you have selected the
correct SSID and entered the correct security key. If that does not work, ensure
your wireless network adapter is enabled by clicking on the wireless adapter icon
and clicking Enable.
4.5 Configuring the MAC Address Filter for Restricting
Wireless Internet Access
Thomas noticed that his daughter Josephine spends too much time surfing the web and
downloading media files. He decided to prevent Josephine from accessing the Internet so that she
can concentrate on preparing for her final exams.
Josephine’s computer connects wirelessly to the Internet through the ZyXEL Device. Thomas can
deny access to the wireless network using the MAC address of Josephine’s computer.
Thomas
Josephine
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1Click Network > LAN > Client List to open the following screen. Look for the MAC address of
Josephine’s computer.
2Click Network > Wireless LAN to open the AP screen. Click the Edit button in the MAC Filter
field.
EX
AMPLE
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3Select Enable MAC Filter and Deny Association. Enter the MAC address you found in the Client
List screen. Click Apply.
Josephine will no longer be able to access the Internet through the ZyXEL Device.
4.6 Multiple Public and Private IP Address Mappings
If your ISP gives you more than one static IPv4 address for your Internet access, you can
map each IP address for a specific service. This tutorial assumes you are given two static
public IP addresses. You want to map them to two servers A and B.
A
B
IP-1
IP-2
C
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This tutorial uses the following example settings:
To do this, you can use either of the following settings:
•Full Feature NAT with many-to-many no overload mapping
•Full Feature NAT with one-to-one mapping
4.6.1 Full Feature NAT + Many-to-Many No Overload Mapping
Use this setting if your applications can use random public IP addresses and the
applications are initiated from the Intranet computers (A and B). For example, VoIP
application. See Section 4.6.2 on page 57 if it is not.
To configure this:
1Click Network > NAT.
Table 4 IP Settings in this Tutorial
DEVICE / COMPUTERIP ADDRESS
The ZyXEL Device’s WAN172.16.1.253 (IP-1)
172.16.1.254 (IP-2)
The ZyXEL Device’s LAN192.168.1.1
A192.168.1.2
B192.168.1.3
Ca.b.c.d
A
B
IP-1
C
1
2
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2Select Active Network Address Translation(NAT) and Full Feature in the General
screen. Click Apply.
3Click the Address Mapping tab, and then click the Edit icon on a new rule.
4Configure the rule using the following settings:
•Type: Many-to-Many No Overload
•Local IP addresses: 192.168.1.2 ~ 192.168.1.3
•Global IP addresses: 172.16.1.253 ~ 172.16.1.254
Then click Apply.
EXA
MPLE
EXA
MPLE
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4.6.2 Full Feature NAT + One-to-One Mapping
Use this setting if your applications must use fixed public IP addresses and the
applications can be initiated either from the Intranet computers (A and B) or the Internet
computer (C). For example, gaming application.
To configure this setting:
1Click Network > NAT.
2Select Active Network Address Translation(NAT) and Full Feature in the General
screen. Click Apply.
3Click the Address Mapping tab, click the Edit icon on a new rule.
4Configure two rules for the one-to-one mappings:
•Rule 1 (This maps the public IP address 172.16.1.253 to the private IP address
192.168.1.2)
Type: One-to-One
Local Start IP: 192.168.1.2
Global Start IP: 172.16.1.253
A
B
IP-1
C
EXA
MPLE
EXAMPLE
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•Rule 2 (This maps the public IP address 172.16.1.254 to the private IP address
192.168.1.3)
Type: One-to-One
Local Start IP: 192.168.1.3
Global Start IP: 172.16.1.254
Click Apply on each of the screens.
4.7 Setting Up NAT Forwarding for a Game Server
Thomas manages a Doom server on a computer behind the ZyXEL Device. In order for players on
the Internet (like A in the figure below) to communicate with the Doom server, Thomas can use
port forwarding.
Tutorial: NAT Port Forwarding Setup
4.7.1 Port Forwarding
Thomas needs to configure the port settings and IP address on the ZyXEL Device. Traffic should be
forwarded to port 666 of the Doom server computer which has an IP address of 192.168.1.34.
EX
AMPLE
D=192.168.1.34
WAN
LAN
port 666
A
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Thomas may set up the port settings by configuring the port settings for the Doom server computer
(see Section 9.3 on page 153 for more information).
1Click Network > NAT > Port Forwarding and in the Service Name field select User Define.
Configure the screen with the following values:
2The screen should look as follows. Click Apply.
3The port forwarding settings you configured appear in the table. The ZyXEL Device forwards port
666 traffic to the computer with IP address 192.168.1.34.
Players on the Internet then can have access to Thomas’ Doom server.
Service NameDoom_Server
Start/End Port/sEnter 666 as the Start and End port.
Server IP AddressEnter the IP address of the Doom server. This is 192.168.1.34 for this
example.
E
XAMPLE
EXAMPLE
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4.8 Configuring Firewall Rules to Allow a Specified Service
By default the firewall will block traffic originating from the WAN (1). However, if you are running a
server or other service, you may need to allow access from the WAN (2). The following tutorial will
show how to allow traffic from WAN to LAN if it matches a specified port number.
Tutorial: NAT Port Forwarding Setup
1Click Security > Firewall and select Custom. Click Apply to save your settings.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS
WAN
LAN
1
2
A
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2Click the Rules tab. In the Packet Direction field select WAN to LAN and click Add.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Queue Setup
3The Edit Rule screen will appear. Click the Edit Customized Services link to access the following
screen. Configure the following settings. In this tutorial, a hypothetical port 123 is allowed. Click
Apply to save your settings and Back to return to the previous screen.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Queue Setup
Service NameMy_Service
Service TypeTCP
Port Number123
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4In the Edit Rule screen, select Active. In the Available Services field, select the service you
configured, My_Service. Click Apply to save your settings and Back to return to the previous
screen.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Queue Setup
5The firewall rule you configured appears in the table. The ZyXEL Device allows traffic from the WAN
to LAN if it matches port 123.
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4.9 Configuring Static Route for Routing to Another
Network
In order to extend your Intranet and control traffic flowing directions, you may connect a router to
the ZyXEL Device’s LAN. The router may be used to separate two department networks. This
tutorial shows how to configure a static routing rule for two network routings.
In the following figure, router R is connected to the ZyXEL Device’s LAN. R connects to two
networks, N1 (192.168.1.x/24) and N2 (192.168.10.x/24). If you want to send traffic from
computer A (in N1 network) to computer B (in N2 network), the traffic is sent to the ZyXEL
Device’s WAN default gateway by default. In this case, B will never receive the traffic.
You need to specify a static routing rule on the ZyXEL Device to specify R as the router in charge of
forwarding traffic to N2. In this case, the ZyXEL Device routes traffic from A to R and then R routes
the traffic to B.
N2
B
N1
A
R
N2
B
N1
A
R
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This tutorial uses the following example IP settings:
To configure a static route to route traffic from N1 to N2:
1Log into the ZyXEL Device’s Web Configurator in advanced mode.
2Click Advanced > Static Route.
3Click Edit on a new rule in the Static Route screen.
4Configure the Static Route Setup screen using the following settings:
4aType 192.168.10.0 and subnet mask 255.255.255.0 for the destination, N2.
4bType 192.168.1.253 (R’s N1 address) in the Gateway IP Address field.
4aClick Apply.
Table 5 IP Settings in this Tutorial
DEVICE / COMPUTERIP ADDRESS
The ZyXEL Device’s WAN172.16.1.1
The ZyXEL Device’s LAN192.168.1.1
A192.168.1.34
R’s N1 192.168.1.253
R’s N2 192.168.10.2
B192.168.10.33
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Now B should be able to receive traffic from A. You may need to additionally configure B’s firewall
settings to allow specific traffic to pass through.
4.10 Port BindingConfiguration
This tutorial shows you how to configure port binding for WAN connections with different ATM QoS
settings for different types of traffic. The port binding feature is used to group each WAN connection
with specific LAN ports and WLANs. In this example ATM QoS settings are configured for a WAN PVC
for time sensitive Media-On-Demand (MOD) traffic. ATM QoS settings are also configured for
another WAN PVC for non-time sensitive data traffic.
4.10.1 Configuring ATM QoS for Multiple WAN Connections
This example shows an application for multiple WAN connections with different ATM QoS Settings.
More than one WAN connection on the ZyXEL Device may be configured to record traffic statistics or
calculate service charges.
Three WAN connections are configured over the ADSL line:
•The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/33, is dedicated for general data transmission.
•The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/34, is dedicated for VoIP service.
•The connection with VPI/VCI, 0/35, is dedicated for Media-On-Demand (MOD) service.
To configure bandwidth for the WAN connections, access the WAN configuration Advanced Setup
screen by clicking Network > WAN. Click Advanced Setup.
To configure bandwidth for the data connection, select UBR with PCR in the ATM QoS Type field.
Click Apply to save the settings.
EXAMPLE
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To configure dedicated bandwidth of 400kbps for the VoIP connection, select CBR in the ATM QoS
Type field and enter the Peak Cell Rate as 943 (divide the bandwidth 400000 bps by 424). Click
Apply to save the settings.
To configure variable bandwidth of 2mbps for MOD data connection, select Realtime VBR in the
ATM QoS Type field. Set the Peak Cell Rate as 4717 (divide the bandwidth 2mbps by 424) and
set both the Sustain Cell Rate and Maximum Burst Size as 4716 (which is less than the peak
cell rate). Click Apply to save the settings.
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Configured WAN connections can be viewed by clicking the More Connections tab under Network
> WAN. See the WAN Setup chapter (Chapter 6 on page 93) for more information on configuring
WAN connections and ATM QoS settings.
4.10.2 Configuring Port Binding
You can then group specific WAN PVCs with LAN ports or WLANs, so traffic from these ports is
forwarded through specific WAN PVCs. In the configuration shown below, the WAN connections set
up in the previous section are bound as follows:
Access the port binding screen by clicking Advanced > Port Binding, and select Activated to
turn on the port binding feature. Specify the Group Index and select the ports to include in the
port binding group. Click Apply to save the settings. The configured groups can be viewed by
clicking the Port Binding Summary button. See the Port Binding chapter (Chapter 14 on page
199) for more details on configuring port binding.
Table 6 Port Binding Groups
GROUP INDEXWAN CONNECTIONLAN PORT
0PVC0 - for Dataeth1, eth2, AP0, AP1, AP2
1PVC1 - for VoIPeth3
2PVC2 - for MODeth4
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4.11 Configuring QoS to Prioritize Traffic
This section contains tutorials on how you can configure the QoS screen.
Let’s say you are a team leader of a small sales branch office. You want to prioritize e-mail traffic
because your task includes sending urgent updates to clients at least twice every hour. You also
upload data files (such as logs and e-mail archives) to the FTP server throughout the day. Your
colleagues use the Internet for research, as well as chat applications for communicating with other
branch offices.
In the following figure you want to configure QoS so that e-mail traffic gets the highest priority. You
can do the following:
•Configure a queue to assign the highest priority queue (1) to e-mail traffic from the LAN
interface, so that e-mail traffic would not get delayed when there is network congestion.
•Note the MAC address (AA:FF:AA:FF:AA:FF for example) of your computer and map it to queue
1.
Note: QoS is applied to traffic flowing out of the ZyXEL Device.
Traffic that does not match this class is assigned a priority queue based on the internal QoS
mapping table on the ZyXEL Device.
E
XAMPLE
DSL
E-mail: Queue 1
Your computer
A colleague’s computer
Other traffic: Automatic classifier
MAC=AA:FF:AA:FF:AA:FF
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1Click Advanced > QoS and check Enabled. Click Apply to save your settings.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS
2Go to Advanced > QoS > Queue Setup. In the Queue Enable field select Enabled and in the
Queue Priority field select 1. Then click Add.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Queue Setup
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3Go to Advanced > QoS > Class Setup. In the Rule Enable field select Enabled and follow the
settings as shown in the screen below. Then click Add.
Tutorial: Advanced > QoS > Class Setup
This maps e-mail traffic to queue 1 created in the previous screen (see the Source Port Range
field). This also maps your computer’s MAC address to queue 1 (see the Source MAC field).
Source MACType the MAC address of your computer -
AA:FF:AA:FF:AA:FF. Type the SourceMAC Mask if you
know it.
Source Port RangeEnter the port number to which the rule should be applied -
25 for SMTP.
Protocol IDSelect the IP protocol type - TCP.
QueueLink this to a queue created in the QoS > Queue Setup
screen, which is the 1 queue created in this example.
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4.12 Access the ZyXEL Device from the Internet Using
DDNS
If you connect your ZyXEL Device to the Internet and it uses a dynamic WAN IP address, it is
inconvenient for you to manage the device from the Internet. The ZyXEL Device’s WAN IP address
changes dynamically. Dynamic DNS (DDNS) allows you to access the ZyXEL Device using a domain
name.
To use this feature, you have to apply for DDNS service at www.dyndns.org.
This tutorial shows you how to:
•Registering a DDNS Account on www.dyndns.org
•Configuring DDNS on Your ZyXEL Device
•Testing the DDNS Setting
Note: If you have a private WAN IP address, then you cannot use DDNS.
4.12.1 Registering a DDNS Account on www.dyndns.org
1Open a browser and type http://www.dyndns.org.
2Apply for a user account. This tutorial uses UserName1 and 12345 as the username and
password.
3Log into www.dyndns.org using your account.
4Add a new DDNS host name. This tutorial uses the following settings as an example.
•Hostname: zyxelrouter.dyndns.org
•Service Type: Host with IP address
•IP Address: Enter the WAN IP address that your ZyXEL Device is currently using. You can find the
IP address on the ZyXEL Device’s web configurator Status page.
Then you will need to configure the same account and host name on the ZyXEL Device later.
4.12.2 Configuring DDNS on Your ZyXEL Device
Configure the following settings in the Advanced > DynamicDNS screen.
w.x.y.z
a.b.c.d
http://zyxelrouter.dyndns.org
A
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•Select Active Dynamic DNS.
•Select www.dyndns.org in the Service Provider field.
•Type zyxelrouter.dyndns.org in the Host Name field.
•Enter the user name (UserName1) and password (12345).
Click Apply.
4.12.3 Testing the DDNS Setting
Now you should be able to access the ZyXEL Device from the Internet. To test this:
1Open a web browser on the computer (using the IP address a.b.c.d) that is connected to the
Internet.
2Type http://zyxelrouter.dyndns.org and press [Enter].
3The ZyXEL Device’s login page should appear. You can then log into the ZyXEL Device and manage
it.
4.13 How to Use File Sharing on the ZyXEL Device
In this tutorial you can:
•Set up file sharing
•Access the shared files from a computer
4.13.1 Set up file sharing
To set up file sharing, you need to enable file sharing and have a user account on your ZyXEL
Device. This shares the files in your USB device to other users in the local network.
1Go to Advanced > USB Application > File Sharing to enable file sharing.
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2In the Share Directory Access Level, you can select Public to allow all users on the network to
access the shared files. In this example, select Security to require users to log in to access shared
files. To set up a new file sharing user account, click the Edit icon next to a User Name.
3Select Active and enter a user name and password. Click Apply to save your changes and click
Back to go back to the previous screen.
4.13.2 Access Your Shared Files From a Computer
Note: The examples in this User’s Guide show you how to use Microsoft’s Windows 7 to
browse your shared files. Refer to your operating system’s documentation for how
to browse your file structure.
1Open Windows Explorer to share files in the attached USB device using Windows Explorer browser.
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2In Windows Explorer’s Address bar type a double backslash “\\” followed by the IP address of the
ZyXEL Device (the default IP address of the ZyXEL Device is 192.168.1.1) and press [ENTER].
Double-click the Public Share folder. A screen asking for password authentication appears. Type
the user name and password you set up for file sharing and click OK.
Figure 8 File Sharing via Windows Explorer
Note: Once you log in to the file share via your ZyXEL Device, you do not have to log in
again unless you restart your computer.
4.14 How to Share a USB Printer via Your ZyXEL Device
Your ZyXEL Device can act as a print server and let the computers on your network use the USB
printer that is connected to the ZyXEL Device’s USB port.
1Go to Advanced > USB Application > Print Server to enable the print server function on the
ZyXEL Device. Click Apply to save your settings.
2Make sure that a USB printer is connected to the ZyXEL Device.
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3See Section 21.5 on page 247 and/or Section 21.6 on page 251 for examples of how to set up a
printer on your computer. The computers on your network must have the printer software already
installed before they can use the printer.
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77
PART II
Technical Reference
78
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CHAPTER 5
Internet and Wireless Setup Wizard
5.1 Overview
Use the wizard setupscreens to configure your system for Internet access with the information
given to you by your ISP.
Note: See the advanced menu chapters for background information on these fields.
5.2 Internet Access Wizard Setup
1After you enter the password to access the web configurator, click the wizard icon () in the top
right corner of the web configuratorto go to the wizards.
2Click INTERNET/WIRELESS SETUP to configure the system for Internet access and wireless
connection.
Figure 9 Wizard Welcome
3Your ZyXEL device attempts to detect your DSL connection and your connection type.
3aThe following screen appears if a connection is not detected. Check your hardware connections
and click Restart the INTERNET/WIRELESS SETUP Wizard to return to the wizard welcome
screen. If you still cannot connect, click Manually configure your Internet connection.
Follow the directions in the wizard and enter your Internet setup information as provided to you
by your ISP. See Section 5.2.1 on page 82 for more details.
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If you would like to skip your Internet setup and configure the wireless LAN settings, leave Yes
selected and click Next.
Figure 10 Auto Detection: No DSL Connection
3bThe following screen displays if a PPPoE or PPPoA connection is detected. Enter your Internet
account information (username, password and/or service name) exactly as provided by your
ISP. Then click Next and see Section 5.3 on page 87 for wireless connection wizard setup.
Figure 11 Auto-Detection: PPPoE
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3cThe following screen appears if the ZyXEL device detects a connection but not the connection
type. Click Nextand refer to Section 5.2.1 on page 82 on how to manually configure the ZyXEL
Device for Internet access.
Figure 12 Auto Detection: Failed
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5.2.1 Manual Configuration
1If the ZyXEL Device fails to detect your DSL connection type but the physical line is connected,
enter your Internet access information in the wizard screen exactly as your service provider gave it
to you. Leave the defaults in any fields for which you were not given information.
Figure 13 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 7 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters
LABELDESCRIPTION
ModeSelect Routing (default) from the drop-down list box if your ISP give you one IP
address only and you want multiple computers to share an Internet account. Select
Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the
connected computers to get individual IP address from ISP’s DHCP server directly.
If you select Bridge, you cannot use Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL
Device.
EncapsulationSelect the encapsulation type your ISP uses from the Encapsulation drop-down
list box. Choices vary depending on what you select in the Mode field.
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC 1483, ENET ENCAP
or PPPoE.
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, only RFC 1483 method of encapsulation is
available.
MultiplexingSelect the multiplexing method used by your ISP from the Multiplex drop-down list
box either VC-based or LLC-based.
Virtual Circuit
ID
VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define a virtual
circuit. Refer to the appendixfor more information.
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2The next wizard screen varies depending on what mode and encapsulation type you use. All screens
shown are with routing mode. Configure the fields and click Next to continue. See Section 5.3 on
page 87 for wireless connection wizard setup
Figure 14 Internet Connection with PPPoE
VPIEnter the VPI assigned to you. This field may already be configured.
VCIEnter the VCI assigned to you. This field may already be configured.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
NextClick this to continue to the next wizard screen. The next wizard screen you see
depends on what protocol you chose above.
ExitClick this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Table 7 Internet Access Wizard Setup: ISP Parameters
LABELDESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Figure 15 Internet Connection with RFC 1483
Table 8 Internet Connection with PPPoE
LABELDESCRIPTION
User NameEnter the user name exactly as your ISP assigned. If assigned a name in the form
user@domain where domain identifies a service name, then enter both components
exactly as given.
PasswordEnter the password associated with the user name above.
Service Name Type the name of your PPPoE service here.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
ExitClick this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Figure 16 Internet Connection with ENET ENCAP
Table 9 Internet Connection with RFC 1483
LABELDESCRIPTION
IP AddressThis field is available if you select Routing in the Mode field.
Type your ISP assigned IP address in this field.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
NextClick this to continue to the next wizard screen.
ExitClick this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Figure 17 Internet Connection with PPPoA
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
Table 10 Internet Connection with ENET ENCAP
LABELDESCRIPTION
Obtain an IP
Address
Automatically
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not
fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet.
Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic IP address.
Static IP
Address
Select Static IP Address if your ISP gave you an IP address to use.
IP AddressEnter your ISP assigned IP address.
Subnet MaskEnter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation.
Refer to the appendixto calculate a subnet mask if you are implementing
subnetting.
Gateway IP
address
You must specify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP) when you use ENET
ENCAP in the Encapsulation field in the previous screen.
First DNS
Server
Enter the IP addresses of the DNS servers. The DNS servers are passed to the
DHCP clients along with the IP address and the subnet mask.
Second DNS
Server
As above.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
ExitClick this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Table 11 Internet Connection with PPPoA
LABELDESCRIPTION
User NameEnter the login name that your ISP gives you.
PasswordEnter the password associated with the user name above.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
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•If the user name and/or password you entered for PPPoE or PPPoA connection are not correct,
the screen displays as shown next. Click Back to Username and Password setup to go back
to the screen where you can modify them.
Figure 18 Connection Test Failed-1
•If the following screen displays, check if your account is activated or click Restart the Internet/
Wireless Setup Wizard to verify your Internet access settings.
Figure 19 Connection Test Failed-2.
5.3 Wireless Connection Wizard Setup
After you configure the Internet access information, use the following screens to set up your
wireless LAN.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
ExitClick this to close the wizard screen without saving.
Table 11 Internet Connection with PPPoA (continued)
LABELDESCRIPTION
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1Select Yes and click Next to configure wireless settings. Otherwise, select No and skip to Step 6.
Figure 20 Connection Test Successful
2Use this screen to activate the wireless LAN. Click Next to continue.
Figure 21 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 12 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 1
LABELDESCRIPTION
ActiveSelect the check box to turn on the wireless LAN.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
NextClick this to continue to the next wizard screen.
ExitClick this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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3Configure your wireless settings in this screen. Click Next.
Figure 22 Wireless LAN
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Note: The wireless stations and ZyXEL Device must use the same SSID, channel ID and
WEP encryption key (if WEP is enabled), WPA-PSK (if WPA-PSK is enabled) for
wireless communication.
4This screen varies depending on the security mode you selected in the previous screen. Fill in the
field (if available) and click Next.
Table 13 Wireless LAN Setup Wizard 2
LABELDESCRIPTION
Network
Name(SSID)
Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless
LAN.
If you change this field on the ZyXEL Device, make sure all wireless stations use the
same SSID in order to access the network.
Channel
Selection
The range of radio frequencies used by IEEE 802.11b/g wireless devices is called a
channel. Select a channel ID that is not already in use by a neighboring device.
SecuritySelect Manually assign a WPA-PSK key to configure a Pre-Shared Key (WPA-
PSK). Choose this option only if your wireless clients support WPA. See Section 5.3.1
on page 90 for more information.
Select Manually assign a WEP key to configure a WEP Key. See Section 5.3.2 on
page 90 for more information.
Select Disable wireless security to have no wireless LAN security configured and
your network is accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
NextClick this to continue to the next wizard screen.
ExitClick this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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5.3.1 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
Choose Manually assign a WPA-PSK key in the Wireless LAN setup screen to set up a Pre-
Shared Key.
Figure 23 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
5.3.2 Manually Assign a WEP Key
Choose Manually assign a WEP key to setup WEP Encryption parameters.
Figure 24 Manually Assign a WEP key
Table 14 Manually Assign a WPA-PSK key
LABELDESCRIPTION
Pre-Shared
Key
Type from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters. You can set up the most secure
wireless connection by configuring WPA in the wireless LAN screens. You need to
configure an authentication server to do this.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
NextClick this to continue to the next wizard screen.
ExitClick this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
5Click Apply to save your wireless LAN settings.
Figure 25 Wireless LAN Setup 3
6Use the read-only summary table to check whether what you have configured is correct. Click
Finish to complete and save the wizard setup.
Table 15 Manually Assign a WEP key
LABELDESCRIPTION
Key The WEP keys are used to encrypt data. Both the ZyXEL Device and the wireless
stations must use the same WEP key for data transmission.
Enter any 5 or 13 ASCII characters, or 10 or 26 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-
F") for a 64-bit or 128-bit WEP key respectively.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
NextClick this to continue to the next wizard screen.
ExitClick this to close the wizard screen without saving.
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Note: No wireless LAN settings display if you chose not to configure wireless LAN
settings.
Figure 26 Internet Access and WLAN Wizard Setup Complete
7Launch your web browser and navigate to www.zyxel.com. Internet access is just the beginning.
Refer to the rest of this guide for more detailed information on the complete range of ZyXEL Device
features. If you cannot access the Internet, open the web configurator again to confirm that the
Internet settings you configured in the wizard setup are correct.
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CHAPTER 6
WAN Setup
6.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to configure WAN settings from the WAN screens. Use these screens to
configure your ZyXEL Device for Internet access.
A WAN (Wide Area Network) connection is an outside connection to another network or the
Internet. It connects your private networks (such as a LAN (Local Area Network) and other
networks, so that a computer in one location can communicate with computers in other locations.
Figure 27 LAN and WAN
6.1.1 What You Can Do in the WAN Screens
•Use the Internet Access Setup screen (Section 6.2 on page 95) to configure the WAN settings
on the ZyXEL Device for Internet access.
•Use the More Connections screen (Section 6.3 on page 100) to set up additional Internet
access connections.
6.1.2 What You Need to Know About WAN
Encapsulation Method
Encapsulation is used to include data from an upper layer protocol into a lower layer protocol. To set
up a WAN connection to the Internet, you need to use the same encapsulation method used by your
ISP (Internet Service Provider). If your ISP offers a dial-up Internet connection using PPPoE (PPP
over Ethernet) or PPPoA, they should also provide a username and password (and service name)
for user authentication.
WAN IP Address
The WAN IP address is an IP address for the ZyXEL Device, which makes it accessible from an
outside network. It is used by the ZyXEL Device to communicate with other devices in other
WAN
LAN
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networks. It can be static (fixed) or dynamically assigned by the ISP each time the ZyXEL Device
tries to access the Internet.
If your ISP assigns you a static WAN IP address, they should also assign you the subnet mask and
DNS server IP address(es) (and a gateway IP address if you use the Ethernet or ENET ENCAP
encapsulation method).
Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient)
or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of
hosts on the network - not everybody and not just one.
IGMP
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership
in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. There are three versions of IGMP. IGMP
version 2 and 3 are improvements over version 1, but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use.
IPv6
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to increase IP address space and enhance features.
The ZyXEL Device supports IPv4/IPv6 dual stack and can connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks. See
(Appendix E on page 341) for more information about IPv6.
Finding Out More
See Section 6.4 on page 104 for technical background information on WAN.
6.1.3 Before You Begin
You need to know your Internet access settings such as encapsulation and WAN IP address. Get this
information from your ISP.
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6.2 The Internet Access Setup Screen
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s WAN settings. Click Network > WAN > Internet
Access Setup. The screen differs by the WAN type and encapsulation you select.
Figure 28 Network > WAN >Internet Access Setup
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 16 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup
LABELDESCRIPTION
Line
ADSL ModeSelect the mode supported by your ISP.
Use Auto Sync-Up if you are not sure which mode to choose from. The ZyXEL Device
dynamically diagnoses the mode supported by the ISP and selects the best
compatible one for your connection.
Other options are ADSL2+, ADSL2, G.DMT, T1.413 and G.lite.
ADSL TypeSelect the type supported by your ISP.
Available options are ANNEX A, ANNEX A/L, ANNEX M and ANNEX A/L/M.
General
ModeSelect Routing (default) from the drop-down list box if your ISP gives you one IP
address only and you want multiple computers to share an Internet account. Select
Bridge when your ISP provides you more than one IP address and you want the
connected computers to get individual IP address from ISP’s DHCP server directly. If
you select Bridge, you cannot use Firewall, DHCP server and NAT on the ZyXEL
Device.
EncapsulationSelect the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the drop-down list box.
Choices vary depending on the mode you select in the Mode field.
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC 1483, ENET ENCAP or
PPPoE.
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, method of encapsulation is not available.
User Name(PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the user name exactly as your ISP
assigned. If assigned a name in the form user@domainwhere domain identifies a
service name, then enter both components exactly as given.
Password(PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only) Enter the password associated with the user
name above.
Service Name(PPPoE only) Type the name of your PPPoE service here.
MultiplexingSelect the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the drop-down list. Choices
are VC or LLC.
IPv6/IPv4 Dual StackIf you select Enable, the ZyXEL Device can connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks and
choose the protocol for applications according to the address type. If you select
Disable, the ZyXEL Device will operate in IPv4 mode.
PPP AuthenticationThe ZyXEL Device supports PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) and CHAP
(Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol). CHAP is more secure than PAP;
however, PAP is readily available on more platforms.
Use the drop-down list box to select an authentication protocol for outgoing calls.
Options are:
AUTO - Your ZyXEL Device accepts either CHAP or PAP when requested by this
remote node.
CHAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts CHAP only.
PAP - Your ZyXEL Device accepts PAP only.
Virtual Circuit IDVPI (Virtual Path Identifier) and VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) define a virtual
circuit. Refer to the appendix for more information.
VPIThe valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255. Enter the VPI assigned to you.
VCIThe valid range for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local management
of ATM traffic). Enter the VCI assigned to you.
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IP AddressThis option is available if you select Routing in the Mode field.
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is not
fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the Internet.
Select Obtain an IP Address Automatically if you have a dynamic IP address;
otherwise select Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP
Address field below.
Enable DHCP
Option 60
Select this to identify the vendor and functionality of the Device in DHCP requests that
the ZyXEL Device sends to a DHCP server when getting a WAN IP address.
Vendor Class
Identifier
Enter the Vendor Class Identifier (Option 60), such as the type of the hardware or
firmware.
Subnet Mask Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation.
GatewaySpecify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP).
IPv6 Address
Obtain an IP Address
Automatically
Select this option if you want to have the ZyXEL Device use the IPv6 prefix from the
connected router’s Router Advertisement (RA) to generate an IPv6 address.
Static IP AddressSelect this option if you have a fixed IPv6 address assigned by your ISP.
6to4 tunnelingSelect this option to enable IPv6 to IPv4 tunneling. This will encapsulate IPv6 packets
in IPv4 packets so they can travel through IPv4 networks.
When this is enabled, the ZyXEL Device will attempt to obtain a 6to4 tunnel prefix
from the ISP DSLAM. For LAN addresses, the ZyXEL Device will use this prefix for
encapsulating IPv4 packets in IPv6 format. If it cannot obtain this prefix, it will use
the default prefix 2002://16 to encapsulate the packets.
DHCP IPv6Select DHCP if you want to obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server.
The IP address assigned by a DHCPv6 server has priority over the IP address
automatically generated by the ZyXEL Device using the IPv6 prefix from an RA.
Select SLAAC (Stateless address autoconfiguration) to have the ZyXEL Device use
the prefix to automatically generate a unique IP address that does not need to be
maintained by a DHCP server.
DHCP PD Select Enable to use DHCP PD (Prefix Delegation) to allow the ZyXEL Device to pass
the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts can then use the prefix to
generate their IPv6 addresses.
IPv6 AddressIf Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the
WAN.
Prefix LengthIf Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 prefix length in the WAN.
IPv6 Default GatewayIf Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 address of the default gateway
IPv6 DNS Server1If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the primary DNS server IPv6 address.
IPv6 DNS Server2If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the secondary DNS server IPv6 address.
6RD EnableIf 6to4 tunneling is enabled, select this to enable IPv6 rapid deployment. The ISP
can specify its own relay server to be used for encapsulating IPv6 packets in IPv4
packets. This can provide reliability and security improvements over using open 6to4
relay servers.
Relay ServerIf 6to4 tunneling is enabled, specify the relay server IPv4 address.
WAN Identifier TypeSelect Manual to manually enter a WAN Identifier as the interface ID to identify the
WAN interface. The WAN Identifier is appended to the IPv6 address prefix to create
the routable global IPv6 address. Select EUI64 to use the EUI-64 format to generate
an interface ID from the MAC address of the WAN interface.
Table 16 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup (continued)
LABELDESCRIPTION
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6.2.1 Advanced Internet Access Setup
Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the Advanced Setup
button in the Internet Access Setup screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 29 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup
WAN IdentifierIf you selected Manual, enter the WAN Identifier in this field. The WAN identifier
should be unique and 64 bits in hexadecimal form. Every 16 bit block should be
separated by a colon as in XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX where X is a hexadecimal
character. Blocks of zeros can be represented with double colons as in
XXXX:XXXX::XXXX.
Connection (PPPoA and PPPoE encapsulation only)
Keep AliveSelect Keep Alive when you want your connection up all the time. The ZyXEL Device
will try to bring up the connection automatically if it is disconnected.
Connect on DemandSelect Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time and
specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field.
Max Idle TimeoutSpecify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you select Connect on
Demand. The default setting is 0, which means the Internet session will not timeout.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Advanced SetupClick this to display the Advanced WAN Setup screen and edit more details of your
WAN setup.
Table 16 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup (continued)
LABELDESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 17 Network > WAN > Internet Access Setup: Advanced Setup
LABELDESCRIPTION
RIP & Multicast SetupThis section is not available when you configure the ZyXEL Device to be in bridge
mode.
RIP DirectionRIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information
with other routers. Use this field to control how much routing information the ZyXEL
Device sends and receives on the subnet.
Select the RIP direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.
RIP VersionThis field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction field.
Select the RIP version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
MulticastMulticast packets are sent to a group of computers on the LAN and are an alternative
to unicast packets (packets sent to one computer) and broadcast packets (packets
sent to every computer).
Internet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) is a network-layer protocol used to establish
membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports IGMP-v1 and IGMP-
v2. Select None to disable it.
ATM QoS
ATM QoS TypeSelect CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on) bandwidth for voice or
data traffic. Select UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) for applications that are non-time
sensitive, such as e-mail. Select rtVBR (real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for
applications with bursty connections that require closely controlled delay and delay
variation. Select nrtVBR (non real-time Variable Bit Rate) type for connections that
do not require closely controlled delay and delay variation.
Peak Cell RateDivide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to find the Peak Cell
Rate (PCR). This is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. Type the
PCR here.
Sustain Cell RateThe Sustain Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term) that can be
transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the PCR. Note that system default
is 0 cells/sec.
Maximum Burst
Size
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of cells that can be sent at
the peak rate. Type the MBS, which is less than 65535.
PPPoE PassthroughIf encapsulation type is PPPoE, select this to enable PPPoE Passthrough. In addition to
the Device’s built-in PPPoE client, you can select this to allow hosts on the LAN to use
PPPoE client software on their computers to connect to the ISP via the device. Each
host can have a separate account and a public WAN IP address.
MTU
MTUThe Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) defines the size of the largest packet allowed
on an interface or connection. Enter the MTU in this field.
For ENET ENCAP, the MTU value is 1500.
For PPPoE, the MTU value is 1492.
For PPPoA and RFC 1483, the MTU is 65535.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
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6.3 The More Connections Screen
The ZyXEL Device allows you to configure more than one Internet access connection. To configure
additional Internet access connections click Network > WAN > More Connections. The screen
differs by the encapsulation you select. When you use the WAN > Internet Access Setup screen
to set up Internet access, you are configuring the first WAN connection.
Figure 30 Network > WAN > More Connections
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 18 Network > WAN > More Connections
LABELDESCRIPTION
#This is an index number indicating the number of the corresponding connection.
ActiveThis field indicates whether the connection is active or not.
Clear the check box to disable the connection. Select the check box to enable it.
NameThis is the name you gave to the Internet connection.
VPI/VCIThis field displays the Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI)
numbers configured for this WAN connection.
EncapsulationThis field indicates the encapsulation method of the Internet connection.
ModifyThe first (ISP) connection is read-only in this screen. Use the WAN > Internet Access
Setup screen to edit it.
Click the Edit icon to edit the Internet connection settings. Click this icon on an empty
configuration to add a new Internet access setup.
Click the Remove icon to delete the Internet access setup from your connection list.
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6.3.1 More Connections Edit
Use this screen to configure a connection. Click the edit icon in the More Connections screen to
display the following screen.
Figure 31 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 19 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit
LABELDESCRIPTION
General
ActiveSelect the check box to activate or clear the check box to deactivate this
connection.
NameEnter a unique, descriptive name of up to 13 ASCII characters for this
connection.
ModeSelect Routing from the drop-down list box if your ISP allows multiple
computers to share an Internet account.
If you select Bridge, the ZyXEL Device will forward any packet that it does not
route to this remote node; otherwise, the packets are discarded.
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EncapsulationSelect the method of encapsulation used by your ISP from the drop-down list
box. Choices vary depending on the mode you select in the Mode field.
If you select Routing in the Mode field, select PPPoA, RFC 1483, ENET
ENCAP or PPPoE.
If you select Bridge in the Mode field, method of encapsulation is not available.
MultiplexingSelect the method of multiplexing used by your ISP from the drop-down list.
Choices are VC or LLC.
By prior agreement, a protocol is assigned a specific virtual circuit, for example,
VC1 will carry IP. If you select VC, specify separate VPI and VCI numbers for
each protocol.
For LLC-based multiplexing or PPP encapsulation, one VC carries multiple
protocols with protocol identifying information being contained in each packet
header. In this case, only one set of VPI and VCI numbers need be specified for
all protocols.
IPv6/IPv4 Dual StackIf you select Enable, the ZyXEL Device can connect to IPv4 and IPv6 networks
and choose the protocol for applications according to the address type. If you
select Disable, the ZyXEL Device will operate in IPv4 mode.
VPIThe valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255. Enter the VPI assigned to you.
VCIThe valid range for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is reserved for local
management of ATM traffic). Enter the VCI assigned to you.
IP AddressThis option is available if you select Routing in the Mode field.
A static IP address is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP address is
not fixed; the ISP assigns you a different one each time you connect to the
Internet.
If you use the encapsulation type except RFC 1483, select Obtain an IP
Address Automatically when you have a dynamic IP address; otherwise select
Static IP Address and type your ISP assigned IP address in the IP Address
field below.
If you use RFC 1483, enter the IP address given by your ISP in the IP Address
field.
Subnet Mask Enter a subnet mask in dotted decimal notation.
Default GatewaySpecify a gateway IP address (supplied by your ISP).
IPv6 Address
Obtain an IP Address
Automatically
Select this option if you want to have the ZyXEL Device use the IPv6 prefix from
the connected router’s Router Advertisement (RA) to generate an IPv6 address.
Static IP AddressSelect this option if you have a fixed IPv6 address assigned by your ISP.
DHCP IPv6Select DHCP if you want to obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server.
The IP address assigned by a DHCPv6 server has priority over the IP address
automatically generated by the ZyXEL Device using the IPv6 prefix from an RA.
Select SLAAC (Stateless address autoconfiguration) to have the ZyXEL Device
use the prefix to automatically generate a unique IP address that does not need
to be maintained by a DHCP server.
DHCP PD Select Enable to use DHCP PD (Prefix Delegation) to allow the Zyxel Device to
pass the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts can then use the
prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.
IPv6 AddressIf Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 address of the ZyXEL Device in the
WAN.
Prefix LengthIf Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 prefix length in the WAN.
Table 19 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued)
LABELDESCRIPTION
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6.3.2 Configuring More Connections Advanced Setup
Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's advanced WAN settings. Click the Advanced Setup
button in the More Connections Edit screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 32 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup
IPv6 Default GatewayIf Static IP Address is enabled, enter the IPv6 address of the default gateway
IPv6 DNS Server1If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the primary DNS server IPv6 address for
the ZyXEL Device.
IPv6 DNS Server2If Static IP Address is enabled, enter the secondary DNS server IPv6 address for
the ZyXEL Device.
Connection
Nailed-Up ConnectionSelect Nailed-Up Connection when you want your connection up all the time.
The ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection automatically if it is
disconnected.
Connect on DemandSelect Connect on Demand when you don't want the connection up all the time
and specify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field.
Max Idle TimeoutSpecify an idle time-out in the Max Idle Timeout field when you select
Connect on Demand. The default setting is 0, which means the Internet
session will not timeout.
NATSUA only is available only when you select Routing in the Mode field.
Select SUA Only if you have one public IP address and want to use NAT. Click
Edit Detail to go to the Port Forwarding screen to edit a server mapping set.
Otherwise, select None to disable NAT.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
Advanced SetupClick this to display the More ConnectionsAdvanced Setup screen and edit
more details of your WAN setup.
Table 19 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit (continued)
LABELDESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
6.4 WAN Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this
chapter.
6.4.1 Encapsulation
Be sure to use the encapsulation method required by your ISP. The ZyXEL Device supports the
following methods.
Table 20 Network > WAN > More Connections: Edit: Advanced Setup
LABELDESCRIPTION
RIP & Multicast Setup
RIP DirectionSelect the RIP Direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.
VersionThis field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction field.
Select the RIP Version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
MulticastInternet Group Multicast Protocol (IGMP) is a network-layer protocol used to
establish membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports IGMP-
v1 and IGMP-v2. Select None to disable it.
ATM QoS
ATM QoS TypeSelect CBR (Continuous Bit Rate) to specify fixed (always-on) bandwidth for
voice or data traffic. Select UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) for applications that are
non-time sensitive, such as e-mail. Select nrtVBR (Variable Bit Rate-non Real
Time) or rtVBR (Variable Bit Rate-Real Time) for bursty traffic and bandwidth
sharing with other applications.
Peak Cell RateDivide the DSL line rate (bps) by 424 (the size of an ATM cell) to find the Peak
Cell Rate (PCR). This is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells.
Type the PCR here.
Sustain Cell RateThe Sustain Cell Rate (SCR) sets the average cell rate (long-term) that can be
transmitted. Type the SCR, which must be less than the PCR. Note that system
default is 0 cells/sec.
Maximum Burst SizeMaximum Burst Size (MBS) refers to the maximum number of cells that can be
sent at the peak rate. Type the MBS, which is less than 65535.
MTU
MTUThe Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) defines the size of the largest packet
allowed on an interface or connection. Enter the MTU in this field.
For ENET ENCAP, the MTU value is 1500.
For PPPoE, the MTU value is 1492.
For PPPoA and RFC, the MTU is 100-1500.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
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6.4.1.1 ENET ENCAP
The MAC Encapsulated Routing Link Protocol (ENET ENCAP) is only implemented with the IP
network protocol. IP packets are routed between the Ethernet interface and the WAN interface and
then formatted so that they can be understood in a bridged environment. For instance, it
encapsulates routed Ethernet frames into bridged ATM cells. ENET ENCAP requires that you specify
a gateway IP address in the Gateway IP Address field in the wizard or WAN screen. You can get
this information from your ISP.
6.4.1.2 PPP over Ethernet
The ZyXEL Device supports PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet). PPPoE is an IETF Draft
standard (RFC 2516) specifying how a personal computer (PC) interacts with a broadband modem
(DSL, cable, wireless, etc.) connection. The PPPoE option is for a dial-up connection using PPPoE.
For the service provider, PPPoE offers an access and authentication method that works with existing
access control systems (for example RADIUS).
One of the benefits of PPPoE is the ability to let you access one of multiple network services, a
function known as dynamic service selection. This enables the service provider to easily create and
offer new IP services for individuals.
Operationally, PPPoE saves significant effort for both you and the ISP or carrier, as it requires no
specific configuration of the broadband modem at the customer site.
By implementing PPPoE directly on the ZyXEL Device (rather than individual computers), the
computers on the LAN do not need PPPoE software installed, since the ZyXEL Device does that part
of the task. Furthermore, with NAT, all of the LANs’ computers will have access.
6.4.1.3 PPPoA
PPPoA stands for Point to Point Protocol over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5). A PPPoA connection
functions like a dial-up Internet connection. The ZyXEL Device encapsulates the PPP session based
on RFC1483 and sends it through an ATM PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit) to the Internet Service
Provider’s (ISP) DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Access Multiplexer). Please refer to RFC 2364
for more information on PPPoA. Refer to RFC 1661 for more information on PPP.
6.4.1.4 RFC 1483
RFC 1483 describes two methods for Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5
(AAL5). The first method allows multiplexing of multiple protocols over a single ATM virtual circuit
(LLC-based multiplexing) and the second method assumes that each protocol is carried over a
separate ATM virtual circuit (VC-based multiplexing). Please refer to RFC 1483 for more detailed
information.
6.4.2 Multiplexing
There are two conventions to identify what protocols the virtual circuit (VC) is carrying. Be sure to
use the multiplexing method required by your ISP.
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VC-based Multiplexing
In this case, by prior mutual agreement, each protocol is assigned to a specific virtual circuit; for
example, VC1 carries IP, etc. VC-based multiplexing may be dominant in environments where
dynamic creation of large numbers of ATM VCs is fast and economical.
LLC-based Multiplexing
In this case one VC carries multiple protocols with protocol identifying information being contained
in each packet header. Despite the extra bandwidth and processing overhead, this method may be
advantageous if it is not practical to have a separate VC for each carried protocol, for example, if
charging heavily depends on the number of simultaneous VCs.
6.4.3 VPI and VCI
Be sure to use the correct Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) and Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) numbers
assigned to you. The valid range for the VPI is 0 to 255 and for the VCI is 32 to 65535 (0 to 31 is
reserved for local management of ATM traffic). Please see the appendix for more information.
6.4.4 IP Address Assignment
A static IP is a fixed IP that your ISP gives you. A dynamic IP is not fixed; the ISP assigns you a
different one each time. The Single User Account feature can be enabled or disabled if you have
either a dynamic or static IP. However the encapsulation method assigned influences your choices
for IP address and ENET ENCAP gateway.
IP Assignment with PPPoA or PPPoE Encapsulation
If you have a dynamic IP, then the IP Address and Gateway IP Address fields are not applicable
(N/A). If you have a Static IP Address assigned by your ISP, then they should also assign you a
Subnet Mask and a Gateway IP Address.
IP Assignment with RFC 1483 Encapsulation
In this case the IP address assignment must be static.
IP Assignment with ENET ENCAP Encapsulation
In this case you can have either a static or dynamic IP. For a static IP you must fill in all the IP
Address and Gateway IP Address fields as supplied by your ISP. However for a dynamic IP, the
ZyXEL Device acts as a DHCP client on the WAN port and so the IP Address and Gateway IP
Address fields are not applicable (N/A) as the DHCP server assigns them to the ZyXEL Device.
6.4.5 Nailed-Up Connection (PPP)
A nailed-up connection is a dial-up line where the connection is always up regardless of traffic
demand. The ZyXEL Device does two things when you specify a nailed-up connection. The first is
that idle timeout is disabled. The second is that the ZyXEL Device will try to bring up the connection
when turned on and whenever the connection is down. A nailed-up connection can be very
expensive for obvious reasons.
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Do not specify a nailed-up connection unless your telephone company offers flat-rate service or you
need a constant connection and the cost is of no concern.
6.4.6 NAT
NAT (Network Address Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in
a packet, for example, the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a
different IP address known within another network.
6.5 Traffic Shaping
Traffic Shaping is an agreement between the carrier and the subscriber to regulate the average rate
and fluctuations of data transmission over an ATM network. This agreement helps eliminate
congestion, which is important for transmission of real time data such as audio and video
connections.
Peak Cell Rate (PCR) is the maximum rate at which the sender can send cells. This parameter may
be lower (but not higher) than the maximum line speed. 1 ATM cell is 53 bytes (424 bits), so a
maximum speed of 832Kbps gives a maximum PCR of 1962 cells/sec. This rate is not guaranteed
because it is dependent on the line speed.
Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) is the mean cell rate of each bursty traffic source. It specifies the
maximum average rate at which cells can be sent over the virtual connection. SCR may not be
greater than the PCR.
Maximum Burst Size (MBS) is the maximum number of cells that can be sent at the PCR. After MBS
is reached, cell rates fall below SCR until cell rate averages to the SCR again. At this time, more
cells (up to the MBS) can be sent at the PCR again.
If the PCR, SCR or MBS is set to the default of "0", the system will assign a maximum value that
correlates to your upstream line rate.
The following figure illustrates the relationship between PCR, SCR and MBS.
Figure 33 Example of Traffic Shaping
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6.5.1 ATM Traffic Classes
These are the basic ATM traffic classes defined by the ATM Forum Traffic Management 4.0
Specification.
Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
Constant Bit Rate (CBR) provides fixed bandwidth that is always available even if no data is being
sent. CBR traffic is generally time-sensitive (doesn't tolerate delay). CBR is used for connections
that continuously require a specific amount of bandwidth. A PCR is specified and if traffic exceeds
this rate, cells may be dropped. Examples of connections that need CBR would be high-resolution
video and voice.
Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
The Variable Bit Rate (VBR) ATM traffic class is used with bursty connections. Connections that use
the Variable Bit Rate (VBR) traffic class can be grouped into real time (VBR-RT) or non-real time
(VBR-nRT) connections.
The VBR-RT (real-time Variable Bit Rate) type is used with bursty connections that require closely
controlled delay and delay variation. It also provides a fixed amount of bandwidth (a PCR is
specified) but is only available when data is being sent. An example of an VBR-RT connection would
be video conferencing. Video conferencing requires real-time data transfers and the bandwidth
requirement varies in proportion to the video image's changing dynamics.
The VBR-nRT (non real-time Variable Bit Rate) type is used with bursty connections that do not
require closely controlled delay and delay variation. It is commonly used for "bursty" traffic typical
on LANs. PCR and MBS define the burst levels, SCR defines the minimum level. An example of an
VBR-nRT connection would be non-time sensitive data file transfers.
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)
The Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) ATM traffic class is for bursty data transfers. However, UBR doesn't
guarantee any bandwidth and only delivers traffic when the network has spare bandwidth. An
example application is background file transfer.
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CHAPTER 7
LAN Setup
7.1 Overview
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a shared communication system to which many networking devices
are connected. It is usually located in one immediate area such as a building or floor of a building.
Use the LAN screens to help you configure a LAN DHCP server and manage IP addresses.
7.1.1 What You Can Do in the LAN Screens
•Use the LAN IP screen (Section 7.2 on page 110) to set the LAN IP address and subnet mask of
your ZyXEL device. You can also edit your ZyXEL Device's RIP, multicast and Windows
Networking settings from this screen.
•Use the DHCP Setup screen (Section 7.3 on page 112) to configure the ZyXEL Device’s DHCP
settings.
•Use the Client List screen (Section 7.4 on page 113) to assign IP addresses on the LAN to
specific individual computers based on their MAC Addresses.
•Use the IP Alias screen (Section 7.5 on page 114) to change your ZyXEL Device’s IP alias
settings.
•Use the IPv6 screen (Section 7.6 on page 116) to configure the IPv6 settings on your ZyXEL
device’s LAN interface.
7.1.2 What You Need To Know About LAN
IP Address
IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including
computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the
network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.
DSL
LAN
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Subnet Mask
Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use
subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.
DHCP
A DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server can assign your ZyXEL Device an IP address,
subnet mask, DNS and other routing information when it's turned on.
RIP
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other
routers.
Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient)
or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of
hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1.
IGMP
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership
in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. There are three versions of IGMP. IGMP
version 2 and 3 are improvements over version 1, but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use.
DNS
DNS (Domain Name System) is for mapping a domain name to its corresponding IP address and
vice versa. The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP
address of a networking device before you can access it.
Finding Out More
See Section 7.7 on page 119 for technical background information on LANs.
7.1.3 Before You Begin
Find out the MAC addresses of your network devices if you intend to add them to the DHCP Client
List screen.
7.2 The LAN IP Screen
Use this screen to set the Local Area Network IP address and subnet mask of your ZyXEL Device.
Click Network > LAN to open the IP screen.
Follow these steps to configure your LAN settings.
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1Enter an IP address into the IP Address field. The IP address must be in dotted decimal notation.
This will become the IP address of your ZyXEL Device.
2Enter the IP subnet mask into the IP Subnet Mask field. Unless instructed otherwise it is best to
leave this alone, the configurator will automatically compute a subnet mask based upon the IP
address you entered.
3Click Apply to save your settings.
Figure 34 Network > LAN > IP
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
7.2.1 The Advanced LAN IP Setup Screen
Use this screen to edit your ZyXEL Device's RIP, multicast and Windows Networking settings. Click
the Advanced Setup button in the LAN IP screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 35 Network > LAN > IP: Advanced Setup
Table 21 Network > LAN > IP
LABELDESCRIPTION
IP AddressEnter the LAN IP address you want to assign to your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal
notation, for example, 192.168.1.1 (factory default).
IP Subnet Mask Type the subnet mask of your network in dotted decimal notation, for example
255.255.255.0 (factory default). Your ZyXEL Device automatically computes the
subnet mask based on the IP Address you enter, so do not change this field unless you
are instructed to do so.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Advanced SetupClick this to display the Advanced LAN Setup screen and edit more details of your
LAN setup.
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
7.3 The DHCP Setup Screen
Use this screen to configure the DNS server information that the ZyXEL Device sends to the DHCP
client devices on the LAN. Click Network > DHCP Setup to open this screen.
Figure 36 Network > LAN > DHCP Setup
Table 22 Network > LAN > IP: Advanced Setup
LABELDESCRIPTION
RIP & Multicast Setup
RIP DirectionSelect the RIP Direction from None, Both, In Only and Out Only.
RIP VersionThis field is not configurable if you select None in the RIP Direction field.
Select the RIP Version from RIP-1, RIP-2B and RIP-2M.
MulticastIGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish
membership in a multicast group. The ZyXEL Device supports IGMP-v1 and IGMP-
v2. Select None to disable it.
IGMP SnoopingSelect Enabled to activate IGMP Snooping. This allows the ZyXEL Device to passively
learn memberships in multicast groups.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
7.4 The Client List Screen
This table allows you to assign IP addresses on the LAN to specific individual computers based on
their MAC Addresses.
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is
assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example,
00:A0:C5:00:00:02.
Table 23 Network > LAN > DHCP Setup
LABELDESCRIPTION
DHCP Setup
DHCPIf set to Server, your ZyXEL Device can assign IP addresses, an IP default gateway
and DNS servers to Windows 95, Windows NT and other systems that support the
DHCP client.
If set to None, the DHCP server will be disabled.
If set to Relay, the ZyXEL Device acts as a surrogate DHCP server and relays DHCP
requests and responses between the remote server and the clients. Enter the IP
address of the actual, remote DHCP server in the Remote DHCP Server field in this
case.
When DHCP is used, the following items need to be set:
IP Pool Starting
Address
This field specifies the first of the contiguous addresses in the IP address pool.
Pool SizeThis field specifies the size, or count of the IP address pool.
Remote DHCP ServerIf Relay is selected in the DHCP field above then enter the IP address of the actual
remote DHCP server here.
DNS Server
DNS Servers Assigned
by DHCP Server
The ZyXEL Device passes a DNS (Domain Name System) server IP address to the
DHCP clients.
Primary /Secondary
DNS Server
Enter the IP address of your primary/secondary DNS server.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
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Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s static DHCP settings. Click Network > LAN>
Client List to open the following screen.
Figure 37 Network > LAN > Client List
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
7.5 The IP Alias Screen
IP alias allows you to partition a physical network into different logical networks over the same
Ethernet interface. The ZyXEL Device supports multiple logical LAN interfaces via its physical
Ethernet interface with the ZyXEL Device itself as the gateway for the LAN network.
When you use IP alias, you can also configure firewall rules to control access to the LAN's logical
network (subnet).
Table 24 Network > LAN > Client List
LABELDESCRIPTION
IP AddressEnter the IP address that you want to assign to the computer on your LAN with the MAC
address that you will also specify.
MAC AddressEnter the MAC address of a computer on your LAN.
AddClick this to add a static DHCP entry.
#This is the index number of the static IP table entry (row).
StatusThis field displays whether the client is connected to the ZyXEL Device.
Host Name This field displays the computer host name.
IP AddressThis field displays the IP address relative to the # field listed above.
MAC AddressThe MAC (Media Access Control) or Ethernet address on a LAN (Local Area Network) is
unique to your computer (six pairs of hexadecimal notation).
A network interface card such as an Ethernet adapter has a hardwired address that is
assigned at the factory. This address follows an industry standard that ensures no other
adapter has a similar address.
RemoveSelect the check box and then click Apply to remove the client from the list.
ModifyClick the modify icon to have the IP address field editable and change it.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
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7.5.1 Configuring the LAN IP Alias Screen
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s IP alias settings. Click Network > LAN > IP Alias
to open the following screen.
Figure 38 Network > LAN > IP Alias
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 25 Network > LAN > IP Alias
LABELDESCRIPTION
IP Alias Select the check box to configure a LAN network for the ZyXEL Device.
IP AddressEnter the IP address of your ZyXEL Device in dotted decimal notation.
IP Subnet MaskYour ZyXEL Device will automatically calculate the subnet mask based on the IP address
that you assign. Unless you are implementing subnetting, use the subnet mask
computed by the ZyXEL Device.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
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7.6 The IPv6 Screen
Use this screen to configure the IPv6 settings for your ZyXEL Device’s LAN interface. See Appendix
E on page 341 for background information about IPv6.
Figure 39 Network > LAN > IPv6
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 26 Network > LAN > IPv6
LABELDESCRIPTION
IPv6
Link Local Address
Type
Select Manual to manually enter a link local address. Select EUI64 to use the EUI-64
format to generate a link local address from the Ethernet MAC address.
IPv6 AddressIf you selected Manual in the Link Local Address Type field, enter the LAN IPv6
address you want to assign to your ZyXEL Device in hexadecimal notation, for
example, fe80::1 (factory default).
PrefixEnter the address prefix to specify how many most significant bits in an IPv6 address
compose the network address.
MLD SnoopingMulticast Listener Discovery (MLD) allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the
presence of MLD hosts who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of
multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network. Select Enabled to activate
MLD Snooping on the ZyXEL Device. This allows the ZyXEL device to check MLD
packets passing through it and learn the multicast group membership. It helps reduce
multicast traffic.
LAN Global Identifier
Type
Select Manual to manually enter a LAN Identifier as the interface ID to identify the
LAN interface. The LAN Identifier is appended to the IPv6 address prefix to create the
routable global IPv6 address. Select EUI64 to use the EUI-64 format to generate an
interface ID from the Ethernet MAC address.
LAN IdentifierIf you selected Manual, enter the LAN Identifier in this field. The LAN identifier should
be unique and 64 bits in hexadecimal form. Every 16 bit block should be separated by
a colon as in XXXX:XXXX:XXXX:XXXX where X is a hexadecimal character. Blocks of
zeros can be represented with double colons as in XXXX:XXXX::XXXX.
LAN IPv6 Address Setting
Delegate Prefix from
WAN
Select this option to automatically obtain an IPv6 network prefix from the service
provider or an uplink router.
StaticSelect this option to configure a fixed IPv6 address for the ZyXEL device’s LAN IPv6
address.
Static IPv6 AddressIf you select static IPv6 address, enter the IPv6 address prefix that the ZyXEL Device
uses for the LAN IPv6 address.
Prefix lengthIf you select static IPv6 address, enter the IPv6 prefix length that the ZyXEL Device
uses to generate the LAN IPv6 address.
An IPv6 prefix lengthspecifies how many most significant bits (starting from the left)
in the address compose the network address. This field displays the bit number of the
IPv6 subnet mask.
Preferred LifetimeEnter the preferred lifetime for the prefix.
Valid LifetimeEnter the valid lifetime for the prefix.
Router Advertisement Configuration
Send RA onSelect this to have the ZyXEL Device send router advertisement messages to the LAN
hosts.
Router advertisement is a response to a router solicitation or a periodical multicast
advertisement from a router to advertise its presence and other parameters, such as
IPv6 prefix and DNS information.
Router solicitation is a request from a host to locate a router that can act as the
default router and forward packets.
Note: The LAN hosts neither generate global IPv6 addresses nor communicate with
other networks if you disable this feature.
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Delegate M/O flag
from WAN
Select this to have the ZyXEL Device obtain the M/O (Managed/Other) flag setting
from the service provider or uplink router.
ManualSelect this to specify the M/O flag setting manually.
Managed config
flag on
Select this to have the ZyXEL Device indicate to hosts to obtain network settings (such
as prefix and DNS settings) through DHCPv6.
Clear this to have the ZyXEL Device indicate to hosts that DHCPv6 is not available and
they should use the prefix in the router advertisement message.
Other config flag
on
Select this to have the ZyXEL Device indicate to hosts to obtain DNS information
through DHCPv6.
Clear this to have the ZyXEL Device indicate to hosts that DNS information is not
available in this network.
Hop limitEnter the maximum number of network segments that a packet can cross before
reaching the destination. When forwarding an IPv6 packet, IPv6 routers are required
to decrease the Hop Limit by 1 and to discard the IPv6 packet when the Hop Limit is 0.
Possible value for this field are 0-255.
Router LifetimeEnter the time in seconds that hosts should consider the ZyXEL Device to be the
default router. Possible values for this field are 0-9000.
Router PreferenceSelect the router preference (Low, Medium or High) for the ZyXEL Device. The
ZyXEL Device sends this preference in the router advertisements to tell hosts what
preference they should use for the ZyXEL Device. This helps hosts to choose their
default router especially when there are multiple IPv6 router in the network.
Note: Make sure the hosts also support router preference to make this function work.
Reachable Time (ms)Enter the time in milliseconds that can elapse before a neighbor is detected. Possible
values for this field are 0-3600000.
Retrans Timer (ms)Enter the time in milliseconds between neighbor solicitation packet retransmissions.
Possible values for this field are 1000-4294967295.
RA IntervalEnter the time in seconds between router advertisement messages. Possible values for
this field are 4-1800.
Delegate MTU from
WAN
Select this to have the ZyXEL Device obtain the MTU setting from the service provider
or uplink router.
ManualSelect this to specify the MTU manually.
MTUThe Maximum Transmission Unit. Type the maximum size of each IPv6 data packet, in
bytes, that can move through this interface. If a larger packet arrives, the ZyXEL
Device divides it into smaller fragments.
DAD attemptsSpecify the number of DAD (Duplicate Address Detection) attempts before an IPv6
address is assigned to the ZyXEL Device LAN interface. Possible values for this field
are 1-7.
DHCPv6 Configuration
IPv6 DNSConfigure the IPv6 DNS information the ZyXEL device passes to clients when it acts as
a DHCPv6 server. Select Auto if your ISP dynamically assigns DNS server information.
Select Manual to configure DNS server addresses manually.
IPv6 DNS Server1Enter the first DNS server IPv6 address the ZyXEL Device passes to the DHCP clients.
IPv6 DNS Server2Enter the second DNS server IPv6 address the ZyXEL Device passes to the DHCP
clients.
Information Refresh
Time
Enter the number of seconds a DHCPv6 client should wait before refreshing
information retrieved from DHCPv6.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
LABELDESCRIPTION
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7.7 LAN Technical Reference
This section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this
chapter.
7.7.1 LANs, WANs and the ZyXEL Device
The actual physical connection determines whether the ZyXEL Device ports are LAN or WAN ports.
There are two separate IP networks, one inside the LAN network and the other outside the WAN
network as shown next.
Figure 40 LAN and WAN IP Addresses
7.7.2 DHCP Setup
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, RFC 2131 and RFC 2132) allows individual clients to
obtain TCP/IP configuration at start-up from a server. You can configure the ZyXEL Device as a
DHCP server or disable it. When configured as a server, the ZyXEL Device provides the TCP/IP
configuration for the clients. If you turn DHCP service off, you must have another DHCP server on
your LAN, or else the computer must be manually configured.
IP Pool Setup
The ZyXEL Device is pre-configured with a pool of IP addresses for the DHCP clients (DHCP Pool).
Do not assign static IP addresses from the DHCP pool to your LAN computers.
7.7.3 DNS Server Addresses
DNS (Domain Name System) maps a domain name to its corresponding IP address and vice versa.
The DNS server is extremely important because without it, you must know the IP address of a
computer before you can access it. The DNS server addresses you enter when you set up DHCP are
passed to the client machines along with the assigned IP address and subnet mask.
There are two ways that an ISP disseminates the DNS server addresses.
•The ISP tells you the DNS server addresses, usually in the form of an information sheet, when
you sign up. If your ISP gives you DNS server addresses, enter them in the DNS Server fields in
the DHCP Setup screen.
WAN
LAN
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•Some ISPs choose to disseminate the DNS server addresses using the DNS server extensions of
IPCP (IP Control Protocol) after the connection is up. If your ISP did not give you explicit DNS
servers, chances are the DNS servers are conveyed through IPCP negotiation. The ZyXEL Device
supports the IPCP DNS server extensions through the DNS proxy feature.
Please note that DNS proxy works only when the ISP uses the IPCP DNS server extensions. It
does not mean you can leave the DNS servers out of the DHCP setup under all circumstances. If
your ISP gives you explicit DNS servers, make sure that you enter their IP addresses in the
DHCP Setup screen.
7.7.4 LAN TCP/IP
The ZyXEL Device has built-in DHCP server capability that assigns IP addresses and DNS servers to
systems that support DHCP client capability.
IP Address and Subnet Mask
Similar to the way houses on a street share a common street name, so too do computers on a LAN
share one common network number.
Where you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your
network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in
selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.
If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user
account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this
is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to
192.168.255.0 and you must enable the Network Address Translation (NAT) feature of the ZyXEL
Device. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses
specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. Let's
say you select 192.168.1.0 as the network number; which covers 254 individual addresses, from
192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254 (zero and 255 are reserved). In other words, the first three numbers
specify the network number while the last number identifies an individual computer on that
network.
Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address that is easy to remember, for
instance, 192.168.1.1, for your ZyXEL Device, but make sure that no other device on your network
is using that IP address.
The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your ZyXEL Device will
compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need
to change the subnet mask computed by the ZyXEL Device unless you are instructed to do
otherwise.
Private IP Addresses
Every machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the
Internet, for example, only between your two branch offices, you can assign any IP addresses to
the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:
•10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255
•172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255
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•192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255
You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP or it can be assigned from a private
network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP
can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are
part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the
appropriate IP addresses.
Note: Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address;
always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment,
please refer to RFC 1597, “Address Allocation for Private Internets”and RFC 1466,
“Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space”.
7.7.5 RIP Setup
RIP (Routing Information Protocol) allows a router to exchange routing information with other
routers. The RIP Direction field controls the sending and receiving of RIP packets. When set to:
•Both - the ZyXEL Device will broadcast its routing table periodically and incorporate the RIP
information that it receives.
•In Only - the ZyXEL Device will not send any RIP packets but will accept all RIP packets
received.
•Out Only - the ZyXEL Device will send out RIP packets but will not accept any RIP packets
received.
•None - the ZyXEL Device will not send any RIP packets and will ignore any RIP packets received.
The Version field controls the format and the broadcasting method of the RIP packets that the
ZyXEL Device sends (it recognizes both formats when receiving). RIP-1 is universally supported;
but RIP-2 carries more information. RIP-1 is probably adequate for most networks, unless you have
an unusual network topology.
Both RIP-2B and RIP-2M sends the routing data in RIP-2 format; the difference being that RIP-2B
uses subnet broadcasting while RIP-2M uses multicasting. Multicasting can reduce the load on
non-router machines since they generally do not listen to the RIP multicast address and so will not
receive the RIP packets. However, if one router uses multicasting, then all routers on your network
must use multicasting, also.
7.7.6 Multicast
Traditionally, IP packets are transmitted in one of either two ways - Unicast (1 sender - 1 recipient)
or Broadcast (1 sender - everybody on the network). Multicast delivers IP packets to a group of
hosts on the network - not everybody and not just 1.
IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol) is a network-layer protocol used to establish membership
in a Multicast group - it is not used to carry user data. IGMP version 2 (RFC 2236) is an
improvement over version 1 (RFC 1112) but IGMP version 1 is still in wide use. IGMP version 3
supports source filtering, reporting or ignoring traffic from specific source address to a particular
host on the network. If you would like to read more detailed information about interoperability
between IGMP version 2 and version 1, please see sections 4 and 5 of RFC 2236. The class D IP
address is used to identify host groups and can be in the range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. The
address 224.0.0.0 is not assigned to any group and is used by IP multicast computers. The address
224.0.0.1 is used for query messages and is assigned to the permanent group of all IP hosts
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(including gateways). All hosts must join the 224.0.0.1 group in order to participate in IGMP. The
address 224.0.0.2 is assigned to the multicast routers group.
At start up, the ZyXEL Device queries all directly connected networks to gather group membership.
After that, the ZyXEL Device periodically updates this information. IP multicasting can be enabled/
disabled on the ZyXEL Device LAN and/or WAN interfaces in the web configurator (LAN; WAN).
Select None to disable IP multicasting on these interfaces.
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CHAPTER 8
Wireless LAN
8.1 Overview
This chapter describes how to perform tasks related to setting up and optimizing your wireless
network, including the following.
•Turning the wireless connection on or off.
•Configuring a name, wireless channel and security for the network.
•Using WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) to configure your wireless network.
•Setting up multiple wireless networks.
•Using a MAC (Media Access Control) address filter to restrict access to the wireless network.
•Performing other performance-related wireless tasks.
8.1.1 What You Can Do in the Wireless LAN Screens
This section describes the ZyXEL Device’s Network > Wireless LAN screens. Use these screens to
set up your ZyXEL Device’s wireless connection.
•Use the AP screen (see Section 8.2 on page 125) to turn the wireless connection on or off, set up
wireless security, configure the MAC filter, and make other basic configuration changes.
•Use the More AP screen (see Section 8.3 on page 131) to set up multiple wireless networks on
your ZyXEL Device.
•Use the WPS screen (see Section 8.4 on page 133) to enable or disable WPS, generate a security
PIN (Personal Identification Number) and see information about the ZyXEL Device’s WPS status.
•Use the WPS Station (see Section 8.5 on page 134)screen to set up WPS by pressing a button
or using a PIN.
•Use the WDS screen (see Section 8.6 on page 135) to set up a Wireless Distribution System, in
which the ZyXEL Device acts as a bridge with other ZyXEL access points.
•Use the Scheduling screen (see Section 8.7 on page 136) to configure the dates/times to enable
or disable the wireless LAN.
You don’t necessarily need to use all these screens to set up your wireless connection. For example,
you may just want to set up a network name, a wireless radio channel and security in the AP
screen.
8.1.2 What You Need to Know About Wireless
Wireless Basics
“Wireless” is essentially radio communication. In the same way that walkie-talkie radios send and
receive information over the airwaves, wireless networking devices exchange information with one
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another. A wireless networking device is just like a radio that lets your computer exchange
information with radios attached to other computers. Like walkie-talkies, most wireless networking
devices operate at radio frequency bands that are open to the public and do not require a license to
use. However, wireless networking is different from that of most traditional radio communications in
that there a number of wireless networking standards available with different methods of data
encryption.
SSID
Each network must have a name, referred to as the SSID - “Service Set IDentifier”. The “service
set” is the network, so the “service set identifier” is the network’s name. This helps you identify
your wireless network when wireless networks’ coverage areas overlap and you have a variety of
networks to choose from.
MAC Address Filter
Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address consists
of twelve hexadecimal characters (0-9, and A to F), and it is usually written in the following format:
“0A:A0:00:BB:CC:DD”.
The MAC address filter controls access to the wireless network. You can use the MAC address of
each wireless client to allow or deny access to the wireless network.
Finding Out More
See Section 8.8 on page 137 for advanced technical information on wireless networks.
8.1.3 Before You Start
Before you start using these screens, ask yourself the following questions. See Section 8.1.2 on
page 123 if some of the terms used here are not familiar to you.
•What wireless standards do the other wireless devices in your network support (IEEE 802.11g,
for example)? What is the most appropriate standard to use?
•What security options do the other wireless devices in your network support (WPA-PSK, for
example)? What is the strongest security option supported by all the devices in your network?
•Do the other wireless devices in your network support WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup)? If so, you
can set up a well-secured network very easily.
Even if some of your devices support WPS and some do not, you can use WPS to set up your
network and then add the non-WPS devices manually, although this is somewhat more
complicated to do.
•What advanced options do you want to configure, if any? If you want to configure advanced
options such as Quality of Service, ensure that you know precisely what you want to do. If you do
not want to configure advanced options, leave them as they are.
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8.2 The AP Screen
Use this screen to configure the wireless settings of your ZyXEL Device. Click Network > Wireless
LAN to open the AP screen.
Figure 41 Network > Wireless LAN > AP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 27 Network > Wireless LAN > AP
LABELDESCRIPTION
Wireless Setup
Enable Wireless
LAN
Click the check box to activate wireless LAN.
Channel
Selection
Set the operating channel manually by selecting a channel from the Channel Selection
list or use Auto Channel Select to have it automatically configured.
Common Setup
Network Name
(SSID)
The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless device is
associated. Wireless devices associating to the access point (AP) must have the same
SSID. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII characters) for the wireless
LAN.
Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer connected to the wireless
LAN and you change the ZyXEL Device’s SSID or WEP settings, you will lose your
wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You must then change the
wireless settings of your computer to match the ZyXEL Device’s new settings.
Hide SSIDSelect this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station cannot
obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Security ModeSee the following sections for more details about this field.
MAC Filter This shows whether the wireless devices with the MAC addresses listed are allowed or
denied to access the ZyXEL Device using this SSID.
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8.2.1 No Security
In the Network > Wireless LAN > AP screen, select No Security from the Security Mode list to
allow wireless devices to communicate with the ZyXEL Device without any data encryption or
authentication.
Note: If you do not enable any wireless security on your ZyXEL Device, your network is
accessible to any wireless networking device that is within range.
Figure 42 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: No Security
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
EditClick this to go to the MAC Filter screen to configure MAC filter settings. See Section 8.2.5
on page 130 for more details.
QoSThis shows whether Quality of Service (QoS) is activated or the priority level for wireless
traffic with this SSID. Select a priority level from the drop-down list box. Choices are
None, Default, Highest, High, Middle and Low.
Select None to disable QoS.
Select Default to have the ZyXEL Device automatically give traffic a priority level
according to the ToS value in the IP header of packets it sends. Wifi MultiMedia Quality of
Service (WMM QoS) gives high priority to voice and video, which makes them run more
smoothly.
Highest - Typically used for voice or video that should be high-quality.
High - Typically used for voice or video that can be medium-quality.
Middle - Typically used for applications that do not fit into another priority. For example,
Internet surfing.
Low - Typically used for non-critical “background” applications, such as large file transfers
and print jobs that should not affect other applications.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Advanced SetupClick this to display the WirelessAdvanced Setup screen and edit more details of your
WLAN setup. See Section 8.2.4 on page 128 for more details.
Table 27 Network > Wireless LAN > AP
LABELDESCRIPTION
Table 28 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: No Security
LABELDESCRIPTION
Security ModeChoose No Security from the drop-down list box.
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8.2.2 WEP Encryption
Use this screen to configure and enable WEP encryption. Click Network > Wireless LAN to display
the AP screen. Select Static WEP from the SecurityMode list.
Note: WEP is extremely insecure. Its encryption can be broken by an attacker, using
widely-available software. It is strongly recommended that you use a more
effective security mechanism. Use the strongest security mechanism that all the
wireless devices in your network support. For example, use WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK
if all your wireless devices support it. If your wireless devices support nothing
stronger than WEP, use the highest encryption level available.
Figure 43 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Static WEP
The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
Table 29 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Static WEP
LABELDESCRIPTION
Security ModeChoose Static WEP from the drop-down list box.
PassphraseEnter a passphrase (up to 32 printable characters) and click Generate. The ZyXEL Device
automatically generates a WEP key.
WEP KeyThe WEP key is used to encrypt data. Both the ZyXEL Device and the wireless stations must
use the same WEP key for data transmission.
If you want to manually set the WEP key, enter any 5 or 13 characters (ASCII string) or 10
or 26 hexadecimal characters ("0-9", "A-F") for a 64-bit or 128-bit WEP key respectively.
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8.2.3 WPA(2)-PSK
Use this screen to configure and enable WPA(2)-PSK authentication. Click Network > Wireless
LAN to display the AP screen. Select WPA-PSKor WPA2-PSK from the SecurityMode list.
Figure 44 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK
The following table describes the wireless LAN security labels in this screen.
8.2.4 Wireless LAN Advanced Setup
Use this screen to configure advanced wireless settings. Click the Advanced Setup button in the
AP screen. The screen appears as shown.
Table 30 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: WPA(2)-PSK
LABELDESCRIPTION
Security ModeChoose WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK from the drop-down list box.
WPA CompatibleThis check box is available only when you select WPA2-PSK in the Security Mode
field.
Select the check box to have both WPA-PSK wireless clients be able to communicate
with the ZyXEL Device even when the ZyXEL Device is using WPA2-PSK.
Pre-Shared Key The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The
only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common
password, instead of user-specific credentials.
Type a pre-shared key from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters (including spaces
and symbols).
WPA Group Key
Update Timer
The Group Key Update Timer is the rate at which the AP (if using WPA(2)-PSK key
management) sends a new group key out to all clients. The re-keying process is the
WPA(2) equivalent of automatically changing the WEP key for an AP and all stations in
a WLAN on a periodic basis.
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See Section 8.8.2 on page 139 for detailed definitions of the terms listed in this screen.
Figure 45 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 31 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup
LABELDESCRIPTION
RTS/CTS
Threshold
Enter a value between 0 and 2347.
Fragmentation
Threshold
This is the maximum data fragment size that can be sent. Enter a value between 256 and
2346.
Output PowerSet the output power of the ZyXEL Device. If there is a high density of APs in an area,
decrease the output power to reduce interference with other APs. Select one of the
following: 100%, 75%, 50% or 25%.
PreambleSelect a preamble type from the drop-down list menu. Choices are Long or Short. See
the Appendix D on page 331 for more information.
802.11 ModeSelect 802.11b Only to allow only IEEE 802.11b compliant WLAN devices to associate
with the ZyXEL Device.
Select 802.11g Only to allow only IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN devices to associate
with the ZyXEL Device.
Select 802.11b+g to allow either IEEE 802.11b or IEEE 802.11g compliant WLAN
devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device
might be reduced.
Select 802.11n to allow only IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN devices to associate with the
ZyXEL Device.
Select 802.11g+n to allow either IEEE 802.11g or IEEE 802.11n compliant WLAN
devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL Device
might be reduced.
Select 802.11b+g+n to allow IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g or IEEE802.11n compliant
WLAN devices to associate with the ZyXEL Device. The transmission rate of your ZyXEL
Device might be reduced.
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8.2.5 MAC Filter
Use this screen to change your ZyXEL Device’s MAC filter settings. Click the Edit button in the AP
screen. The screen appears as shown.
Figure 46 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: MAC Address Filter
Channel WidthSelect whether the ZyXEL Device uses a wireless channel width of 20MHz or Auto. If
Auto is selected, the ZyXEL Device will use 40MHz if it is supported.
A standard 20MHz channel offers transfer speeds of up to 150Mbps whereas a 40MHz
channel uses two standard channels and offers speeds of up to 300 Mbps.
40MHz (channel bonding or dual channel) bonds two adjacent radio channels to increase
throughput. The wireless clients must also support 40 MHz. It is often better to use the 20
MHz setting in a location where the environment hinders the wireless signal.
Select 20MHz if you want to lessen radio interference with other wireless devices in your
neighborhood or the wireless clients do not support channel bonding.
This field is available only when you set the 802.11 Mode to 802.11n or 802.11b+g+n
in the Advanced Setup screen.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 31 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: Advanced Setup
LABELDESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the labels in this screen.
8.3 The More AP Screen
This screen allows you to enable and configure multiple Basic Service Sets (BSSs) on the ZyXEL
Device.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > More AP. The following screen displays.
Figure 47 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 32 Network > Wireless LAN > AP: MAC Address Filter
LABELDESCRIPTION
Enable MAC
Filter
Select the check box to enable MAC address filtering.
Filter Action
Define the filter action for the list of MAC addresses in the MAC Address table.
Select Deny to block access to the ZyXEL Device. MAC addresses not listed will be allowed to
access the ZyXEL Device
Select Allow to permit access to the ZyXEL Device. MAC addresses not listed will be denied
access to the ZyXEL Device.
Set
This is the index number of the MAC address.
MAC AddressEnter the MAC addresses of the wireless devices that are allowed or denied access to the
ZyXEL Device in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address
format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 33 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP
LABELDESCRIPTION
#This is the index number of each SSID profile.
ActiveThis field indicates whether this SSID is active.
SSIDAn SSID profile is the set of parameters relating to one of the ZyXEL Device’s BSSs. The
SSID (Service Set IDentifier) identifies the Service Set with which a wireless device is
associated.
This field displays the name of the wireless profile on the network. When a wireless client
scans for an AP to associate with, this is the name that is broadcast and seen in the
wireless client utility.
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8.3.1 More AP Edit
Use this screen to edit an SSID profile. Click the Edit icon next to an SSID in the More AP screen.
The following screen displays.
Figure 48 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP: Edit
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
SecurityThis field indicates the security mode of the SSID profile.
Modify Click the Edit icon to configure the SSID profile.
Click the Remove icon to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station
cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Table 33 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP
LABELDESCRIPTION
Table 34 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP: Edit
LABELDESCRIPTION
ActiveSelect this check box to make this SSID active.
Network Name (SSID)The SSID (Service Set IDentity) identifies the service set with which a wireless
device is associated. Enter a descriptive name (up to 32 printable 7-bit ASCII
characters) for the wireless LAN.
Note: If you are configuring the ZyXEL Device from a computer connected to the
wireless LAN and you change the ZyXEL Device’s SSID or security settings,
you will lose your wireless connection when you press Apply to confirm. You
must then change the wireless settings of your computer to match the ZyXEL
Device’s new settings.
Hide SSIDSelect this check box to hide the SSID in the outgoing beacon frame so a station
cannot obtain the SSID through scanning using a site survey tool.
Security ModeSee Section 8.2 on page 125 for more details about this field.
MAC Filter This shows whether the wireless devices with the MAC addresses listed are allowed
or denied to access the ZyXEL Device using this SSID.
EditClick this to go to the MAC Filter screen to configure MAC filter settings. See
Section 8.2.5 on page 130 for more details.
QoSSelect this check box to activate Quality of Service (QoS).
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
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8.4 The WPS Screen
Use this screen to configure WiFi Protected Setup (WPS) on your ZyXEL Device.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to
configure security settings manually. Set up each WPS connection between two devices. Both
devices must support WPS.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS. The following screen displays.
Figure 49 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 34 Network > Wireless LAN > More AP: Edit
LABELDESCRIPTION
Table 35 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
LABELDESCRIPTION
WPS Setup
WPS SetupSelect the check box to activate WPS on the ZyXEL Device.
WPS StatusThis displays Configured when the ZyXEL Device has connected to a wireless network
using WPS or Enable WPS is selected and wireless or wireless security settings have
been changed. The current wireless and wireless security settings also appear in the
screen.
This displays Unconfigured if WPS is disabled and there is no wireless or wireless
security changes on the ZyXEL Device or you click Release to remove the configured
wireless and wireless security settings.
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8.5 The WPS Station Screen
Use this screen to set up a WPS wireless network using either Push Button Configuration (PBC) or
PIN Configuration.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station. The following screen displays.
Figure 50 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
ReleaseThis button is available when the WPS status is Configured.
Click this button to remove all configured wireless and wireless security settings for WPS
connections on the ZyXEL Device.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
RefreshClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 35 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS
LABELDESCRIPTION
Table 36 Network > Wireless LAN > WPS Station
LABELDESCRIPTION
Push ButtonClick this to add another WPS-enabled wireless device (within wireless range of the
ZyXEL Device) to your wireless network. This button may either be a physical button on
the outside of device, or a menu button similar to the Push Button on this screen.
Note: You must press the other wireless device’s WPS button within two minutes of
pressing this button.
Or input station's
PIN number
Enter the PIN of the device that you are setting up a WPS connection with and click Start
to authenticate and add the wireless device to your wireless network.
You can find the PIN either on the outside of the device, or by checking the device’s
settings.
Note: You must also activate WPS on that device within two minutes to have it present its
PIN to the ZyXEL Device.
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8.6 The WDS Screen
An AP using the Wireless Distribution System (WDS) can function as a wireless network bridge
allowing you to wirelessly connect two wired network segments. The WDS screen allows you to
configure the ZyXEL Device to connect to two or more APs wirelessly when WDS is enabled.
Use this screen to set up your WDS (Wireless Distribution System) links between the ZyXEL Device
and other wireless APs. You need to know the MAC address of the peer device. Once the security
settings of peer sides match one another, the connection between devices is made.
Note: WDS security is independent of the security settings between the ZyXEL Device
and any wireless clients.
Note: At the time of writing, WDS is compatible with other ZyXEL APs only. Not all models
support WDS links. Check your other AP’s documentation.
Click Network > Wireless LAN > WDS. The following screen displays.
Figure 51 Network > Wireless LAN > WDS
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 37 Network > Wireless LAN > WDS
LABELDESCRIPTION
WDS SecuritySelect the type of the key used to encrypt data between APs. All the wireless APs
(including the ZyXEL Device) must use the same pre-shared key for data transmission.
The option is available only when you set the security mode to WPA(2) or WPA(2)-
PSK in the Wireless LAN > AP screen.
TKIPSelect this to use TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol) encryption.
AESSelect this to use AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) encryption.
#This is the index number of the individual WDS link.
ActiveSelect this to activate the link between the ZyXEL Device and the peer device to which
this entry refers. When you do not select the check box this link is down.
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8.7 The Scheduling Screen
Use the wireless LAN scheduling to configure the days you want to enable or disable the wireless
LAN. Click Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling. The following screen displays.
Figure 52 Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Remote Bridge
MAC Address
Type the MAC address of the peer device in a valid MAC address format (six hexadecimal
character pairs, for example 12:34:56:78:9a:bc).
PSKEnter a Pre-Shared Key (PSK) from 8 to 63 case-sensitive ASCII characters (including
spaces and symbols).
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 37 Network > Wireless LAN > WDS
LABELDESCRIPTION
Table 38 Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
LABELDESCRIPTION
Enable Wireless
LAN Scheduling
Select this box to activate wireless LAN scheduling on your ZyXEL Device.
ActionSelect On or Off to enable or disable the wireless LAN.
DayCheck the day(s) you want to turn the wireless LAN on or off.
Except for the
following times
Specify a time frame during which the schedule would apply.
For example, if you set the time range from 12:00 to 23:00, the wireless LAN will be
turned on only during this time period.
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8.8 Wireless LAN Technical Reference
This section discusses wireless LANs in depth. For more information, see the appendix.
8.8.1 Wireless Network Overview
Wireless networks consist of wireless clients, access points and bridges.
•A wireless client is a radio connected to a user’s computer.
•An access point is a radio with a wired connection to a network, which can connect with
numerous wireless clients and let them access the network.
•A bridge is a radio that relays communications between access points and wireless clients,
extending a network’s range.
Traditionally, a wireless network operates in one of two ways.
•An “infrastructure” type of network has one or more access points and one or more wireless
clients. The wireless clients connect to the access points.
•An “ad-hoc” type of network is one in which there is no access point. Wireless clients connect to
one another in order to exchange information.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
ResetClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 38 Network > Wireless LAN > Scheduling
LABELDESCRIPTION
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The following figure provides an example of a wireless network.
Figure 53 Example of a Wireless Network
The wireless network is the part in the blue circle. In this wireless network, devices A and B use the
access point (AP) to interact with the other devices (such as the printer) or with the Internet. Your
ZyXEL Device is the AP.
Every wireless network must follow these basic guidelines.
•Every device in the same wireless network must use the same SSID.
The SSID is the name of the wireless network. It stands for Service Set IDentifier.
•If two wireless networks overlap, they should use a different channel.
Like radio stations or television channels, each wireless network uses a specific channel, or
frequency, to send and receive information.
•Every device in the same wireless network must use security compatible with the AP.
Security stops unauthorized devices from using the wireless network. It can also protect the
information that is sent in the wireless network.
Radio Channels
In the radio spectrum, there are certain frequency bands allocated for unlicensed, civilian use. For
the purposes of wireless networking, these bands are divided into numerous channels. This allows a
variety of networks to exist in the same place without interfering with one another. When you
create a network, you must select a channel to use.
Since the available unlicensed spectrum varies from one country to another, the number of
available channels also varies.
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8.8.2 Additional Wireless Terms
The following table describes some wireless network terms and acronyms used in the ZyXEL
Device’s Web Configurator.
8.8.3 Wireless Security Overview
By their nature, radio communications are simple to intercept. For wireless data networks, this
means that anyone within range of a wireless network without security can not only read the data
passing over the airwaves, but also join the network. Once an unauthorized person has access to
the network, he or she can steal information or introduce malware (malicious software) intended to
compromise the network. For these reasons, a variety of security systems have been developed to
ensure that only authorized people can use a wireless data network, or understand the data carried
on it.
These security standards do two things. First, they authenticate. This means that only people
presenting the right credentials (often a username and password, or a “key” phrase) can access the
network. Second, they encrypt. This means that the information sent over the air is encoded. Only
people with the code key can understand the information, and only people who have been
authenticated are given the code key.
These security standards vary in effectiveness. Some can be broken, such as the old Wired
Equivalent Protocol (WEP). Using WEP is better than using no security at all, but it will not keep a
determined attacker out. Other security standards are secure in themselves but can be broken if a
user does not use them properly. For example, the WPA-PSK security standard is very secure if you
use a long key which is difficult for an attacker’s software to guess - for example, a twenty-letter
long string of apparently random numbers and letters - but it is not very secure if you use a short
key which is very easy to guess - for example, a three-letter word from the dictionary.
Because of the damage that can be done by a malicious attacker, it’s not just people who have
sensitive information on their network who should use security. Everybody who uses any wireless
network should ensure that effective security is in place.
Table 39 Additional Wireless Terms
TERMDESCRIPTION
RTS/CTS ThresholdIn a wireless network which covers a large area, wireless devices are sometimes
not aware of each other’s presence. This may cause them to send information to
the AP at the same time and result in information colliding and not getting through.
By setting this value lower than the default value, the wireless devices must
sometimes get permission to send information to the ZyXEL Device. The lower the
value, the more often the devices must get permission.
If this value is greater than the fragmentation threshold value (see below), then
wireless devices never have to get permission to send information to the ZyXEL
Device.
PreambleA preamble affects the timing in your wireless network. There are two preamble
modes: long and short.If a device uses a different preamble mode than the ZyXEL
Device does, it cannot communicate with the ZyXEL Device.
AuthenticationThe process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless
network.
Fragmentation
Threshold
A small fragmentation threshold is recommended for busy networks, while a larger
threshold provides faster performance if the network is not very busy.
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A good way to come up with effective security keys, passwords and so on is to use obscure
information that you personally will easily remember, and to enter it in a way that appears random
and does not include real words. For example, if your mother owns a 1970 Dodge Challenger and
her favorite movie is Vanishing Point (which you know was made in 1971) you could use
“70dodchal71vanpoi” as your security key.
The following sections introduce different types of wireless security you can set up in the wireless
network.
8.8.3.1 SSID
Normally, the ZyXEL Device acts like a beacon and regularly broadcasts the SSID in the area. You
can hide the SSID instead, in which case the ZyXEL Device does not broadcast the SSID. In
addition, you should change the default SSID to something that is difficult to guess.
This type of security is fairly weak, however, because there are ways for unauthorized wireless
devices to get the SSID. In addition, unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that
is sent in the wireless network.
8.8.3.2 MAC Address Filter
Every device that can use a wireless network has a unique identification number, called a MAC
address.
1
A MAC address is usually written using twelve hexadecimal characters
2
; for example,
00A0C5000002 or 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. To get the MAC address for each device in the wireless
network, see the device’s User’s Guide or other documentation.
You can use the MAC address filter to tell the ZyXEL Device which devices are allowed or not
allowed to use the wireless network. If a device is allowed to use the wireless network, it still has to
have the correct information (SSID, channel, and security). If a device is not allowed to use the
wireless network, it does not matter if it has the correct information.
This type of security does not protect the information that is sent in the wireless network.
Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized wireless devices to get the MAC address of an
authorized device. Then, they can use that MAC address to use the wireless network.
8.8.3.3 User Authentication
Authentication is the process of verifying whether a wireless device is allowed to use the wireless
network. You can make every user log in to the wireless network before using it. However, every
device in the wireless network has to support IEEE 802.1x to do this.
For wireless networks, you can store the user names and passwords for each user in a RADIUS
server. This is a server used in businesses more than in homes. If you do not have a RADIUS server,
you cannot set up user names and passwords for your users.
Unauthorized wireless devices can still see the information that is sent in the wireless network,
even if they cannot use the wireless network. Furthermore, there are ways for unauthorized
wireless users to get a valid user name and password. Then, they can use that user name and
password to use the wireless network.
1.Some wireless devices, such as scanners, can detect wireless networks but cannot use wireless networks. These kinds
of wireless devices might not have MAC addresses.
2.Hexadecimal characters are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
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8.8.3.4 Encryption
Wireless networks can use encryption to protect the information that is sent in the wireless
network. Encryption is like a secret code. If you do not know the secret code, you cannot
understand the message.
The types of encryption you can choose depend on the type of authentication. (See Section 8.8.3.3
on page 140 for information about this.)
For example, if the wireless network has a RADIUS server, you can choose WPA or WPA2. If users
do not log in to the wireless network, you can choose no encryption, Static WEP, WPA-PSK, or
WPA2-PSK.
Usually, you should set up the strongest encryption that every device in the wireless network
supports. For example, suppose you have a wireless network with the ZyXEL Device and you do not
have a RADIUS server. Therefore, there is no authentication. Suppose the wireless network has two
devices. Device A only supports WEP, and device B supports WEP and WPA-PSK. Therefore, you
should set up Static WEP in the wireless network.
Note: It is recommended that wireless networks use WPA-PSK, WPA, or stronger
encryption. The other types of encryption are better than none at all, but it is still
possible for unauthorized wireless devices to figure out the original information
pretty quickly.
When you select WPA2 or WPA2-PSK in your ZyXEL Device, you can also select an option (WPA
compatible) to support WPA as well. In this case, if some of the devices support WPA and some
support WPA2, you should set up WPA2-PSK or WPA2 (depending on the type of wireless network
login) and select the WPA compatible option in the ZyXEL Device.
Many types of encryption use a key to protect the information in the wireless network. The longer
the key, the stronger the encryption. Every device in the wireless network must have the same key.
8.8.4 Signal Problems
Because wireless networks are radio networks, their signals are subject to limitations of distance,
interference and absorption.
Problems with distance occur when the two radios are too far apart. Problems with interference
occur when other radio waves interrupt the data signal. Interference may come from other radio
transmissions, such as military or air traffic control communications, or from machines that are
coincidental emitters such as electric motors or microwaves. Problems with absorption occur when
physical objects (such as thick walls) are between the two radios, muffling the signal.
Table 40 Types of Encryption for Each Type of Authentication
NO AUTHENTICATIONRADIUS SERVER
WeakestNo SecurityWPA
Static WEP
WPA-PSK
StrongestWPA2-PSKWPA2
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8.8.5 BSS
A Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless stations or between a
wireless station and a wired network client go through one access point (AP).
Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless stations in the BSS. When Intra-BSS traffic blocking is
disabled, wireless station A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other.
When Intra-BSS traffic blocking is enabled, wireless station A and B can still access the wired
network but cannot communicate with each other.
Figure 54 Basic Service set
8.8.6 MBSSID
Traditionally, you need to use different APs to configure different Basic Service Sets (BSSs). As well
as the cost of buying extra APs, there is also the possibility of channel interference. The ZyXEL
Device’s MBSSID (Multiple Basic Service Set IDentifier) function allows you to use one access point
to provide several BSSs simultaneously. You can then assign varying QoS priorities and/or security
modes to different SSIDs.
Wireless devices can use different BSSIDs to associate with the same AP.
8.8.6.1 Notes on Multiple BSSs
•A maximum of eight BSSs are allowed on one AP simultaneously.
•You must use different keys for different BSSs. If two wireless devices have different BSSIDs
(they are in different BSSs), but have the same keys, they may hear each other’s
communications (but not communicate with each other).
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•MBSSID should not replace but rather be used in conjunction with 802.1x security.
8.8.7 Wireless Distribution System (WDS)
The ZyXEL Device can act as a wireless network bridge and establish WDS (Wireless Distribution
System) links with other APs. You need to know the MAC addresses of the APs you want to link to.
Once the security settings of peer sides match one another, the connection between devices is
made.
At the time of writing, WDS security is compatible with other ZyXEL access points only. Refer to
your other access point’s documentation for details.
The following figure illustrates how WDS link works between APs. Notebook computer A is a
wireless client connecting to access point AP 1. AP 1 has no wired Internet connection, but it can
establish a WDS link with access point AP 2, which has a wired Internet connection. When AP 1
has a WDS link with AP 2, the notebook computer can access the Internet through AP 2.
Figure 55 WDS Link Example
8.8.8 WiFi Protected Setup (WPS)
Your ZyXEL Device supports WiFi Protected Setup (WPS), which is an easy way to set up a secure
wireless network. WPS is an industry standard specification, defined by the WiFi Alliance.
WPS allows you to quickly set up a wireless network with strong security, without having to
configure security settings manually. Each WPS connection works between two devices. Both
devices must support WPS (check each device’s documentation to make sure).
Depending on the devices you have, you can either press a button (on the device itself, or in its
configuration utility) or enter a PIN (a unique Personal Identification Number that allows one device
to authenticate the other) in each of the two devices. When WPS is activated on a device, it has two
minutes to find another device that also has WPS activated. Then, the two devices connect and set
up a secure network by themselves.
8.8.8.1 Push Button Configuration
WPS Push Button Configuration (PBC) is initiated by pressing a button on each WPS-enabled
device, and allowing them to connect automatically. You do not need to enter any information.
Not every WPS-enabled device has a physical WPS button. Some may have a WPS PBC button in
their configuration utilities instead of or in addition to the physical button.
Take the following steps to set up WPS using the button.
1Ensure that the two devices you want to set up are within wireless range of one another.
WDS
AP 2
AP 1
A
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2Look for a WPS button on each device. If the device does not have one, log into its configuration
utility and locate the button (see the device’s User’s Guide for how to do this - for the ZyXEL
Device, see Section 8.5 on page 134).
3Press the button on one of the devices (it doesn’t matter which). For the ZyXEL Device you must
press the WPS button for more than three seconds.
4Within two minutes, press the button on the other device. The registrar sends the network name
(SSID) and security key through an secure connection to the enrollee.
If you need to make sure that WPS worked, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s
configuration utility. If you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful.
8.8.8.2 PIN Configuration
Each WPS-enabled device has its own PIN (Personal Identification Number). This may either be
static (it cannot be changed) or dynamic (in some devices you can generate a new PIN by clicking
on a button in the configuration interface).
Use the PIN method instead of the push-button configuration (PBC) method if you want to ensure
that the connection is established between the devices you specify, not just the first two devices to
activate WPS in range of each other. However, you need to log into the configuration interfaces of
both devices to use the PIN method.
When you use the PIN method, you must enter the PIN from one device (usually the wireless client)
into the second device (usually the Access Point or wireless router). Then, when WPS is activated
on the first device, it presents its PIN to the second device. If the PIN matches, one device sends
the network and security information to the other, allowing it to join the network.
Take the following steps to set up a WPS connection between an access point or wireless router
(referred to here as the AP) and a client device using the PIN method.
1Ensure WPS is enabled on both devices.
2Access the WPS section of the AP’s configuration interface. See the device’s User’s Guide for how to
do this.
3Look for the client’s WPS PIN; it will be displayed either on the device, or in the WPS section of the
client’s configuration interface (see the device’s User’s Guide for how to find the WPS PIN - for the
ZyXEL Device, see Section 8.4 on page 133).
4Enter the client’s PIN in the AP’s configuration interface.
5If the client device’s configuration interface has an area for entering another device’s PIN, you can
either enter the client’s PIN in the AP, or enter the AP’s PIN in the client - it does not matter which.
6Start WPS on both devices within two minutes.
7Use the configuration utility to activate WPS, not the push-button on the device itself.
8On a computer connected to the wireless client, try to connect to the Internet. If you can connect,
WPS was successful.
If you cannot connect, check the list of associated wireless clients in the AP’s configuration utility. If
you see the wireless client in the list, WPS was successful.
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The following figure shows a WPS-enabled wireless client (installed in a notebook computer)
connecting to the WPS-enabled AP via the PIN method.
Figure 56 Example WPS Process: PIN Method
8.8.8.3 How WPS Works
When two WPS-enabled devices connect, each device must assume a specific role. One device acts
as the registrar (the device that supplies network and security settings) and the other device acts
as the enrollee (the device that receives network and security settings. The registrar creates a
secure EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) tunnel and sends the network name (SSID) and the
WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared key to the enrollee. Whether WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK is used
depends on the standards supported by the devices. If the registrar is already part of a network, it
sends the existing information. If not, it generates the SSID and WPA(2)-PSK randomly.
ENROLLEE
SECURE EAP TUNNEL
SSID
WPA(2)-PSK
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
COMMUNICATION
This device’s
WPS
Enter WPS PIN
WPS
from other device:
WPS PIN: 123456
WPS
START
WPS
START
REGISTRAR
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The following figure shows a WPS-enabled client (installed in a notebook computer) connecting to a
WPS-enabled access point.
Figure 57 How WPS works
The roles of registrar and enrollee last only as long as the WPS setup process is active (two
minutes). The next time you use WPS, a different device can be the registrar if necessary.
The WPS connection process is like a handshake; only two devices participate in each WPS
transaction. If you want to add more devices you should repeat the process with one of the existing
networked devices and the new device.
Note that the access point (AP) is not always the registrar, and the wireless client is not always the
enrollee. All WPS-certified APs can be a registrar, and so can some WPS-enabled wireless clients.
By default, a WPS devices is “unconfigured”. This means that it is not part of an existing network
and can act as either enrollee or registrar (if it supports both functions). If the registrar is
unconfigured, the security settings it transmits to the enrollee are randomly-generated. Once a
WPS-enabled device has connected to another device using WPS, it becomes “configured”. A
configured wireless client can still act as enrollee or registrar in subsequent WPS connections, but a
configured access point can no longer act as enrollee. It will be the registrar in all subsequent WPS
connections in which it is involved. If you want a configured AP to act as an enrollee, you must reset
it to its factory defaults.
8.8.8.4 Example WPS Network Setup
This section shows how security settings are distributed in an example WPS setup.
The following figure shows an example network. In step 1, both AP1 and Client 1 are
unconfigured. When WPS is activated on both, they perform the handshake. In this example, AP1
SECURE TUNNEL
SECURITY INFO
WITHIN 2 MINUTES
COMMUNICATION
ACTIVATE
WPS
ACTIVATE
WPS
WPS HANDSHAKE
REGISTRARENROLLEE
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is the registrar, and Client 1 is the enrollee. The registrar randomly generates the security
information to set up the network, since it is unconfigured and has no existing information.
Figure 58 WPS: Example Network Step 1
In step 2, you add another wireless client to the network. You know that Client 1 supports registrar
mode, but it is better to use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new client since you must
connect to the access point anyway in order to use the network. In this case, AP1 must be the
registrar, since it is configured (it already has security information for the network). AP1 supplies
the existing security information to Client 2.
Figure 59 WPS: Example Network Step 2
REGISTRARENROLLEE
SECURITY INFO
CLIENT 1
AP1
REGISTRAR
CLIENT 1
AP1
ENROLLEE
CLIENT 2
EXISTING CONNECTION
S
E
C
U
R
I
T
Y
I
N
F
O
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In step 3, you add another access point (AP2) to your network. AP2 is out of range of AP1, so you
cannot use AP1 for the WPS handshake with the new access point. However, you know that Client
2 supports the registrar function, so you use it to perform the WPS handshake instead.
Figure 60 WPS: Example Network Step 3
8.8.8.5 Limitations of WPS
WPS has some limitations of which you should be aware.
•WPS works in Infrastructure networks only (where an AP and a wireless client communicate). It
does not work in Ad-Hoc networks (where there is no AP).
•When you use WPS, it works between two devices only. You cannot enroll multiple devices
simultaneously, you must enroll one after the other.
For instance, if you have two enrollees and one registrar you must set up the first enrollee (by
pressing the WPS button on the registrar and the first enrollee, for example), then check that it
successfully enrolled, then set up the second device in the same way.
•WPS works only with other WPS-enabled devices. However, you can still add non-WPS devices to
a network you already set up using WPS.
WPS works by automatically issuing a randomly-generated WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK pre-shared
key from the registrar device to the enrollee devices. Whether the network uses WPA-PSK or
WPA2-PSK depends on the device. You can check the configuration interface of the registrar
device to discover the key the network is using (if the device supports this feature). Then, you
can enter the key into the non-WPS device and join the network as normal (the non-WPS device
must also support WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK).
CLIENT 1
AP1
REGISTRAR
CLIENT 2
EXISTING CONNECTION
S
E
C
U
R
I
T
Y
I
N
F
O
ENROLLEE
AP2
E
X
I
S
T
I
N
G
C
O
N
N
E
C
T
I
O
N
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•When you use the PBC method, there is a short period (from the moment you press the button
on one device to the moment you press the button on the other device) when any WPS-enabled
device could join the network. This is because the registrar has no way of identifying the
“correct” enrollee, and cannot differentiate between your enrollee and a rogue device. This is a
possible way for a hacker to gain access to a network.
You can easily check to see if this has happened. WPS works between only two devices
simultaneously, so if another device has enrolled your device will be unable to enroll, and will not
have access to the network. If this happens, open the access point’s configuration interface and
look at the list of associated clients (usually displayed by MAC address). It does not matter if the
access point is the WPS registrar, the enrollee, or was not involved in the WPS handshake; a
rogue device must still associate with the access point to gain access to the network. Check the
MAC addresses of your wireless clients (usually printed on a label on the bottom of the device). If
there is an unknown MAC address you can remove it or reset the AP.
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CHAPTER 9
Network Address Translation (NAT)
9.1 Overview
This chapter discusses how to configure NAT on the ZyXEL Device. NAT (Network Address
Translation - NAT, RFC 1631) is the translation of the IP address of a host in a packet, for example,
the source address of an outgoing packet, used within one network to a different IP address known
within another network.
9.1.1 What You Can Do in the NAT Screens
•Use the NAT General Setup screen (Section 9.2 on page 152) to configure the NAT setup
settings.
•Use the Port Forwarding screen (Section 9.3 on page 153) to configure forward incoming
service requests to the server(s) on your local network.
•Use the Address Mapping screen (Section 9.4 on page 156) to change your ZyXEL Device’s
address mapping settings.
•Use the ALG screen (Section 9.5 on page 158) to enable and disable the SIP (VoIP) ALG in the
ZyXEL Device.
9.1.2 What You Need To Know About NAT
Inside/Outside
Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the ZyXEL Device, for example, the
computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the
outside hosts.
Global/Local
Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for
example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local
network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is
traveling in the WAN side.
NAT
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber
(the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the
WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside
global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host.
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Port Forwarding
A port forwarding set is a list of inside (behind NAT on the LAN) servers, for example, web or FTP,
that you can make visible to the outside world even though NAT makes your whole inside network
appear as a single computer to the outside world.
Finding Out More
See Section 9.6 on page 159 for advanced technical information on NAT.
9.2 The NAT General Setup Screen
Use this screen to activate NAT. Click Network > NAT to open the following screen.
Note: You must create an IP filter rule in addition to setting up NAT, to allow traffic from
the WAN to be forwarded through the ZyXEL Device.
Figure 61 Network > NAT > General
The following table describes the labels in this screen.
Table 41 Network > NAT > General
LABELDESCRIPTION
Active Network
Address Translation
Select this check box to enable NAT.
SUA OnlySelect this radio button if you have just one public WAN IP address for your ZyXEL
Device.
Full Feature Select this radio button if you have multiple public WAN IP addresses for your ZyXEL
Device.
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9.3 The Port Forwarding Screen
Use this screen to forward incoming service requests to the server(s) on your local network.
You may enter a single port number or a range of port numbers to be forwarded, and the local IP
address of the desired server. The port number identifies a service; for example, web service is on
port 80 and FTP on port 21. In some cases, such as for unknown services or where one server can
support more than one service (for example both FTP and web service), it might be better to
specify a range of port numbers. You can allocate a server IP address that corresponds to a port or
a range of ports.
The most often used port numbers and services are shown in Appendix F on page 351. Please refer
to RFC 1700 for further information about port numbers.
Note: Many residential broadband ISP accounts do not allow you to run any server
processes (such as a Web or FTP server) from your location. Your ISP may
periodically check for servers and may suspend your account if it discovers any
active services at your location. If you are unsure, refer to your ISP.
Default Server IP Address
In addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server IP address. A default
server receives packets from ports that are not specified in this screen.
Note: If you do not assign a Default Server IP address, the ZyXEL Device discards all
packets received for ports that are not specified here or in the remote management
setup.
Configuring Servers Behind Port Forwarding (Example)
Let's say you want to assign ports 21-25 to one FTP, Telnet and SMTP server (A in the example),
port 80 to another (B in the example) and assign a default server IP address of 192.168.1.35 to a
Max NAT/Firewall
Session Per User
When computers use peer to peer applications, such as file sharing applications, they
need to establish NAT sessions. If you do not limit the number of NAT sessions a single
client can establish, this can result in all of the available NAT sessions being used. In
this case, no additional NAT sessions can be established, and users may not be able to
access the Internet.
Each NAT session establishes a corresponding firewall session. Use this field to limit the
number of NAT/Firewall sessions client computers can establish through the ZyXEL
Device.
If your network has a small number of clients using peer to peer applications, you can
raise this number to ensure that their performance is not degraded by the number of
NAT sessions they can establish. If your network has a large number of users using peer
to peer applications, you can lower this number to ensure no single client is exhausting
all of the available NAT sessions.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 41 Network > NAT > General (continued)
LABELDESCRIPTION
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third (C in the example). You assign the LAN IP addresses and the ISP assigns the WAN IP address.
The NAT network appears as a single host on the Internet.
Figure 62 Multiple Servers Behind NAT Example
9.3.1 Configuring the Port Forwarding Screen
Click Network > NAT > Port Forwarding to open the following screen.
See Appendix F on page 351 for port numbers commonly used for particular services.
Figure 63 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
A=192.168.1.33
D=192.168.1.36
C=192.168.1.35
B=192.168.1.34
WAN
LAN
192.168.1.1
IP Address assigned by ISP
Table 42 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding
LABELDESCRIPTION
Default Server Setup
Default ServerIn addition to the servers for specified services, NAT supports a default server. A default
server receives packets from ports that are not specified in this screen. If you do not
assign a Default Server IP address, the ZyXEL Device discards all packets received for
ports that are not specified here or in the remote management setup.
Port Forwarding
Service NameSelect a service from the drop-down list box.
Server IP AddressEnter the IP address of the server for the specified service.
AddClick this button to add a rule to the table below.
#This is the rule index number (read-only).
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9.3.2 The Port Forwarding Rule Edit Screen
Use this screen to edit a port forwarding rule. Click the rule’s edit icon in the Port Forwarding
screen to display the screen shown next.
Figure 64 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding: Edit
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
ActiveThis field indicates whether the rule is active or not.
Clear the check box to disable the rule. Select the check box to enable it.
Service NameThis is a service’s name.
Start Port This is the first port number that identifies a service.
End Port This is the last port number that identifies a service.
Port Translation
Start/End Port
This is the start/end port number that the device translates.
Server IP AddressThis is the server’s IP address.
ModifyClick the edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the port forwarding rule.
Click the delete icon to delete an existing port forwarding rule. Note that subsequent
address mapping rules move up by one when you take this action.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 42 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding (continued)
LABELDESCRIPTION
Table 43 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding: Edit
LABELDESCRIPTION
Rule Setup
ActiveClick this check box to enable the rule.
Service NameEnter a name to identify this port-forwarding rule.
Start Port Enter a port number in this field.
To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the End Port field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the start port number here and the end port number in
the End Port field.
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9.4 The Address Mapping Screen
Note: The Address Mapping screen is available only when you select Full Feature in
the NAT > General screen.
Ordering your rules is important because the ZyXEL Device applies the rules in the order that you
specify. When a rule matches the current packet, the ZyXEL Device takes the corresponding action
and the remaining rules are ignored. If there are any empty rules before your new configured rule,
your configured rule will be pushed up by that number of empty rules. For example, if you have
already configured rules 1 to 6 in your current set and now you configure rule number 9. In the set
summary screen, the new rule will be rule 7, not 9. Now if you delete rule 4, rules 5 to 7 will be
pushed up by 1 rule, so old rules 5, 6 and 7 become new rules 4, 5 and 6.
To change your ZyXEL Device’s address mapping settings, click Network > NAT >
Address Mapping to open the following screen.
Figure 65 Network > NAT > Address Mapping
End Port Enter a port number in this field.
To forward only one port, enter the port number again in the StartPort field above and
then enter it again in this field.
To forward a series of ports, enter the last port number in a series that begins with the
port number in the Start Port field above.
Server IP
Address
Enter the inside IP address of the server here.
Port Translation
Start / End Port
Enter the start port number here to which you want the device to translate the incoming
port. For a range of ports, you only need to enter the first number of the range to which
you want the incoming ports translated, the device automatically calculates the last port of
the translated port range.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 43 Network > NAT > Port Forwarding: Edit (continued)
LABELDESCRIPTION
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
9.4.1 The Address Mapping Rule Edit Screen
Use this screen to edit an address mapping rule. Click the rule’s edit icon in the Address Mapping
screen to display the screen shown next.
Figure 66 Network > NAT > Address Mapping: Edit
Table 44 Network > NAT > Address Mapping
LABELDESCRIPTION
#This is the rule index number.
Local Start IPThis is the starting Inside Local IP Address (ILA). Local IP addresses are N/A for Server
port mapping.
Local End IPThis is the end Inside Local IP Address (ILA). If the rule is for all local IP addresses, then
this field displays 0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and 255.255.255.255 as the
Local End IP address. This field is N/A for One-to-one and Server mapping types.
Global Start IPThis is the starting Inside Global IP Address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if you have a
dynamic IP address from your ISP. You can only do this for Many-to-One and Server
mapping types.
Global End IPThis is the ending Inside Global IP Address (IGA). This field is N/A for One-to-one,
Many-to-One and Server mapping types.
Type1-1: One-to-one mode maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Note that port
numbers do not change for the One-to-one NAT mapping type.
M-1: Many-to-One mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP address. This
is equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), ZyXEL's Single User Account
feature that previous ZyXEL routers supported only.
M-M Ov (Overload): Many-to-Many Overload mode maps multiple local IP addresses to
shared global IP addresses.
MM No (No Overload): Many-to-Many No Overload mode maps each local IP address to
unique global IP addresses.
Server: This type allows you to specify inside servers of different services behind the NAT
to be accessible to the outside world.
ModifyClick the edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the address mapping rule.
Click the delete icon to delete an existing address mapping rule. Note that subsequent
address mapping rules move up by one when you take this action.
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The following table describes the fields in this screen.
9.5 The ALG Screen
Some NAT routers may include a SIP Application Layer Gateway (ALG). A SIP ALG allows SIP calls
to pass through NAT by examining and translating IP addresses embedded in the data stream.
When the ZyXEL Device registers with the SIP register server, the SIP ALG translates the ZyXEL
Device’s private IP address inside the SIP data stream to a public IP address. You do not need to
use STUN or an outbound proxy if your ZyXEL Device is behind a SIP ALG.
Table 45 Network > NAT > Address Mapping: Edit
LABELDESCRIPTION
TypeChoose the port mapping type from one of the following.
One-to-One: One-to-One mode maps one local IP address to one global IP address. Note
that port numbers do not change for One-to-one NAT mapping type.
Many-to-One: Many-to-One mode maps multiple local IP addresses to one global IP
address. This is equivalent to SUA (i.e., PAT, port address translation), ZyXEL's Single User
Account feature that previous ZyXEL routers supported only.
Many-to-Many Overload: Many-to-Many Overload mode maps multiple local IP
addresses to shared global IP addresses.
Many-to-Many No Overload: Many-to-Many No Overload mode maps each local IP
address to unique global IP addresses.
Server: This type allows you to specify inside servers of different services behind the NAT
to be accessible to the outside world.
Local Start IPThis is the starting local IP address (ILA). Local IP addresses are N/A for Server port
mapping.
Local End IPThis is the end local IP address (ILA). If your rule is for all local IP addresses, then enter
0.0.0.0 as the Local Start IP address and 255.255.255.255 as the Local End IP
address.
This field is N/A for One-to-One and Server mapping types.
Global Start IPThis is the starting global IP address (IGA). Enter 0.0.0.0 here if you have a dynamic IP
address from your ISP.
Global End IPThis is the ending global IP address (IGA). This field is N/A for One-to-One, Many-to-
One and Server mapping types.
Server Mapping
Set
Edit Details
Click this link to go to the Port Forwarding screen to edit a port forwarding set that you
have selected in the Server Mapping Set field.
BackClick this to return to the previous screen without saving.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
CancelClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
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Use this screen to enable and disable the SIP (VoIP) ALG in the ZyXEL Device. To access this
screen, click Network > NAT > ALG.
Figure 67 Network > NAT > ALG
The following table describes the fields in this screen.
9.6 NAT Technical Reference
This chapter contains more information regarding NAT.
9.6.1 NAT Definitions
Inside/outside denotes where a host is located relative to the ZyXEL Device, for example, the
computers of your subscribers are the inside hosts, while the web servers on the Internet are the
outside hosts.
Global/local denotes the IP address of a host in a packet as the packet traverses a router, for
example, the local address refers to the IP address of a host when the packet is in the local
network, while the global address refers to the IP address of the host when the same packet is
traveling in the WAN side.
Note that inside/outside refers to the location of a host, while global/local refers to the IP address
of a host used in a packet. Thus, an inside local address (ILA) is the IP address of an inside host in
a packet when the packet is still in the local network, while an inside global address (IGA) is the IP
address of the same inside host when the packet is on the WAN side. The following table
summarizes this information.
Table 46 Network > NAT > ALG
LABELDESCRIPTION
Enable SIP ALGSelect this to make sure SIP (VoIP) works correctly with port-forwarding and address-
mapping rules.
ApplyClick this to save your changes.
ResetClick this to restore your previously saved settings.
Table 47 NAT Definitions
ITEMDESCRIPTION
InsideThis refers to the host on the LAN.
OutsideThis refers to the host on the WAN.
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NAT never changes the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host.
9.6.2 What NAT Does
In the simplest form, NAT changes the source IP address in a packet received from a subscriber
(the inside local address) to another (the inside global address) before forwarding the packet to the
WAN side. When the response comes back, NAT translates the destination address (the inside
global address) back to the inside local address before forwarding it to the original inside host. Note
that the IP address (either local or global) of an outside host is never changed.
The global IP addresses for the inside hosts can be either static or dynamically assigned by the ISP.
In addition, you can designate servers, for example, a web server and a telnet server, on your local
network and make them accessible to the outside world. If you do not define any servers (for Many-
to-One and Many-to-Many Overload mapping – see Table 48 on page 162), NAT offers the
additional benefit of firewall protection. With no servers defined, your ZyXEL Device filters out all
incoming inquiries, thus preventing intruders from probing your network. For more information on
IP address translation, refer to RFC 1631, The IP Network Address Translator (NAT).
9.6.3 How NAT Works
Each packet has two addresses – a source address and a destination address. For outgoing packets,
the ILA (Inside Local Address) is the source address on the LAN, and the IGA (Inside Global
Address) is the source address on the WAN. For incoming packets, the ILA is the destination
address on the LAN, and the IGA is the destination address on the WAN. NAT maps private (local)
IP addresses to globally unique ones required for communication with hosts on other networks. It
replaces the original IP source address (and TCP or UDP source port numbers for Many-to-One and
Many-to-Many Overload NAT mapping) in each packet and then forwards it to the Internet. The
ZyXEL Device keeps track of the original addresses and port numbers so incoming reply packets can
have their original values restored. The following figure illustrates this.
Figure 68 How NAT Works
LocalThis refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the LAN.
GlobalThis refers to the packet address (source or destination) as the packet travels on the WAN.
Table 47 NAT Definitions (continued)
ITEMDESCRIPTION
192.168.1.13
192.168.1.10
192.168.1.11
192.168.1.12
SA
192.168.1.10
SA
IGA1
Inside Local
IP Address
192.168.1.10
192.168.1.11
192.168.1.12
192.168.1.13
Inside Global
IP Address
IGA 1
IGA 2
IGA 3
IGA 4
NAT Table
WAN
LAN
Inside Local
Address (ILA)
Inside Global
Address (IGA)
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161
9.6.4 NAT Application
The following figure illustrates a possible NAT application, where three inside LANs (logical LANs
using IP alias) behind the ZyXEL Device can communicate with three distinct WAN networks.
Figure 69 NAT Application With IP Alias
9.6.5 NAT Mapping Types
NAT supports five types of IP/port mapping. They are:
•One to One: In One-to-One mode, the ZyXEL Device maps one local IP address to one global IP
address.
•Many to One: In Many-to-One mode, the ZyXEL Device maps multiple local IP addresses to one
global IP address. This is equivalent to SUA (for instance, PAT, port address translation), ZyXEL’s
Single User Account feature that previous ZyXEL routers supported (the SUA Only option in
today’s routers).
•Many to Many Overload: In Many-to-Many Overload mode, the ZyXEL Device maps the
multiple local IP addresses to shared global IP addresses.
•Many-to-Many No Overload:
In Many-to-Many No Overload mode, the ZyXEL Device maps
each local IP address to a unique global IP address.
•Server: This type allows you to specify inside servers of different services behind the NAT to be
accessible to the outside world.
Port numbers do NOT change for One-to-One and Many-to-Many No Overload NAT mapping
types.
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162
The following table summarizes these types.
Table 48 NAT Mapping Types
TYPEIP MAPPING
One-to-OneILA1ÅÆ IGA1
Many-to-One (SUA/PAT)ILA1ÅÆ IGA1
ILA2ÅÆ IGA1
…
Many-to-Many OverloadILA1ÅÆ IGA1
ILA2ÅÆ IGA2
ILA3ÅÆ IGA1
ILA4ÅÆ IGA2
…
Many-to-Many No OverloadILA1ÅÆ IGA1
ILA2ÅÆ IGA2
ILA3ÅÆ IGA3
…
ServerServer 1 IPÅÆ IGA1
Server 2 IPÅÆ IGA1
Server 3 IPÅÆ IGA1
ADSL Router Series User’s Guide163
CHAPTER 10
Firewall
10.1 Overview
This chapter shows you how to enable the ZyXEL Device firewall. Use the firewall to protect your
ZyXEL Device and network from attacks by hackers on the Internet and control access to it. The
firewall:
•allows traffic that originates from your LAN computers to go to all other networks.
•blocks traffic that originates on other networks from going to the LAN.
•blocks SYN and port scanner attacks.
By default, the ZyXEL Device blocks DDOS, LAND and Ping of Death attacks whether the firewall is
enabled or disabled.
The following figure illustrates the firewall action. User A can initiate an IM (Instant Messaging)
session from the LAN to the WAN (1). Return traffic for this session is also allowed (2). However
other traffic initiated from the WAN is blocked (3 and 4).
Figure 70 Default Firewall Action
10.1.1 What You Can Do in the Firewall Screens
•Use the Firewall screen (Section 10.3 on page 167) to enable firewall and/or IPv6 firewall on the
ZyXEL Device.
•Use the General screen (Section 10.3 on page 167) to select the firewall protection level on the
ZyXEL Device.
•Use the Default Action screen (Section 10.4 on page 168) to set the default action that the
firewall takes on packets that do not match any of the firewall rules.
•Use the Rules screen (Section 10.5 on page 169) to view the configured firewall rules and add,
edit or remove a firewall rule.
WAN
LAN
3
4
1
2
A
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164
•Use the DoS screen (Section 10.6 on page 174) to set the thresholds that the ZyXEL Device uses
to determine when to start dropping sessions that do not become fully established (half-open
sessions).
10.1.2 What You Need to Know About Firewall
SYN Attack
A SYN attack floods a targeted system with a series of SYN packets. Each packet causes the
targeted system to issue a SYN-ACK response. While the targeted system waits for the ACK that
follows the SYN-ACK, it queues up all outstanding SYN-ACK responses on a backlog queue. SYN-
ACKs are moved off the queue only when an ACK comes back or when an internal timer terminates
the three-way handshake. Once the queue is full, the system will ignore all incoming SYN requests,
making the system unavailable for legitimate users.
DoS
Denials of Service (DoS) attacks are aimed at devices and networks with a connection to the
Internet. Their goal is not to steal information, but to disable a device or network so users no longer
have access to network resources. The ZyXEL Device is pre-configured to automatically detect and
thwart all known DoS attacks.
DDoS
A Distributed DoS (DDoS) attack is one in which multiple compromised systems attack a single
target, thereby causing denial of service for users of the targeted system.
LAND Attack
In a Local Area Network Denial (LAND) attack, hackers flood SYN packets into the network with a
spoofed source IP address of the target system. This makes it appear as if the host computer sent
the packets to itself, making the system unavailable while the target system tries to respond to
itself.
Ping of Death
Ping of Death uses a "ping" utility to create and send an IP packet that exceeds the maximum
65,536 bytes of data allowed by the IP specification. This may cause systems to crash, hang or
reboot.
SPI
Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) tracks each connection crossing the firewall and makes sure it is
valid. Filtering decisions are based not only on rules but also context. For example, traffic from the
WAN may only be allowed to cross the firewall in response to a request from the LAN.
RFC 4890 SPEC Traffic
RFC 4890 specifies the filtering policies for ICMPv6 messages. This is important for protecting
against security threats including DoS, probing, redirection attacks and renumbering attacks that
Chapter 10 Firewall
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165
can be carried out through ICMPv6. Since ICMPv6 error messages are critical for establishing and
maintaining communications, filtering policy focuses on ICMPv6 informational messages.
Anti-Probing
If an outside user attempts to probe an unsupported port on your ZyXEL Device, an ICMP response
packet is automatically returned. This allows the outside user to know the ZyXEL Device exists. The
ZyXEL Device supports anti-probing, which prevents the ICMP response packet from being sent.
This keeps outsiders from discovering your ZyXEL Device when unsupported ports are probed.
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a message control and error-reporting protocol
between a host server and a gateway to the Internet. ICMP uses Internet Protocol (IP) datagrams,
but the messages are processed by the TCP/IP software and directly apparent to the application
user.
DoS Thresholds
For DoS attacks, the ZyXEL Device uses thresholds to determine when to drop sessions that do not
become fully established. These thresholds apply globally to all sessions. You can use the default
threshold values, or you can change them to values more suitable to your security requirements.
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10.2 The Firewall Screen
Use this screen to enable firewall and/or SPI. Click Security > Firewall to display the following
screen.
Note: The firewall configuration screen shown in this section is specific to the following
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