ps [options] [process_ID]
If run without any options, this command displays a table of all your own programs
or processes—those you started. The options for this command are not preceded
by hyphen.
aux
Displays a detailed list of all processes, independent of the owner
kill [options] process_ID
Unfortunately, sometimes a program cannot be terminated in the normal way.
In most cases, you should still be able to stop such a runaway program by exe-
cuting the kill command, specifying the respective process ID (see top and ps).
kill sends a TERM signal that instructs the program to shut itself down. If this
does not help, the following parameter can be used:
-9
Sends a KILL signal instead of a TERM signal, bringing the specied process
to an end in almost all cases
killall [options] processname
This command is similar to kill, but uses the process name (instead of the process
ID) as an argument, killing all processes with that name.
7.12.2.3 Network
ping [options] hostname_or_IP address
The ping command is the standard tool for testing the basic functionality of TCP/IP
networks. It sends a small data packet to the destination host, requesting an im-
mediate reply. If this works, ping displays a message to that eect, which indicates
that the network link is basically functioning.
-c
number
Determines the total number of packages to send and ends after they have
been dispatched (by default, there is no limitation set)
-f
ood ping: sends as many data packages as possible; a popular means, re-
served for root, to test networks
-i
value
Species the interval between two data packages in seconds (default: one
second)
host [options] hostname [server]
The domain name system resolves domain names to IP addresses. With this tool,
send queries to name servers (DNS servers).
Shell Basics 113
