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the software is free for all its users. This General Public
License applie s to most of th e Free Softwar e Foundation’s
software and to an y other program whose a uthors co mmit
to using it. (Some othe r Free Software Foundation software
is covered by th e GNU Lesser Genera l Public License
instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
When we sp eak of free software, we are referr ing to
freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are
designed to make sure that you have the freedom to
distribute co pies of fre e software (and charge for this
service if you wish), that you receive sour ce code or can get
it if you want it, that you can change the softw are or use
pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you
can do these things.
To protect y our rights, we need to make restrictions th at
forbid anyone t o deny you these right s or to ask you to
surrender the r ights. These restri ctions translate to certain
responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the
software, o r if you m odify it.
For example, if you distribu te copies of su ch a program,
whether gr atis or for a fee, you mu st give the recipients all
the rights that y ou have. You m ust make sure that they, to o,
receive or can get t he source c ode. And you must s how
them thes e terms so they know th eir right s.
We protect y our rights with t wo steps: (1) copy right the
software, and (2) offer you this li cense which gives you legal
permission to c opy, distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author’s pr otection and ours, we want to
make certain that everyone understands that there is no
warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by
someone else and passed on, we want its recipi ents to
know that what they have is not the original, so that any
problems introduced by others will not reflect on the
original authors’ reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by
software patents. We wish to avoid the dange r that
redistributors of a free program will individually obtain
patent licenses , in effect making the program propri etary.
To preven t this, we have made it clear that any pa tent mus t
be licensed for everyo ne’s free use or not license d at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution
and modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING,
DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies t o any program or other work whic h
contains a notice plac ed by the cop yright holder saying it
may be distributed under the term s of this General Public
License. T he “Progr am”, below, re fers to any such
progra m or wor k, and a “work b ased on the Prog ram”
means either the Program or any deriv ative work under
copyright law: th at is to say, a work containing the
Progra m or a portion of it, either ver batim or wit h
modifications and/or translated into another language.
(Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term “modification”.) Each licensee is addressed as
“you”.
Activities other than copying, distributio n and
modification are not covered by this License; th ey are
outside its scope. The act of running the Progr am is not
restrict ed, and the output fr om the P rogram is c overed
only if its conten ts constitute a w ork based on the
Program (indepe ndent of having been made by running
the Progra m). Whet her that is t rue depe nds on w hat the
Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copi es of the
Program’s so urce code as you receive i t, in any m edium,
provided that you conspicuously and app ropriately
publish on each copy an appropriate copyright no tice
and disclaimer of warranty; ke ep intact all the notice s
that refer to th is License and to the absence of any
warranty; an d give any oth er recipie nts of the Pr ogram a
copy of this Lice nse along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring
a copy, an d you ma y at your opti on offer wa rranty
protection in exc hange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or
any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the
Program, and cop y and distribute such modification s or
work under the term s of Section 1 above, provided th at
you also meet all of these conditions:
a) You must cause the modified files to carry prominent
notices stating that you changed the files and the date
of any change.
b) You must c ause any work that you d istribute or
publish, that in wh ole or in part contains or is d erived
from the Program or any pa rt thereof, to be licensed as
a whole at no charge to all third parties under the
terms of this License.
c) If the modified program norm ally reads commands
interac tively when run, you must cause it, w hen
started runni ng for such interactiv e use in the most
ordinary way, to pr int or display an anno uncement
including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice
that there is no warr anty (or else, saying that you
provide a warranty) and that users may r edistribute the
program under these conditions, and telling the user
how to view a copy of this License. (Exce ption: if the
Program itself is interactive but does not normally
print such an announcement, your work based on the
Program is not require d to print an announcement .)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a
w h o le . I f i de n t i fia bl e s ec t i o ns o f t ha t w o r k a r e n ot d e r iv e d
from the Program, and can b e reasona bly cons idered
independent and separat e works in themselve s, then this
License, and its term s, do not apply t o those sections
when you distribute them as separate works. But when
you distribute the same section s as part of a whole which
is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the
whole must be on th e terms of this License, whose
permissions for other licensees extend to the en tire
whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who
wrote it.
Thus, it is not th e intent of th is section to c laim rights or
contest y our rights to work written entire ly by you; rathe r,
the intent is to exercise the r ight to control th e
distribution of derivative or collective works based on the
Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of an other work not based
on the Program with the Program (or with a work based
on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distrib ution
medium does not bring the other work un der the scope
of this L icense.
3. You may c opy and distrib ute the Prog ram (or a wo rk
based on it, under Sec tion 2) in object code o r executable
form under the ter ms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided
that you also do one of the following :
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding
machine-rea dable source c ode, which must be
distributed under the terms of Sec tions 1 and 2 above
on a medium customarily used for sof tware
interchang e; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offe r, valid for at least
three years, to give any third part y, for a charge no
more than your cost of physically p erforming s ource
distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the
corresponding source code, to be distributed under
the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,
c) Accompany it with the information you re ceived as to
the offer to distr ibute corresponding so urce code.
(This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial
distribution and only i f you received the program in
object code o r executable form with such an offer, i n
accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a w ork means the preferred form of
the work for making modifications to it. For an executable
work, complete source cod e means all the source code
for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface
definition files, plus the scripts used to control
compilation and installation of the exec utable. Ho wever,
as a special exception, the source code distributed need
not include any thing that is norma lly distributed (in
either s ource or bin ary form) wi th the major components
(compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on
which the ex ecutable runs, u nless that compone nt itself
accompanies the exec utable.
If distribution of execu table or object code is made by
offering access to copy from a designated place, then
offering equ ivalent access to copy the source code from
the same place coun ts as distribution of the sour ce code,
even thoug h third parties are not compe lled to copy t he
source along with the o bject code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the
Program ex cept as expr essly provi ded under thi s
License. Any attempt othe rwise to copy, m odify,
sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, partie s who have received co pies, or rights ,
from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remai n in full
compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this L icense, sinc e you
have not signe d it. However, noth ing else grants you
permission to modify or distribut e the Program or its
derivative w orks. These action s are prohibited by law if
you do not ac cept this License. The refore, by modifyin g
or distributi ng the Program (or any work based on t he
Program), you indic ate your acceptan ce of this License
to do so, and all its terms and conditions for co pying,
distributing or modifyin g the Program or works based on
it.
6. Each time you re distribute the Prog ram (or any work
based on the Pro gram), the re cipient automat ically
receives a license from the original licensor to copy,
distribute or modify the Program subje ct to these terms
and conditions. You may not impose any further
restrictio ns on the recipi ents’ exerci se of the rights
granted herein.
You are not responsib le for enforcing complianc e by
third parties to this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of
patent infrin gement or for any ot her reason (not limited
to patent issue s), conditions are imposed on you
(whether by court order, agreem ent or otherw ise) that
contradict the conditi ons of t his Licens e, they do n ot
excuse you fr om the conditions of this License. If you
cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultane ously your
obligations under this License and any other pertinen t
obligations , then as a conseq uence you may not
distribute the P rogram at all. Fo r example, if a p atent
license woul d not permit r oyalty-free redi stribution of the
Program by all t hose who receive co pies directly or
indirectly thro ugh you, then the on ly way you could
satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain e ntirely
from dis tributio n of the Program .
If any portion of this section is held invalid or
unenforcea ble under any particul ar circumstance, th e
balance of the section is intended to appl y and the
section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstance s.
It is not the purpose of this section to indu ce you to
infringe any patents or other pr operty right claims or to
contest validity of any such claims; this section has the
sole purpose of protec ting the integrity of the free
software distribution sy stem, which is implemented by
public l icense practic es. Ma ny peo ple have made
generous co ntributions to th e wide range of softwar e
distributed through that system in reliance o n consistent
application of that system; it is up to th e author/donor to
decide if he or she i s willing to distribute software
through any other system and a lice nsee cannot impose
that choice.
This section is intende d to make thorou ghly clear what is
believed to b e a consequ ence of t he rest of th is License.
8. If the distribu tion and/or use of the Program is restric ted
in certain countries either by patents o r by copyrighted
interfaces, the o riginal copyright holder who places th e
Program under t his License may add an explic it
geographical distribution limitation excluding those
countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or
among countries not thus exclu ded. In such case, this
License incorporates the limitation as if written in the
body of this L icense.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish re vised and/
or new versions of the General Public License from time
to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the
present version, but may differ in de tail to address new
problems or concern s.
Each version i s given a distinguishin g version number. If
the Program specifies a version number of this License
which applies to it and “any later version”, you have the
option of f ollowing the terms and con ditions ei ther of
that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Found ation. If the Program doe s not specify a
version nu mber of this License, y ou may choose any
version ever published by the Free Software Fou ndation.
10.If you wish to incorporate parts of the P rogram into other
free programs whose di stribution conditions are
different , write to t he author to ask for permi ssion. For
software which is copyrighted by the Free Software
Foundation, write to the Free Softwar e Foundation ; we
sometimes m ake exceptions fo r this. Our deci sion will be
guided by the two goals of preserving the free statu s of all
derivatives o f our fre e software and of pr omoting the
sharing and reu se of soft ware generally.
NO WARRANTY
11.BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF
CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE
PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE
STATED IN WRITING THE COP YRIGHT HOLDERS AND/
OR OTHER PARTIES PR OVIDE THE PROGRAM “AS IS”
WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND
PERF ORMANCE OF THE PR OGRAM IS WITH YOU .
SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU
ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY S ERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12.IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE
LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRI TING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT
HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY
AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS
PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR
DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM
(INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR
DATA BEING RENDERED INA CCURATE OR LOSSES
SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE
OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WI TH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER
PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
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