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KompoZer User Guide — 17 December 2007 Based on version 0.7.10 55

The print stylesheet is loaded later and includes the

rule

.extlink { display: inline; text-decora-

tion: underline; }

Underlining the links makes them stand out and

you may like to consider printing them in blue.

The order of loading the sheets is important be-

cause, if the print stylesheet were loaded first and the

unspecific ('all') sheet loaded subsequently this would

override the print sheet. See section 7.3.1

A7.2.2.3 Images

Images are the raison d'être of some pages so must

be printed, in others they vary from major irritants to

incidental material which may be omitted to save time

and ink. The same approach can be used as for menus

or, if all images are to be suppressed, the img element

may be given the style display: none;

A7.2.2.4 Backgrounds

Some browsers will not print backgrounds at all.

Others offer options, but this cannot be relied on. This

applies both to background images and solid colour.

On a page like this, if the menu is not suppressed it is

likely to print unreliably. The background colour, if

printed, may bleed into the white text, particularly with

low quality paper, and become unreadable. In such

cases it is much better to set up a new set of styles for

the buttons using colour schemes which are workable.

A7.2.3 Page media

Having decided what to print and where to print it,

the next thing to consider is page breaks. This is a

concept completely alien to screen devices. Of course

the page author cannot know the size of the sheet that

the page will be printed on, so manual page breaks are

out of the question and we must resort to using auto-

matic page breaks. Anyone who has used a word

processor or desk top publisher will know that this is a

'dodgy' process. No less with web pages, but the CSS

Specification does provide some assistance.

CaScadeS offers a tab for developing style sheets for

'aural' media (this type is now deprecated) but not print

media. As a result what follows can be implemented

only by editing the code by hand.

The CSS2.1 Specification covers paged media in

section 13. As already stated, the @page method is

largely unsupported as yet, but two properties which

may improve printed layout are page-break-before and

page-break after. These may be set to a value of

'always, 'avoid' or 'auto'.

Typically authors may force a page break before a

major heading, for instance:

h1 {page-break-before: always}

Similarly other headings can be kept with their

associated content by:

h3 {page-break-after: avoid}

The 'page-break-after' property is less well support-

ed, at least with the value 'avoid'.

The specification also includes the property page-

break-inside. This is intended to keep together associ-

ated content such as a table or div. Potentially this is

an extremely useful property and overcomes one of the

most annoying and spoiling features of printed pages

but as of 2007 appears to be unsupported.

To keep a block item together use a class like:

.keeptogether {page-break-inside: avoid}

A7.3 Getting results

A7.3.1 The right order

Having set up printer style sheets as described, all

should be well but there are a few precautions to take.

Normally there will be two sets of styles, one for

printed media, one for all media. If the two sets were for

printed media and screen media no ambiguity could

result but there are good reasons to avoid this approach:

Visitors using other media would be completely

disenfranchised.

Both style sheets would have to be comprehen-

sive, this would lead to more development and

more maintenance.

Instead of this, it is normal to use a style sheet

covering all media and a separate one for print media

which includes only a few styles – those few that need

to be different for print.

The specifications that control the cascading order

for styles dictate that the later encountered style rules

override those encountered earlier. Thus, if the rules

for print media are read first, followed by those for all

media, the latter will prevail and the print media rules

will be ignored. It is therefore important that the

link to the print style sheet should appear after

that to the normal style sheet.

CaScadeS enters style sheets in the head section in

the same order as shown in the 'Sheets and rules'

window.

To alter the order of linked, or internal, style sheets:

Open CaScadeS

In the sheets and rules window click a style sheet

Click the 'Up' or 'Down' button to change its

place in the listing.

A7.3.2 Inline styles

As a general rule, styles for print media cannot be

applied using inline styles. Possible exceptions are the

page-break properties. These apply only to paged me-

dia and are therefore meaningless and will be ignored

by screen and most other devices, however both print

and projection are paged media so may require differ-

ent breaks.

The cascading rules dictate that inline styles have

precedence over all others. Authors will probably use

inline styles sparingly and, other than the above,

should certainly avoid specifying any styles which do

not apply to all media. Inline style declarations will

override any print styles so any which could give

problems must be avoided.

A7.3.3 Images, Floats and page breaks

Here are a few of the issues that you might meet

when checking how your pages print. Some are un-

doubtedly due to the poor support for print media that

browsers manage to achieve in late 2007 others may

more properly be laid at the door of an inadequate

definition in the CSS specification of what should hap-

pen.

The comments here are more empirical than theo-

retical and are based on the most recent versions of the

main Browsers – Internet Explorer, Firefox and Opera.

A7.3.3.1 Page breaks

Page breaks will usually take place in the position

determined by the natural flow of the material encoun-

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