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VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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VigorSwitch P1092
PoE Smart Lite Giga Switch
User’s Guide
Version: 1.0
Firmware Version: V1.01.03
Date: January 12, 2018
(For future update, please visit DrayTek web site for further information)
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Information
Copyrights
© All rights reserved. This publication contains information that is protected by
copyright. No part may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a
retrieval system, or translated into any language without written permission from
the copyright holders.
Trademarks
The following trademarks are used in this document:
Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.
Windows, Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, 2000, XP, 7 and Explorer are
trademarks of Microsoft Corp.
Apple and Mac OS are registered trademarks of Apple Inc.
Other products may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective manufacturers.
Caution and Electronic Emission Notices
Caution
Circuit devices are sensitive to static electricity, which can damage their delicate
electronics. Dry weather conditions or walking across a carpeted floor may cause you
to acquire a static electrical charge.
To protect your device, always:
Touch the metal chassis of your computer to ground the static electrical charge
before you pick up the circuit device.
Pick up the device by holding it on the left and right edges only.
Warranty
We warrant to the original end user (purchaser) that the device will be free from any
defects in workmanship or materials for a period of one (1) years from the date of
purchase from the dealer. Please keep your purchase receipt in a safe place as it
serves as proof of date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of
purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship
and/or materials, we will, at our discretion, repair or replace the defective products or
components, without charge for either parts or labor, to whatever extent we deem
necessary tore-store the product to proper operating condition. Any replacement will
consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal value,
and will be offered solely at our discretion. This warranty will not apply if the
product is modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected
to abnormal working conditions. The warranty does not cover the bundled or licensed
software of other vendors. Defects which do not significantly affect the usability of
the product will not be covered by the warranty. We reserve the right to revise the
manual and online documentation and to make changes from time to time in the
contents hereof without obligation to notify any person of such revision or changes.
Be a Registered
Owner
Web registration is preferred. You can register your Vigor device via
http://www.draytek.com.
Firmware & Tools
Updates
Due to the continuous evolution of DrayTek technology, all devices will be regularly
upgraded. Please consult the DrayTek web site for more information on newest
firmware, tools and documents.
http://www.draytek.com
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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Chapter 1: Introduction.....................................................................................................1
1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Features.................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Packing List............................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 LED Indicators and Connectors.............................................................................................. 3
1.5 Hardware Installation .............................................................................................................. 4
1.5.5 Configuring the Management Agent of Switch................................................................. 6
1.5.6 IP Address Assignment .................................................................................................... 7
1.6 Typical Applications................................................................................................................11
Chapter 2: Basic Concept and Management.................................................................13
2.1 What’s the Ethernet............................................................................................................... 13
2.2 Media Access Control (MAC)................................................................................................ 15
2.3 Flow Control.......................................................................................................................... 20
Chapter 3: Operation of Web-based Management........................................................23
3.1 Web Management Home Overview...................................................................................... 24
3.2 System Information ............................................................................................................... 25
3.3 Port Statistics ........................................................................................................................ 26
3.4 Link Aggregation ................................................................................................................... 26
3.5 VLAN..................................................................................................................................... 27
3.6 Multicast................................................................................................................................ 28
3.7 PoE........................................................................................................................................ 29
3.8 QoS....................................................................................................................................... 30
3.9 Rate Limiting ......................................................................................................................... 32
3.10 Storm Control ...................................................................................................................... 33
3.11 Loop Prevention .................................................................................................................. 34
3.12 Port Mirroring ...................................................................................................................... 35
3.13 System Maintenance........................................................................................................... 36
Chapter 4: Trouble Shooting...........................................................................................39
4.1 Resolving No Link Condition.................................................................................................39
4.2 Q & A..................................................................................................................................... 39
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Eight PoE Gigabit Ports Smart Lite Switch is a standard switch that meets all IEEE
802.3/u/x/z Gigabit, Fast Ethernet specifications. The switch has 8 10/100/1000Mbps TP
ports with 2 SFP ports. It supports http interface for switch management. The network
administrator can logon the switch to monitor, configure and control each port’s activity. In
addition, the switch implements the QoS (Quality of Service), VLAN, and Trunking. It is
suitable for office application.
Others the switch increases support the Power saving for reduce the power consumption
with "ActiPHY Power Management" and "PerfectReach Power Management" two
techniques. It could efficient saving the switch power with auto detect the client idle and
cable length to provide different power.
10/100/1000Mbps TP is a standard Ethernet port that meets all IEEE 802.3/u/x/z Gigabit,
Fast Ethernet specifications. 1000Mbps SFP Fiber transceiver is a Gigabit Ethernet port
that fully complies with all IEEE 802.3z and 1000Base-SX/LX standards.
Below shows key features of this device:
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The switch offers powerful QoS function. This function supports 802.1p VLAN tag priority
and DSCP on Layer 3 of network framework.
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Support IEEE802.1Q Tag-based VLAN. Support 8 active VLANs and VLAN ID 1~4094.
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Allows one or more links to be aggregated together to form a Link Aggregation Group by
the static setting.
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The Power saving using the "ActiPHY Power Management" and "PerfectReach Power
Management" two techniques to detect the client idle and cable length automatically and
provides the different power. It could efficient to save the switch power and reduce the
power consumption.
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The VigorSwitch P1092, a standalone off-the-shelf switch, provides the comprehensive
features listed below for users to perform system network administration and efficiently
and securely serve your network.
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8 10/100/1000Mbps Auto-negotiation Gigabit Ethernet TP ports
Jumbo frame support 9KB
Programmable classifier for QoS (Layer 2)
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8K MAC address and support VLAN ID(1~4094)
Per-port shaping, policing, and Broadcast Storm Control
Power Saving with "ActiPHY Power Management" and "Perfect Reach Power
Management" techniques.
Full-duplex flow control (IEEE802.3x) and half-duplex backpressure
Extensive front-panel diagnostic LEDs; System: Power, TP Port1-8: LINK/ACT,
10/100/1000Mbps
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Supports per port traffic monitoring counters
Supports a snapshot of the system Information when you login
Supports port mirror function
Supports the static trunk function
Supports 802.1Q VLAN
Maximal packet length can be up to 9600 bytes for jumbo frame application
Supports Broadcasting Suppression to avoid network suspended or crashed
Supports to send the trap event while monitored events happened
Supports default configuration which can be restored to overwrite the current
configuration which is working on via Web UI and Reset button of the switch
Supports on-line plug/unplug SFP modules
Built-in web-based management, providing a more convenient UI for the user
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Before you start installing the switch, verify that the package contains the following:
VigorSwitch P1092
AC
Power Cord
Quick Start Guide
Rubber feet
Rack mount kit
Please notify your sales representative immediately if any of the aforementioned items is
missing or damaged.
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Before you use the Vigor device, please get acquainted with the LED indicators and
connectors first.
There are 8 Ethernet ports on the front panel of the switch. LED display area, locating on
the front panel, contains an ACT, Power LED and 8 ports working status of the switch.
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LED Color Explanation
On (Green) Connected over the PoE maximum power budget.
PoE/Alert
Off Connected within the PoE maximum power
budget.
On (Green) The switch is powered on and runs normally.
PWR/SYS
Off The switch is not ready or is failed.
On (Green) The port is supplied with PoE power.
PoE for Ports
1~8
Off No PoE power is supplied on the port.
On (Green) The device is connected with 1000Mbps.
On (Amber)
The device is connected with 10/100Mbps.
Blinking
The system is sending or receiving data through the
port.
RJ 45
LNK/ACT for
Ports 1 ~ 8
Off The port is disconnected or the link is failed.
On (Green) The device is connected with 1000Mbps.
On (Amber) The device is connected with 10/100Mbps.
Blinking The system is sending or receiving data through the
port.
SFP
LNK/ACT for
Port 9 ~ 10
Off
The port is disconnected or the link is failed.
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Interface Description
RJ 45 LNK/ACT Port 1 ~ 8
PoE for Port 1 ~ 8
Port 1 to Port 8 can be used for Ethernet connection
and PoE connection, depending on the device
connected
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SFP Port 9 ~ 10
Used for fiber connection.
Power inlet for AC input (100~240V/AC,
50/60Hz).
Power Output -- IEEE 802.3af Max. 15.4W Output Supported;
IEEE 802.3at Max. 30W Output Supported
PoE Power Budget -- 110 Watts (Max)
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Case 1: All switch ports are in the same local area network.
Every port can access each other. (*The switch image is sample only.)
If VLAN is enabled and configured, each node in the network that can communicate each
other directly is bounded in the same VLAN area.
Case 2: The same VLAN members can be at different switches with the same VID
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1. Install the switch on a level surface that can support the weight of the unit and the
relevant components.
2. Plug the switch with the female end of the provided power cord and plug the male
end to the power outlet.
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The switch may be standalone, or mounted in a rack. Rack mounting facilitate to an orderly
installation when you are going to install series of networking devices.
Procedures to Rack-mount the switch:
1. Disconnect all the cables from the switch before continuing.
2. Place the unit the right way up on a hard, flat surface with the front facing you.
3. Locate a mounting bracket over the mounting holes on one side of the unit.
4. Insert the screws and fully tighten with a suitable screwdriver.
5. Repeat the two previous steps for the other side of the unit.
6. Insert the unit into the rack and secure with suitable screws.
7. Reconnect all the cables.
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Crossover or straight-through cable: All the ports on the switch support
Auto-MDI/MDI-X functionality. Both straight-through or crossover cables can be used
as the media to connect the switch with PCs as well as other devices like switches, hubs
or router.
Category 3, 4, 5 or 5e, 6 UTP/STP cable: To make a valid connection and obtain the
optimal performance, an appropriate cable that corresponds to different
transmitting/receiving speed is required. To choose a suitable cable, please refer to the
following table.
Media Speed Wiring
10 Mbps Category 3,4,5 UTP/STP
100Mbps Category 5 UTP/STP
10/100/1000
Mbps copper
1000 Mbps Category 5e, 6 UTP/STP
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Users can monitor and configure the switch through the following procedures.
Configuring the Management Agent of VigorSwitch P1092 through the Ethernet Port.
Web-based UI for the switch is an interface in a highly friendly way to configure and
monitor the switch through the switch’s Ethernet port.
Managing VigorSwitch P1092 through Ethernet Port
Before start using the switch, the IP address setting of the switch should be done, then
perform the following steps:
1. Set up a physical path between the configured the switch and a PC by a qualified UTP
Cat. 5 cable with RJ-45 connector.
Note: If PC directly connects to the switch, you have to setup the same subnet mask
between them. But, subnet mask may be different for the PC in the remote site.
Please refer to the above figure about the 24-Port GbE Smart Lite Switch default IP
address information.
2. Run web browser and follow the menu. Please refer to Chapter 3.
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For IP address configuration, there are three parameters needed to be filled in. They are IP
address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway and DNS.
IP address:
The address of the network device in the network is used for internetworking
communication. Its address structure looks is shown below. It is “classful” because it is
split into predefined address classes or categories.
Each class has its own network range between the network identifier and host identifier in
the 32 bits address. Each IP address comprises two parts: network identifier (address) and
host identifier (address). The former indicates the network where the addressed host resides,
and the latter indicates the individual host in the network which the address of host refers to.
And the host identifier must be unique in the same LAN. Here the term of IP address we
used is version 4, known as IPv4.
Network identifier Host identifier
32 bits
With the classful addressing, it divides IP address into three classes, class A, class B and
class C. The rest of IP addresses are for multicast and broadcast. The bit length of the
network prefix is the same as that of the subnet mask and is denoted as IP address/X, for
example, 192.168.1.0/24. Each class has its address range described below.
Class A:
Address is less than 126.255.255.255. There are a total of 126 networks can be defined
because the address 0.0.0.0 is reserved for default route and 127.0.0.0/8 is reserved for
loopback function.
Class B:
IP address range between 128.0.0.0 and 191.255.255.255. Each class B network has a
16-bit network prefix followed 16-bit host address. There are 16,384 (2^14)/16 networks
able to be defined with a maximum of 65534 (2^16 –2) hosts per network.
Class C:
IP address range between 192.0.0.0 and 223.255.255.255. Each class C network has a
24-bit network prefix followed 8-bit host address. There are 2,097,152 (2^21)/24 networks
able to be defined with a maximum of 254 (2^8 –2) hosts per network.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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Class D and E:
Class D is a class with first 4 MSB (Most significance bit) set to 1-1-1-0 and is used for IP
Multicast. See also RFC 1112. Class E is a class with first 4 MSB set to 1-1-1-1 and is used
for IP broadcast.
According to IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), there are three specific IP
address blocks reserved and able to be used for extending internal network. We call it
Private IP address and list below:
Class A 10.0.0.0 --- 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 --- 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 --- 192.168.255.255
Please refer to RFC 1597 and RFC 1466 for more information.
Subnet mask:
It means the sub-division of a class-based network or a CIDR block. The subnet is used to
determine how to split an IP address to the network prefix and the host address in bitwise
basis. It is designed to utilize IP address more efficiently and ease to manage IP network.
For a class B network, 128.1.2.3, it may have a subnet mask 255.255.0.0 in default, in
which the first two bytes is with all 1s. This means more than 60 thousands of nodes in flat
IP address will be at the same network. It’s too large to manage practically. Now if we
divide it into smaller network by extending network prefix from 16 bits to, say 24 bits,
that’s using its third byte to subnet this class B network. Now it has a subnet mask
255.255.255.0, in which each bit of the first three bytes is 1. It’s now clear that the first two
bytes is used to identify the class B network, the third byte is used to identify the subnet
within this class B network and, of course, the last byte is the host number.
Not all IP address is available in the sub-netted network. Two special addresses are
reserved. They are the addresses with all zero’s and all one’s host number. For example, an
IP address 128.1.2.128, what IP address reserved will be looked like? All 0s mean the
network itself, and all 1s mean IP broadcast.
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In this diagram, you can see the subnet mask with 25-bit long, 255.255.255.128, contains
126 members in the sub-netted network. Another is that the length of network prefix equals
the number of the bit with 1s in that subnet mask. With this, you can easily count the
number of IP addresses matched. The following table shows the result.
Prefix Length No. of IP matched No. of Addressable IP
/32 1 -
/31 2 -
/30 4 2
/29 8 6
/28 16 14
/27 32 30
/26 64 62
/25 128 126
/24 256 254
/23 512 510
/22 1024 1022
/21 2048 2046
/20 4096 4094
/19 8192 8190
/18 16384 16382
/17 32768 32766
/16 65536 65534
According to the scheme above, a subnet mask 255.255.255.0 will partition a network with
the class C. It means there will have a maximum of 254 effective nodes existed in this
sub-netted network and is considered a physical network in an autonomous network. So it
owns a network IP address which may looks like 168.1.2.0.
With the subnet mask, a bigger network can be cut into small pieces of network. If we want
to have more than two independent networks in a worknet, a partition to the network must
be performed. In this case, subnet mask must be applied.
For different network applications, the subnet mask may look like 255.255.255.240. This
means it is a small network accommodating a maximum of 15 nodes in the network.
Default gateway:
For the routed packet, if the destination is not in the routing table, all the traffic is put into
the device with the designated IP address, known as default router. Basically, it is a routing
policy. The gateway setting is used for Trap Events Host only in the switch.
For assigning an IP address to the switch, you just have to check what the IP address of the
network will be connected with the switch. Use the same network address and append your
host address to it.
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First, IP Address: as shown above, enter “192.168.1.224”, for instance. For sure, an IP
address such as 192.168.1.x must be set on your PC.
Second, Subnet Mask: as shown above, enter “255.255.255.0”. Any subnet mask such as
255.255.255.x is allowable in this case.
Note
: The DHCP Setting is enabled in default.
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The VigorSwitch implements 8 Gigabit Ethernet TP ports with auto MDIX and two slots
for the removable module supporting comprehensive fiber types of connection including
LC and BiDi-LC SFP modules. The switch is suitable for the following applications.
Central Site/Remote site application is used in carrier or ISP
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It is a system wide basic reference connection diagram. This diagram demonstrates how the
switch connects with other network devices and hosts.
Peer-to-peer application is used in two remote offices
Office network
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This chapter will tell you the basic concept of features to manage this switch and how they
work.
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Ethernet originated and was implemented at Xerox in Palo Alto, CA in 1973 and was
successfully commercialized by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Intel and Xerox
(DIX) in 1980. In 1992, Grand Junction Networks unveiled a new high speed Ethernet with
the same characteristic of the original Ethernet but operated at 100Mbps, called Fast
Ethernet now. This means Fast Ethernet inherits the same frame format, CSMA/CD,
software interface. In 1998, Gigabit Ethernet was rolled out and provided 1000Mbps. Now
10G/s Ethernet is under approving. Although these Ethernet have different speed, they still
use the same basic functions. So they are compatible in software and can connect each
other almost without limitation. The transmission media may be the only problem.
In the above figure, we can see that Ethernet locates at the Data Link layer and Physical
layer and comprises three portions, including logical link control (LLC), media access
control (MAC), and physical layer. The first two comprises Data link layer, which
performs splitting data into frame for transmitting, receiving acknowledge frame, error
checking and re-transmitting when not received correctly as well as provides an error-free
channel upward to network layer.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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This above diagram shows the Ethernet architecture, LLC sub-layer and MAC sub-layer,
which are responded to the Data Link layer, and transceivers, which are responded to the
Physical layer in OSI model. In this section, we are mainly describing the MAC sub-layer.
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Data link layer is composed of both the sub-layers of MAC and MAC-client. Here MAC
client may be logical link control or bridge relay entity.
Logical link control supports the interface between the Ethernet MAC and upper layers in
the protocol stack, usually Network layer, which is nothing to do with the nature of the
LAN. So it can operate over other different LAN technology such as Token Ring, FDDI
and so on. Likewise, for the interface to the MAC layer, LLC defines the services with the
interface independent of the medium access technology and with some of the nature of the
medium itself.
The table above is the format of LLC PDU. It comprises four fields, DSAP, SSAP, Control
and Information. The DSAP address field identifies the one or more service access points,
in which the I/G bit indicates it is individual or group address. If all bit of DSAP is 1s, it’s a
global address. The SSAP address field identifies the specific services indicated by C/R bit
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
15
(command or response). The DSAP and SSAP pair with some reserved values indicates
some well-known services listed in the table below.
LLC type 1 connectionless service, LLC type 2 connection-oriented service and LLC type
3 acknowledge connectionless service are three types of LLC frame for all classes of
service. In Fig 3-2, it shows the format of Service Access Point (SAP). Please refer to
IEEE802.2 for more details.
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Because LAN is composed of many nodes, for the data exchanged among these nodes,
each node must have its own unique address to identify who should send the data or should
receive the data. In OSI model, each layer provides its own mean to identify the unique
address in some form, for example, IP address in network layer.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
16
The MAC is belonged to Data Link Layer (Layer 2), the address is defined to be a 48-bit
long and locally unique address. Since this type of address is applied only to the Ethernet
LAN media access control (MAC), they are referred to as MAC addresses.
The first three bytes are Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI) code assigned by IEEE.
The last three bytes are the serial number assigned by the vendor of the network device. All
these six bytes are stored in a non-volatile memory in the device. Their format is as the
following table and normally written in the form as aa-bb-cc-dd-ee-ff, a 12 hexadecimal
digits separated by hyphens, in which the aa-bb-cc is the OUI code and the dd-ee-ff is the
serial number assigned by manufacturer.
Bit 47 Bit 0
1
st
byte 2
nd
byte 3
rd
byte 4
th
byte 5
th
byte 6
th
byte
OUI code Serial number
The first bit of the first byte in the Destination address (DA) determines the address to be a
Unicast (0) or Multicast frame (1), known as I/G bit indicating individual (0) or group (1).
So the 48-bit address space is divided into two portions, Unicast and Multicast. The second
bit is for global-unique (0) or locally-unique address. The former is assigned by the device
manufacturer, and the later is usually assigned by the administrator. In practice,
global-unique addresses are always applied.
A unicast address is identified with a single network interface. With this nature of MAC
address, a frame transmitted can exactly be received by the target an interface the
destination MAC points to.
A multicast address is identified with a group of network devices or network interfaces. In
Ethernet, a many-to-many connectivity in the LANs is provided. It provides a mean to send
a frame to many network devices at a time. When all bit of DA is 1s, it is a broadcast,
which means all network device except the sender itself can receive the frame and
response.
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There are two major forms of Ethernet frame, type encapsulation and length encapsulation,
both of which are categorized as four frame formats 802.3/802.2 SNAP, 802.3/802.2,
Ethernet II and Netware 802.3 RAW. We will introduce the basic Ethernet frame format
defined by the IEEE 802.3 standard required for all MAC implementations. It contains
seven fields explained below.
PRE SFD DA SA Type/Length Data Pad bit if any FCS
7 7 6 6 2 46-1500 4
Preamble (PRE) - The PRE is 7-byte long with alternating pattern of ones and zeros used
to tell the receiving node that a frame is coming, and to synchronize the physical receiver
with the incoming bit stream. The preamble pattern is:
10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010
Start-of-frame delimiter (SFD) - The SFD is one-byte long with alternating pattern of
ones and zeros, ending with two consecutive 1-bits. It immediately follows the preamble
and uses the last two consecutive 1s bit to indicate that the next bit is the start of the data
packet and the left-most bit in the left-most byte of the destination address. The SFD
pattern is 10101011.
Destination address (DA) - The DA field is used to identify which network device(s)
should receive the packet. It is a unique address. Please see the section of MAC addressing.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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Source addresses (SA) - The SA field indicates the source node. The SA is always an
individual address and the left-most bit in the SA field is always 0.
Length/Type - This field indicates either the number of the data bytes contained in the data
field of the frame, or the Ethernet type of data. If the value of first two bytes is less than or
equal to 1500 in decimal, the number of bytes in the data field is equal to the Length/Type
value, i.e. this field acts as Length indicator at this moment. When this field acts as Length,
the frame has optional fields for 802.3/802.2 SNAP encapsulation, 802.3/802.2
encapsulation and Netware 802.3 RAW encapsulation. Each of them has different fields
following the Length field.
If the Length/Type value is greater than 1500, it means the Length/Type acts as Type.
Different type value means the frames with different protocols running over Ethernet being
sent or received.
For example,
0x0800 IP datagram
0x0806 ARP
0x0835 RARP
0x8137 IPX datagram
0x86DD IPv6
Data - Less than or equal to 1500 bytes and greater or equal to 46 bytes. If data is less than
46 bytes, the MAC will automatically extend the padding bits and have the payload be
equal to 46 bytes. The length of data field must equal the value of the Length field when
the Length/Type acts as Length.
Frame check sequence (FCS) - This field contains a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check
(CRC) value, and is a check sum computed with DA, SA, through the end of the data field
with the following polynomial.
It is created by the sending MAC and recalculated by the receiving MAC to check if the
packet is damaged or not.
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The MAC sub-layer has two primary jobs to do:
1. Receiving and transmitting data. When receiving data, it parses frame to detect error;
when transmitting data, it performs frame assembly.
2. Performing Media access control. It prepares the initiation jobs for a frame
transmission and makes recovery from transmission failure.
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As Ethernet adopted Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detect (CSMA/CD), it
detects if there is any carrier signal from another network device running over the physical
medium when a frame is ready for transmission. This is referred to as sensing carrier, also
“Listen”. If there is signal on the medium, the MAC defers the traffic to avoid a
transmission collision and waits for a random period of time, called backoff time, then
sends the traffic again.
After the frame is assembled, when transmitting the frame, the preamble (PRE) bytes are
inserted and sent first, then the next, Start of frame Delimiter (SFD), DA, SA and through
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
18
the data field and FCS field in turn. The followings summarize what a MAC does before
transmitting a frame.
1. MAC will assemble the frame. First, the preamble and Start-of-Frame delimiter will be
put in the fields of PRE and SFD, followed DA, SA, tag ID if tagged VLAN is applied,
Ethertype or the value of the data length, and payload data field, and finally put the
FCS data in order into the responded fields.
2. Listen if there is any traffic running over the medium. If yes, wait.
3. If the medium is quiet, and no longer senses any carrier, the MAC waits for a period of
time, i.e. inter-frame gap time to have the MAC ready with enough time and then start
transmitting the frame.
4. During the transmission, MAC keeps monitoring the status of the medium. If no
collision happens until the end of the frame, it transmits successfully. If there is a
collision happened, the MAC will send the patterned jamming bit to guarantee the
collision event propagated to all involved network devices, then wait for a random
period of time, i.e. backoff time. When backoff time expires, the MAC goes back to the
beginning state and attempts to transmit again. After a collision happens, MAC
increases the transmission attempts. If the count of the transmission attempt reaches 16
times, the frame in MAC’s queue will be discarded.
Ethernet MAC transmits frames in half-duplex and full-duplex ways. In halfduplex
operation mode, the MAC can either transmit or receive frame at a moment, but cannot do
both jobs at the same time.
As the transmission of a MAC frame with the half-duplex operation exists only in the same
collision domain, the carrier signal needs to spend time to travel to reach the targeted
device. For two most-distant devices in the same collision domain, when one sends the
frame first, and the second sends the frame, in worstcase, just before the frame from the
first device arrives. The collision happens and will be detected by the second device
immediately. Because of the medium delay, this corrupted signal needs to spend some time
to propagate back to the first device. The maximum time to detect a collision is
approximately twice the signal propagation time between the two most-distant devices.
This maximum time is traded-off by the collision recovery time and the diameter of the
LAN.
In the original 802.3 specification, Ethernet operates in half duplex only. Under this
condition, when in 10Mbps LAN, it’s 2500 meters, in 100Mbps LAN, it’s approximately
200 meters and in 1000Mbps, 200 meters. According to the theory, it should be 20 meters.
But it’s not practical, so the LAN diameter is kept by using to increase the minimum frame
size with a variable-length non-data extension bit field which is removed at the receiving
MAC. The following tables are the frame format suitable for 10M, 100M and 1000M
Ethernet, and some parameter values that shall be applied to all of these three types of
Ethernet.
Actually, the practice Gigabit Ethernet chips do not feature this so far. They all have their
chips supported full-duplex mode only, as well as all network vendors’ devices. So this
criterion should not exist at the present time and in the future. The switch’s Gigabit module
supports only full-duplex mode.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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Parameter
value/LAN
10Base 100Base 1000Base
Max. collision
domain DTE to
DTE
100 meters 100 meters for
UTP
412 meters for
fiber
100 meters for
UTP
316 meters for
fiber
Max. collision
domain with
repeater
2500 meters 205 meters 200 meters
Slot time
512 bit times 512 bit times 512 bit times
Interframe Gap
9.6us 0.96us 0.096us
AttemptLimit
16 16 16
BackoffLimit
10 10 10
JamSize
32 bits 32 bits 32 bits
MaxFrameSize
1518 1518 1518
MinFrameSize
64 64 64
BurstLimit
Not applicable Not applicable 65536 bits
In full-duplex operation mode, both transmitting and receiving frames are processed
simultaneously. This doubles the total bandwidth. Full duplex is much easier than half
duplex because it does not involve media contention, collision, retransmission schedule,
padding bits for short frame. The rest functions follow the specification of IEEE802.3. For
example, it must meet the requirement of minimum inter-frame gap between successive
frames and frame format the same as that in the half-duplex operation.
Because no collision will happen in full-duplex operation, for sure, there is no mechanism
to tell all the involved devices. What will it be if receiving device is busy and a frame is
coming at the same time? Can it use “backpressure” to tell the source device? A function
flow control is introduced in the full-duplex operation.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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Flow control is a mechanism to tell the source device stopping sending frame for a
specified period of time designated by target device until the PAUSE time expires. This is
accomplished by sending a PAUSE frame from target device to source device. When the
target is not busy and the PAUSE time is expired, it will send another PAUSE frame with
zero time-to-wait to source device. After the source device receives the PAUSE frame, it
will again transmit frames immediately. PAUSE frame is identical in the form of the MAC
frame with a pause-time value and with a special destination MAC address
01-80-C2-00-00-01. As per the specification, PAUSE operation can not be used to inhibit
the transmission of MAC control frame.
Normally, in 10Mbps and 100Mbps Ethernet, only symmetric flow control is supported.
However, some switches (e.g. 24-Port GbE Smart Lite Switch) support not only symmetric
but asymmetric flow controls for the special application. In Gigabit Ethernet, both
symmetric flow control and asymmetric flow control are supported. Asymmetric flow
control only allows transmitting PAUSE frame in one way from one side, the other side is
not but receipt-and-discard the flow control information. Symmetric flow control allows
both two ports to transmit PASUE frames each other simultaneously.
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After the end of a transmission, if a network node is ready to transmit data out and if there
is no carrier signal on the medium at that time, the device will wait for a period of time
known as an inter-frame gap time to have the medium clear and stabilized as well as to
have the jobs ready, such as adjusting buffer counter, updating counter and so on, in the
receiver site. Once the inter-frame gap time expires after the de-assertion of carrier sense,
the MAC transmits data. In IEEE802.3 specification, this is 96-bit time or more.
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Collision happens only in half-duplex operation. When two or more network nodes
transmit frames at approximately the same time, a collision always occurs and interferes
with each other. This results the carrier signal distorted and undiscriminated. MAC can
afford detecting, through the physical layer, the distortion of the carrier signal. When a
collision is detected during a frame transmission, the transmission will not stop
immediately but, instead, continues transmitting until the rest bits specified by jamSize are
completely transmitted. This guarantees the duration of collision is enough to have all
involved devices able to detect the collision. This is referred to as Jamming. After jamming
pattern is sent, MAC stops transmitting the rest data queued in the buffer and waits for a
random period of time, known as backoff time with the following formula. When backoff
time expires, the device goes back to the state of attempting to transmit frame. The backoff
time is determined by the formula below. When the times of collision is increased, the
backoff time is getting long until the collision times excess 16. If this happens, the frame
will be discarded and backoff time will also be reset.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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In essence, the frame reception is the same in both operations of half duplex and full
duplex, except that full-duplex operation uses two buffers to transmit and receive the frame
independently. The receiving node always “listens” if there is traffic running over the
medium when it is not receiving a frame. When a frame destined for the target device
comes, the receiver of the target device begins receiving the bit stream, and looks for the
PRE (Preamble) pattern and Start-of-Frame Delimiter (SFD) that indicates the next bit is
the starting point of the MAC frame until all bit of the frame is received.
For a received frame, the MAC will check:
1. If it is less than one slotTime in length, i.e. short packet, and if yes, it will be discarded
by MAC because, by definition, the valid frame must be longer than the slotTime. If
the length of the frame is less than one slotTime, it means there may be a collision
happened somewhere or an interface malfunctioned in the LAN. When detecting the
case, the MAC drops the packet and goes back to the ready state.
2. If the DA of the received frame exactly matches the physical address that the receiving
MAC owns or the multicast address designated to recognize. If not, discards it and the
MAC passes the frame to its client and goes back to the ready state.
3. If the frame is too long. If yes, throws it away and reports frame Too Long.
4. If the FCS of the received frame is valid. If not, for 10M and 100M Ethernet, discards
the frame. For Gigabit Ethernet or higher speed Ethernet, MAC has to check one more
field, i.e. extra bit field, if FCS is invalid. If there is any extra bits existed, which must
meet the specification of IEEE802.3. When both FCS and extra bits are valid, the
received frame will be accepted, otherwise discards the received frame and reports
frameCheckError if no extra bits appended or alignmentError if extra bits appended.
5. If the length/type is valid. If not, discards the packet and reports lengthError.
6. If all five procedures above are ok, then the MAC treats the frame as good and
de-assembles the frame.
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VLAN tagging is a 4-byte long data immediately following the MAC source address.
When tagged VLAN is applied, the Ethernet frame structure will have a little change
shown as follows.
Only two fields, VLAN ID and Tag control information are different in comparison with
the basic Ethernet frame. The rest fields are the same.
The first two bytes is VLAN type ID with the value of 0x8100 indicating the received
frame is tagged VLAN and the next two bytes are Tag Control Information (TCI) used to
provide user priority and VLAN ID, which are explained respectively in the following
table.
Bits 15-13
User Priority 7-0, 0 is lowest priority
Bit 12
CFI (Canonical Format Indicator)
1: RIF field is present in the tag header
0: No RIF field is present
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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Bits 11-0
VID (VLAN Identifier)
0x000: Null VID. No VID is present and only user priority is
present.
0x001: Default VID
0xFFF: Reserved
Note: RIF is used in Token Ring network to provide source routing and
comprises two fields, Routing Control and Route Descriptor.
When MAC parses the received frame and finds a reserved special value 0x8100 at the
location of the Length/Type field of the normal non-VLAN frame, it will interpret the
received frame as a tagged VLAN frame. If this happens in a switch, the MAC will forward
it, according to its priority and egress rule, to all the ports that is associated with that VID.
If it happens in a network interface card, MAC will deprive of the tag header and process it
in the same way as a basic normal frame. For a VLAN-enabled LAN, all involved devices
must be equipped with VLAN optional function.
At operating speeds above 100 Mbps, the slotTime employed at slower speeds is
inadequate to accommodate network topologies of the desired physical extent. Carrier
Extension provides a means by which the slotTime can be increased to a sufficient value
for the desired topologies, without increasing the minFrameSize parameter, as this would
have deleterious effects. Nondata bits, referred to as extension bits, are appended to frames
that are less than slotTime bits in length so that the resulting transmission is at least one
slotTime in duration. Carrier Extension can be performed only if the underlying physical
layer is capable of sending and receiving symbols that are readily distinguished from data
symbols, as is the case in most physical layers that use a block encoding/decoding scheme.
The maximum length of the extension is equal to the quantity (slotTime - minFrameSize).
The MAC continues to monitor the medium for collisions while it is transmitting extension
bits, and it will treat any collision that occurs after the threshold (slotTime) as a late
collision.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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This chapter would introduce how to manage your Smart Lite Switch and how to configure
the 10/100/1000Mbps TP Ports on the switch via web user interfaces. Smart Lite Switch
provides 8 fixed Gigabit Ethernet TP ports. With this facility, you can easily access and
monitor the status like MIBs, port activity, and multicast traffic through any ports on the
switch.
The default values of the Switch are listed in the figure below:
When the configuration of your Smart Lite Switch is finished, you can browse it by the IP
address you set up. For instance, uncheck the Enable box of DHCP Setting first (it is
enabled in default) on System Maintenance. Next, type http://192.168.1. in the address
row in a browser, then the following screen would show up and ask for your password
input for login and access authentication. The default password is “admin”. For the first
time access, please enter the default password, and click <Apply> button. The login
process now would be completed.
Smart Lite Switch supports a simplified user management function which allows only one
administrator to configure the switch at one time.
To optimize the display effect, we recommend Microsoft IE and 1024x768 display
resolution.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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After login, System Information would be displayed as the following illustration. This page
lists default values and shows you the basic information of the switch, including “Model
Name”, “Device Name”, “Firmware Version”, “Build Date”, “ MAC Address”, “IPv4
Address”, “Subnet Mask”, “Loop Detection Status” and “PoE Status”. With this
information, you will know the software version, MAC address, ports available and so on.
It would be helpful while malfunction occurred.
On the left side, the main menu tree for web is listed in the page. The functions of each
folder are described in its corresponded section respectively. As to the function names in
normal type are the sub-functions. When clicking it, the function is performed.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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Function name:
System Information
Function description:
System Information shows Model Name”, “Device Name”, “Firmware Version”, “Build
Date”, “ MAC Address”, “IPv4 Address”, “Subnet Mask”, “Loop Detection Status” and
“PoE Status” and etc.
Parameter description:
Port 1 ~ Port 10, LAG1/2
Display the connection status for each physical port. If
connected, transmission rate will be shown below the
port.
Model Name
Display the model name of the switch.
Device Name
Display the device name of such VigorSwitch. Click the
link to modify the device name if required.
Firmware Version
Display the firmware version in this switch.
Build Date
Display the date of the firmware released.
MAC address
It is the Ethernet MAC address of the management agent
in this switch.
IPv4 address
The IPv4 address of the switch.
Subnet Mask
The subnet mask of the switch.
Loop Detection Status
Normal: If loop detection is enabled and the switch does
not detect a loop or the function disabled.
Loop: If loop detection is enabled and the switch detects
a loop.
PoE Status
Normal: PoE output is under 90W.
Max: PoE output is over 90W.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
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Function name:
Port Statistics
Function description:
Display information, including link status, number of transmission packets and number of
receiving packets for each physical port.
Parameter description:
Link Status
Display if the connection for such port is up (with the
transmission rate) or down.
Num. of Tx Packets
Display the total number of outgoing packets transmitted
through such port.
Num. of Rx Packets
Display the total number of incoming packets through
such port.
Clear Counters
Remove all the statistics on this page.
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Function name:
Link Aggregation
Function description:
This page allows a user to configure Link Aggregation Group.
Parameter description:
Link Aggregation Mode
The type of the LAG.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
27
Disable: LAG function is disabled.
LACP: The groups of ports assigned to dynamic LAG
are candidate ports. LACP determines which candidate
ports are active member ports.
LACP mode
Passive: Inactive member port.
Active: Active member port.
Link Group Status
Display LAG port link status.
3
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5
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Function name:
VLAN
Function description:
This page allows a user to configure VLAN Interface related settings.
Parameter description:
PVID
A PVID (Port VLAN ID) is a tag that adds to incoming
untagged frames received on a port so that the frames are
forwarded to the VLAN group that the tag defines.
Apply PVID
Click it to modify the PVID settings.
VLAN List
Display available VLAN IDs.
Create New VLAN
Click it to create a new VLAN ID.
Modify
Click it to change VLAN ID number. 802.1Q Tag-based
page will appear for you to tagged or untagged members
(physical ports)
Tag Member: Specify the port is tagged in the VLAN.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
28
Untag Member Specify the port is untagged in the
VLAN.
Delete
Remove user-defined VLAN ID.
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Function name:
Multicast
Function description:
This page allows a user to block unknown multicast and enable/disable IGMP snooping.
Parameter description:
Blocking Unknown
Multicast
Enable: Drop all multicast packets.
Disable: Let all multicast packets pass through this
switch.
Enable IGMP Snooping
Enable: Block multicast packets.
Disable: Drop all multicast packets.
IGMP Snooping Status
Display the name of multicast group, related port number
and VLAN ID that applied with IGMP snooping.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
29
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Function name:
PoE
Function description:
The PoE page displays PoE working mode and PoE consuming power status.
Parameter description:
PoE Global Settings
Nominal Power Budget
Display the PoE Power budget.
Power Actived Ports
Display the total number of LAN port powered with PoE.
Consumed Power
Display consuming total PoE power.
PoE Status
Port
Click the number link to modify the PoE power for each
physical port.
PoE Status
Display the status (On or Off) for PoE connection.
Supplying Power (Watts)
Display the number of watts offered for LAN port.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
30
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S
Function name:
QoS
Function description:
This page allows users to configure settings for QoS.
Parameter description:
Disable
Disable the QoS function for LAN ports.
802.1p CoS
Apply 802.1p CoS for each LAN port.
Port-based
QoS settings would apply to specified LAN port only.
Scheduler Method
WFQ: Weighted fair queueing（WFQ）is an algorithm for
data packet scheduling. Such mechanism can specify, for
each flow, which fraction of the capacity will be given.
Strict Priority: Strict Priority (SP) can ensure service for
high-priority traffic. The software assigns the maximum
weights to each queue, to cause the queuing mechanism
to serve as many packets in one queue as possible before
moving to a lower queue. This method biases the queuing
mechanism to favor the higher queues over the lower
queues.
For example, strict queuing processes as many packets as
possible in qosp3 before processing any packets in qosp2,
then processes as many packets as possible in qosp2
before processing any packets in qosp1, and so on.
Apply
Save the settings or changes to the switch.
Port
The sequence of packets passing through LAN port(s)
will be processed according to the queue setting (listed
below) configured in this page.
Low Priority Queue
Normal Priority Queue
Medium Priority Queue
High Priority Queue
In which, packets transmitted via LAN Port with High
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
31
Priority queue will be processed with high priority.
1 ~ 10
1~10 means LAN port 1 ~ LAN port 10 of VigorSwitch.
Weight
Bandwidth for each queue (low priority queue to high
priority queue) is dispatched according to the weight
value. Use the drop down menu to select weight value for
each queue.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
32
3
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9
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Function name:
Rate Limiting
Function description:
This page allow users to configure ingress port rate limit and egress port rate limit. The
ingress rate limit is the number of bits per second that can be received from the ingress
interface. Excess bandwidth above this limit is discarded.
Parameter description:
Port
Display the port number.
Ingress rate
Unlimited: There is no limitation for i
ngress port.
512kbps ~ 512Mbps: Select the rate value for ingress
bandwidth control.
Egress rate
Unlimited: There is no limitation for egress port.
512kbps ~ 512Mbps: Select the rate value for egress
bandwidth control.
Apply
Save the settings or changes to the switch.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
33
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Function name:
Storm Control
Function description:
Configure the storm control rate for packets.
Parameter description:
Broadcast
Unlimited: There is no limitation for storm control rate
for unknown broadcast packet.
512kbps ~ 512Mbps: Select the storm control rate for
unknown broadcast packet.
Multicast
Unlimited: There is no limitation for storm control rate
for unknown multicast packet.
512kbps ~ 512Mbps: Select the storm control rate for
unknown multicast packet.
Unicast
Unlimited: There is no limitation for storm control rate
for unknown unicast packet.
512kbps ~ 512Mbps: Select the storm control rate for
unknown unicast packet.
Apply
Save the settings or changes to the switch.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
34
3
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1
1
1
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Function name:
Loop Prevention
Function description:
Switch will send out looping detection frame to detect the ports on the switch whether they
have looping traffic happen.
Parameter description:
Loop Control
Set the port loop detection.
Off: Disable the function of loop control.
Loop Detection Only: VigorSwitch will shut down a
port automatically when it detects a loop on that port.
However, the detected port will be active again if the loop
disappears.
Loop Detection&Prevention: VigorSwitch will shut
down a port automatically when it detects a loop on that
port.
Apply
Save the settings or changes to the switch.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
35
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Function name:
Port Mirroring
Function description:
Display mirroring port and mirrored port web page for detailed configuration.
Parameter description:
Port Mirroring
Select mirror session state.
Disable: Disable mirror.
Enable: Enable port-based mirror.
Mirroring Port
Port1 to Port10: Select a mirroring port by using the
drop down list.
Direction of Mirrored
Stream
Ingress: Select source RX ports to be mirrored.
Egress: Select source TX ports to be mirrored.
Both: Select source TX ports and RX ports to be
mirrored.
Mirrored Port
Select mirror session monitor port. Whether normal
packet could be sent or received by mirrored port.
Apply
Save the settings or changes to the switch.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
36
3
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Function name:
System Maintenance
Function description:
Parameter description:
Management IP Address
DHCP
Enable: Activate DHCP client of VigorSwitch.
Disable: Disable DHCP client of VigorSwitch.
IP Address
Enter the IP address of VigorSwitch.
Subnet Mask
Enter the subnet mask of VigorSwitch.
Apply IP address
Save the modification of IP address and subnet mask.
Management Password
New Password
Enter the password for new account.
Reconfirm New Password
Retype password to make sure the password is exactly
you typed before in “Password” field.
Apply password change
Save the modification of password setting.
Device Configuration
Restore
Restore the previously stored configuration file and apply
to such device.
Backup
Store the configuration for such device as a file.
Firmware Upgrade
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
37
Enter Upgrade Mode
Click it to open the following page.
Specify the new firmware and click Upgrade.
Reboot or Reset
Reset
Return to factory default settings.
Reboot
Reboot Vigor router with current settings.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
38
This page is left blank.
VigorSwitch P1092 User’s Guide
39
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The possible causes for a no link LED status are as follows:
The attached device is not powered on
The cable may not be the correct type or is faulty
The installed building premise cable is faulty
The port may be faulty
4
4
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Q
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:
:
Answer:
Vigor switch support loop detection in default. If you want to disable loop detection, you
can simply set STP --> STP Global Setting --> Global Setting --> BPDU Forward -->
flooding to filter.
Q
Q
2
2
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.
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?
?
Answer:
RSTP equals to Rapid Spanning Tree. Please follow the following direction to choose it:
STP --> STP Global Setting --> Global Setting --> Force Version --> RSTP.
3 …

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