Handleiding Celestron LCM Series (pagina 35 van 35) (Engels)

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INSTRUCTION MANUAL

60LCM • 70LCM • 76LCM • 80LCM • 90LCM • 114LCM

LCM SerieS

ENGLISH

Table of ConTenTs

INTRODUCTION ................................. 1

Warning ...................................... 1

ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Assembling the Telescope ........................ 4

Attaching the Hand Control Holder .............. 4

Attaching the Motorized Base to the Tripod ....... 4

Leveling the Telescope ........................ 5

Attaching the Telescope to the Base ............. 5

The Star Diagonal ............................ 5

The Eyepiece ................................ 5

Focusing ................................... 6

The StarPointer Finderscope ................... 6

Aligning the StarPointer ........................ 6

Attaching the Hand Control ..................... 6

Powering the Telescope ........................ 6

THE HAND CONTROL ............................ 7

Hand Control ................................ 7

Hand Control Operation ......................... 8

Alignment Procedure ......................... 8

Sky Align ................................... 8

Auto Two-Star Align .......................... 9

Two Star Alignment ........................... 9

One-Star Align .............................. 10

Solar System Align ........................... 10

Re-Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Object Catalog ................................11

Selecting an Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Slewing to an Object ..........................11

Finding Planets ..............................11

Tour Mode ..................................11

Constellation Tour ............................11

Direction Buttons .............................. 12

Rate Button ................................ 12

Set Up Procedures ............................. 12

Tracking Mode .............................. 12

Tracking Rate ............................... 12

View Time-Site .............................. 12

User Deﬁned Objects ........................ 12

Get R.A./DEC . .............................. 13

Goto R.A./ DEC . ............................ 13

Identify .................................... 13

Scope Setup Features .......................... 13

Anti-backlash ............................... 13

Slew Limits ................................. 13

Filter Limits ................................ 13

Direction Buttons ........................... 13

Goto Approach ............................. 13

Cordwrap .................................. 13

Utility Features ................................ 14

GPS On/Off ................................ 14

Light Control ............................... 14

Factory Setting ............................. 14

Version .................................... 14

Get Axis Position ............................ 14

Goto Axis Position ........................... 14

Hibernate .................................. 14

Sun Menu .................................. 14

Scrolling Menu .............................. 14

Calibrate Goto .............................. 14

Set Mount Position .......................... 14

LCM READY ................................... 15

TELESCOPE BASICS ............................. 16

Focusing .................................. 16

Image Orientation ........................... 16

Calculating Magniﬁcation ..................... 16

Determining Field of View ..................... 16

General Observing Hints ..................... 16

CELESTIAL OBSERVING ..........................17

Observing the Moon ..........................17

Lunar Observing Hints ........................17

Observing the Planets .........................17

Planetary Observing Hints .....................17

Observing the Sun ...........................17

Solar Observing Hints .........................17

Observing Deep Sky Objects ...................17

Seeing Conditions ........................... 18

Transparency ............................... 18

Sky Illumination ............................. 18

Seeing .................................... 18

TELESCOPE MAINTENANCE ..................... 18

Care and Cleaning of the Optics .................. 18

Collimation ................................... 18

OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES ........................ 20

APPENDIX A - TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS ........ 21

APPENDIX B - GLOSSARY OF TERMS .............. 22

APPENDIX C – MAPS OF TIME ZONES ............. 25

SKY MAPS ..................................... 27

InTroduCTIon

Congratulations on your purchase of the Celestron LCM

telescope! The LCM ushers in a whole new generation of

computer automated technology. Simple and friendly to use,

the LCM telescope is up and running after locating just three

bright celestial objects. It’s the perfect combination of power

and portability. If you are new to astronomy, you may wish to

start off by using the LCM’s built-in Sky Tour feature, which

commands the LCM to ﬁnd the most interesting objects in the

sky and automatically slews to each one. Or if you are more

experienced , you will appreciate the comprehensive database

of over 4,000 objects, including customized lists of all the best

deep-sky objects, planets, bright double stars. No matter at

what level you are starting out, the LCM will unfold for you and

your friends all the wonders of the Universe.

Some of the many standard features of the LCM

telescope include:

• Incredible3°/secondslewspeed.

• Fullyenclosedmotorsandopticalencodersfor

position location.

• Computerizedhandcontrollerwith4,000objectdatabase.

• Storageforprogrammableuserdenedobjects;and

• Manyotherhighperformancefeatures!

The LCM’s deluxe features combined with Celestron’s legendary

optical standards give amateur astronomers one of the most

sophisticated and easy to use telescopes available on the

market today.

Take time to read through this manual before embarking on

your journey through the Universe. It may take a few observing

sessions to become familiar with your telescope, so you

should keep this manual handy until you have fully mastered

your telescope’s operation. The LCM hand control has built-in

instructions to guide you through all the alignment procedures

needed to have the telescope up and running in minutes.

Use this manual in conjunction with the on-screen instructions

provided by the hand control. The manual gives detailed

information regarding each step as well as needed reference

material and helpful hints guaranteed to make your observing

experience as simple and pleasurable as possible.

Your LCM telescope is designed to give you years of fun and

rewarding observations. However, there are a few things to

consider before using your telescope that will ensure your

safety and protect your equipment.

Warning

• Never look directly at the Sun with the naked

eye or with a telescope (unless you have the

proper solar ﬁlter). Permanent and irreversible

eye damage may result.

• Neveruseyourtelescopetoprojectanimageof

the Sun onto any surface. Internal heat build-up can

damage the telescope and any accessories attached

to it.

• NeveruseaneyepiecesolarlteroraHerschel

wedge. Internal heat build-up inside the telescope

can cause these devices to crack or break, allowing

unﬁltered sunlight to pass through to the eye.

• Neverleavethetelescopeunsupervised,either

when children are present or adults who may not

be familiar with the correct operating procedures of

your telescope.

60/70/80/90 LCM TeLeSCope

1. Objective Lens 6. Tripod Leg Extension Clamp 10. Eyepiece

2. Motorized Base 7. Hand Control 11. StarPointer Finderscope

3. On/Off Switch 8. Focuser Knob 12. Altitude Clutch Knob

4. Tripod 9. Star Diagonal 13. Telescope Mounting Bolt

5. Accessory Tray

76/114 LCM TeLeSCope

1. Eyepiece 6. Accessory Tray 10. Telescope Tube

2. Focuser Knob 7. Hand Control 11. Telescope Mounting Bolt

3. StarPointer Finderscope 8. Motorized Base

4. On/Off Switch 9. Altitude Clutch Knob

5. Tripod

assembly

The LCM comes partially assembled and can be operational

in a matter of minutes. The LCM is conveniently packaged

in one reusable shipping carton that contains the following

accessories:

• 25mmand9mmEyepieces

• ErectImageDiagonal(60/70/80/90LCMonly)

• StarPointerFinderscope

• AccessoryTray

• The SkyX Student Edition Astronomy Software

• LCMHandControlw/4,000ObjectDatabase

aSSeMbLing The TeLeSCope

Your LCM comes in three major sections: the optical tube,

the motorized mount and the tripod. These sections can be

attached in seconds using the quick release coupling screw

located under the tripod mounting platform and the dovetail

mounting clamp located on the outside of the motorized base.

To begin, remove all of the accessories from their individual

boxes. Remember to save all of the containers so that they can

be used to transport the telescope. Before attaching the visual

accessories, the telescope tube and mount should be attached

to the tripod. First, install the accessory tray onto the

tripod legs:

1. Remove the tripod from the box and spread the legs apart

until the center leg brace is fully extended.

2. Locate the accessory tray, and place it on top of the tripod

center support brace in between the tripod legs

(seegure2-1).

3. Rotate the accessory tray so that the central hole in the

tray slides over the ﬂange post in the center of the

support bracket.

4. Finally, rotate the tray so that the locking tabs slide under the

locking clips on center leg brace. You will feel the tray snap

into place.

It is a good idea to level the tripod by adjusting the height of

the tripod legs before attaching the motorized base and tube.

Minor adjustments can be made later. To adjust the height of

the tripod legs:

1. Lift the tripod leg locking lever located on the side of

each leg.

2. Slide the inner portion of each leg down 6” to 8” inches.

3. Adjust the tripod height until the base is visually level and

press down the locking levers to secure into place.

Attaching the Hand Control Holder

The LCM comes with a snap-on hand control holder that

conveniently attaches to any of the tripod legs. To attach the hand

control holder simply position the holder with the square plastic

tab facing up and push against the tripod leg until it snaps in

to place.

Attaching the Motorized Base to the Tripod

With the tripod properly assembled, the motorized base can

easily be attached using the quick release coupling screw

located underneath the tripod mounting platform:

1. Place the motorized base on top of the tripod making sure

that the three round feet rest on the round ﬂat pads on the

inside of the tripod head.

2. Thread the coupling screw into the hole at the bottom of the

motorized base and hand tighten.

Figure 2-1

Flange Post

Locking Tabs

Locking

Clips

Figure 2-4

Motorized

Base

Tripod

Mounting

Platform

Coupling

Screw

Figure 2-3

Leveling the Telescope

Now that the base is attached to the tripod, it is a good idea

to use the included bubble level to more accurately level

the telescope.

1. Place the bubble level on the top of the motorized base.

2. Adjust the tripod legs until the bubble level shows the base

to be level.

Attaching the Telescope to the Base

Your telescope optical tube has a built on dovetail mounting

bar used to attach the tube to the base. To attach the

telescope tube:

1. Loosen the altitude clutch knob a quarter turn and rotate the

tube clamp so that the mounting bolt is positioned on the

top of the base. Retighten the altitude knob by hand, but do

not over tighten.

2. Loosen the tube clamp mounting bolt.

3. Slide the telescope tube’s dovetail mounting bar into the

tube clamp. Make sure that the ﬁnderscope is pointing up

when the tube is attached to the base.

4. Tighten the mounting bolt by hand to secure the tube to

the base.

Your telescope is fully assembled and is ready to attach

the accessories.

The Star Diagonal

(For 60, 70, 80 and 90mm Models)

The star diagonal diverts the light at a right angle from the light

path of the telescope. For astronomical observing, this allows

you to observe in positions that are more comfortable than if

you were to look straight through. To attach the star diagonal:

1. Turn the thumbscrew on the eyepiece adapter at the end

ofthefocuserbarreluntilitnolongerextendsinto(i.e.,

obstructs)theinnerdiameterofthefocusbarrel.Removethe

protective dust cap from the focuser barrel.

2. Slide the chrome portion of the star diagonal into the

focuser barrel.

3. Tighten the thumbscrew on the focuser barrel to hold the

star diagonal in place.

If you wish to change the orientation of the star diagonal,

loosen the thumbscrew on the eyepiece adapter until the star

diagonal rotates freely. Rotate the diagonal to the desired

position and tighten the thumbscrew.

The Eyepiece

The eyepiece is the optical element that magniﬁes the image

focused by the telescope. The eyepiece ﬁts either directly

intothefocuser(76/114LCMmodels)orintothestardiagonal

(60/70/80/90LCMmodels).Toinstalltheeyepiece:

For 60, 70, 80 and 90 models:

1. Loosen the thumbscrew on the star diagonal so it does

not obstruct the inner diameter of the eyepiece end of the

diagonal. Remove the protective dust cap from the star

diagonal’s barrel.

2. Slide the chrome portion of the low power 25 mm eyepiece

into the star diagonal.

3. Tighten the thumbscrew to hold the eyepiece in place.

For 76 and 114 models:

1. Loosen the thumb screw on the eyepiece adapter at the end

of the focuser barrel and remove the protective dust cap

from the focuser barrel.

2. Slide the chrome portion of the low power 25 mm eyepiece

into the eyepiece adapter.

3. Tighten the thumbscrew to hold the eyepiece in place.

To remove the eyepiece, loosen the thumbscrew on the

eyepiece barrel and slide the eyepiece out.

Figure 2-5

Leveling the Base

Place Bubble

Level Here

Figure 2-8

Eyepiece for 76/114 LCM

Eyepiece

Figure 2-7

Accessories For 60/70/80/90 LcM

Focuser Barrel

Eyepiece

Star Diagonal

Figure 2-6

Mounting

Bolt

Dovetail

Bar

Altitude

Clutch Knob

Eyepieces are commonly referred to by focal length and barrel

diameter. The focal length of each eyepiece is printed on the

eyepiecebarrel.Thelongerthefocallength(i.e.,thelarger

thenumber)thelowertheeyepiecepowerormagnication;

andtheshorterthefocallength(i.e.,thesmallerthenumber)

the higher the magniﬁcation. Generally, you will use low-to-

moderate power when viewing. For more information on how

to determine power, see the section on

“Calculating Magniﬁcation.”

Barrel diameter is the diameter of the barrel that slides into

the star diagonal or focuser. The LCM uses eyepieces with a

standard 1-1/4” barrel diameter.

Focusing

To focus your telescope, simply turn either of the focus knobs at

the eyepiece end of the optical tube. Turn the focus knob until

the image is sharp. Once sharp, turn the knob towards you to

focus on an object that is closer than the one you are currently

observing. Turn the knob away from you to focus on a more

distant object than the one you are currently observing.

The StarPointer Finderscope

The StarPointer is the quickest and easiest way to point your

telescope exactly at a desired object in the sky. It’s like having

a laser pointer that you can shine directly onto the night sky.

The StarPointer is a zero magniﬁcation pointing tool that uses a

coated glass window to superimpose the image of a small red

dot onto the night sky. While keeping both eyes open when

looking through the StarPointer, simply move your telescope

until the red dot, seen through the StarPointer, merges with the

object as seen with your unaided eye. The red dot is produced

byalight-emittingdiode(LED);itisnotalaserbeamandwill

not damage the glass window or your eye. The StarPointer is

poweredbyalonglife3-voltlithiumbattery(#CR1620).Likeall

ﬁnderscopes, the StarPointer must be properly aligned with the

main telescope before it can be used. The alignment procedure

is best done at night since the LED dot will be difﬁcult to see

during the day.

Install the Battery

1. Unscrew the battery cover on the StarPointer ﬁnderscope.

2. Insert battery with “+”side facing out.

3. Replace battery cover.

Aligning the StarPointer

1. To turn on the StarPointer, turn the switch to the “on”

position – see Figure 2-9

2. Locate a bright star or planet and center it in a low power

eyepiece in the main telescope.

3. With both eyes open, look through the glass window at the

alignment star. If the StarPointer is perfectly aligned, you

will see the red LED dot overlap the alignment star. If the

StarPointer is not aligned, take notice of where the red dot is

relative to the bright star.

4. Without moving the main telescope, turn the StarPointer’s

two adjustment screws until the red dot is directly over the

alignment star. Experiment as to which way each screw

moves the red dot.

The StarPointer is now ready for use. Always turn the power

off after you have found an object. This will extend the life

of both the battery and the LED.

Attaching the Hand Control

The LCM hand control has a phone jack type connector at the

end of its cord. Plug the phone jack connector into the outlet

on the top of the motorized base. Push the connector into the

outlet until it clicks into place and place the hand control into

its holder as described previously in the Assembly section of

the manual.

Powering the Telescope

The LCM can be powered by 8 user supplied AA size alkaline

batteries or an optional 12V AC adapter. To install batteries into

the LCM:

1. Press the tab on the front of the battery compartment and

remove the cover.

Figure 2-9

The sTArPoinTer FinderscoPe

Adjustment

Screws

Battery

Compartment

Power

Switch

Figure 2-11A

reMoving The BATTery coMPArTMenT Lid

Figure 2-10

The LcM MoTorized BAse

Power Switch

Hand Control Jack

Battery

Compartment

Release

Tab

12v Outlet

2. Gently remove the battery holder from inside the

battery compartment.

3.Place8-AAbatteries(usersupplied)insidethebatteryholder.

4. Return the battery holder back inside the base and replace

the cover.

5. Flip the power switch to the “On” position. The light on the

power button and hand control should come on.

In case of a loss of power, the optical tube can be moved

by hand in altitude (up and down) only. However, when

powered on, the telescope should always be controlled via

the hand control. The telescope will lose its star alignment

if moved by hand when powered on.

The hand ConTrol

The LCM’s hand controller is designed to give you instant

access to all the functions the telescope has to offer. With

automatic slewing to over 4,000 objects, and common sense

menu descriptions, even a beginner can master its variety

of features in just a few observing sessions. Below is a brief

description of the individual components of the LCM

hand controller:

1. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Window: Has a dual-line,

16 character display screen that is backlit for comfortable

viewing of telescope information and scrolling text.

2. Align: Instructs the LCM to use a selected star or object as

an alignment position.

3. Direction Keys: Allows complete control of the telescope in

any direction. Use the direction keys to center objects in the

StarPointer ﬁnderscope and eyepiece.

4. Catalog Keys: The hand control has a key on the hand

control to allow direct access to each of the catalogs in its

4,000+ object database. The hand control contains the

following catalogs in its database:

Messier – Complete list of all Messier objects.

NGC – Many of the brightest deep sky objects from the

Revised New General Catalog.

Caldwell – A combination of the best NGC and IC

objects.

Planets - All 8 planets in our Solar System plus the

Moon and Sun.

Stars – A compiled list of the brightest stars from the

SAO catalog.

List – For quick access, all of the best and most popular

objects in the database have been broken down into

lists based on their type and/or common name:

Named Stars Common name listing of the brightest

stars in the sky.

Named Objects Alphabetical listing of over 50 of the

most popular deep sky objects.

Double Stars Alphabetical listing of the most

visually stunning double, triple and

quadruple stars in the sky.

Variable Stars Select list of the brightest variable

stars with the shortest period of

changing magnitude.

Asterisms A unique list of some of the most

recognizable star patterns in the sky.

5. Info: Displays coordinates and useful information about

objects selected from the database.

6. Tour: Activates the tour mode, which seeks out all the

best objects for a given month and automatically slews the

telescope to those objects.

7. Enter: Pressing Enter allows you to select any of the

LCM functions, accept entered parameters and slew the

telescope to displayed objects.

8. Undo: Undo will take you out of the current menu and

display the previous level of the menu path. Press Undo

repeatedly to get back to a main menu or use it to erase

data entered by mistake.

9. Menu: Displays the many setup and utilities functions such

as tracking rate and user deﬁned objects and many others.

Figure 3-1

The LcM hAnd conTroL

Figure 2-11B

inserTing The BATTeries

10. Scroll Keys: Used to scroll up and down within any of the

menu lists. A double arrow symbol on the right side of

the LCD indicates that the scroll keys can be used to view

additional information.

11. Rate: Instantly changes the rate of speed of the motors

when the direction buttons are pressed.

12. RS-232 Jack: Allows use with a computer and software

programs for point and click slewing capability.

hand ConTroL operaTion

This section describes the basic hand control procedures

needed to operate the LCM. These procedures are grouped

into three categories: Alignment, Setup and Utilities. The

alignment section deals with the initial telescope alignment as

wellasndingobjectsinthesky;thesetupsectiondiscusses

changingparameterssuchastrackingmodeandtrackingrate;

ﬁnally, the last section reviews all of the utility functions such as

adjusting the telescopes slew limits and

backlash compensation.

Alignment Procedure

In order for the LCM to accurately point to objects in the sky,

itmustrstbealignedtoknownpositions(stars)inthesky.

With this information, the telescope can create a model of the

sky, which it uses to locate any object with known coordinates.

There are many ways to align the LCM with the sky depending

on what information the user is able to provide: SkyAlign

uses your current date, time and city to create an accurate

model of the sky. Then the user can simply point the telescope

to any three bright celestial objects to accurately align the

telescope with the sky. Auto Two-Star Align will ask the user

to choose and center the ﬁrst alignment star, then the LCM will

automatically select and slew to a second star for alignment.

Two-Star Alignment requires the user to identify and manually

slew the telescope to the two alignment stars. One-Star Align

is the same as Two-Star Align however only requires you to

align to one known star. Although not as accurate as the other

alignment methods, One-Star Align is the quickest way to

ﬁnd and track bright planets and objects in Altazimuth mode.

Finally, Solar System Align will display a list of visible daytime

objects(planetsandthemoon)availabletoalignthetelescope.

Each alignment method is discussed in detail below.

“Altazimuth” or “Alt-Az” refers to a type of mounting

that allows a telescope to move in both altitude (up and

down) and azimuth (left and right) with respect to the

ground. This is the simplest form of mounting in which the

telescope is attached directly to a tripod.

Sky Align

Sky Align is the easiest way to get your telescope aligned and

ready to observe. Even if you do not know a single star in the

sky, the LCM will have you aligned in minutes by asking for

basic information like the date, time and location. Then you

simply need to aim the telescope to any three bright celestial

objects in the sky. Since Sky Align requires no knowledge of

the night sky, it is not necessary to know the name of the stars

at which you are aiming. You may even select a planet or the

Moon. The LCM is then ready to start ﬁnding and tracking

any of the objects in its 4,000+ object database. Before the

telescope is ready to be aligned, it should be set up in an

outsidelocationwithallaccessories(eyepiece,diagonaland

nderscope)attachedandlenscoverremovedasdescribedin

the Assembly section of the manual. To begin Sky Align:

1. Power on the LCM by ﬂipping the switch located on the

side of the base, to the “on” position. Once turned on the

hand control display will say LCM Ready. Press ENTER

to choose Sky Align. Pressing the ALIGN key will bypass

the other alignment options and the scrolling text and

automatically begins Sky Align.

2. Once Sky Align has been selected, the hand control will

display “Enter if OK”, “Undo to edit” and “Saved Site.” The

bottom line of the LCD will display either the current time or

the time when you last used the telescope. Since this is your

ﬁrst time using the LCM, press UNDO to enter current time/

site information.

The hand control display will then ask for the

following information:

Location — The hand control will display a list of cities to

choose from. Choose the city from the database that is closest

to your current observing site. The city you choose will be

remembered in the hand controls memory so that it will be

automatically displayed the next time an alignment is done.

Alternatively, if you know the exact longitude and latitude of

your observing site, it can be entered directly into the hand

control and remembered for future use as well. To choose a

location city:

• UsetheUpandDownscrollkeystochoosebetweenCity

Database and Custom Site. City Database will allow you to

select the closest city to your observing site from a list of

either international or U.S. location. Custom Site allows you

to enter the exact longitude and latitude of your observing

site. Select City Database and press ENTER.

• ThehandcontrolwillallowyoutochoosefromeitherU.S.or

international locations. For a listing of U.S. locations by state

and then by city, press ENTER while United States is

displayed. For international locations, use the Up or Down

scroll key to select International and press ENTER.

• UsetheUpandDownScrollbuttonstochooseyourcurrent

state(orcountryifInternationallocationswasselected)from

the alphabetical listing and press ENTER.

• UsetheUpandDownScrollbuttonstochoosetheclosest

city to your location from the displayed list and press ENTER.

Time — Enter the current time for your area. You can enter

eitherthelocaltime(i.e.8:00),oryoucanentermilitarytime

(i.e.20:00).

• SelectPMorAM.Ifmilitarytimewasentered,thehand

control will bypass this step.

• ChoosebetweenStandardtimeorDaylightSavingstime.

UsetheUpandDownscrollbuttons(10)totoggle

between options.

• Selectthetimezonethatyouareobservingfrom.Again,use

theUpandDownbuttons(10)toscrollthroughthechoices.

For time zone information, refer to the Time Zone map in the

appendix of this manual.

Date — Enter the month, day and year of your observing

session. The display will read: mm/dd/yy.

• If the wrong information has been input into the hand

control, the UNDO button will act as a backspace allowing

the user to re-enter information.

• The next time that your telescope is aligned, the hand

control will automatically display the last location (either a

city or longitude/latitude) that was entered. Press ENTER

to accept these parameters if they still apply. Pressing the

UNDO button will allow you to go back and select a new

city location or longitude/latitude.

3.Usethearrowbuttonsonthehandcontroltoslew(move)

the telescope towards any bright celestial object in the sky.

Align the object with the red dot of the ﬁnderscope and

press ENTER.

4. If the ﬁnderscope has been properly aligned with the

telescope tube, the alignment star should now be visible

inside the ﬁeld of view of the eyepiece. The hand control will

ask that you center the bright alignment star in the center of

the eyepiece and press the ALIGN button. This will accept

thestarastherstalignmentposition.(Thereisnoneedto

adjust the slewing rate of the motors after each alignment

step. The LCM automatically selects the best slewing rate for

aligningobjectsinboththenderscopeandtheeyepiece).

5. For the second alignment object, choose a bright star or

planet as far as possible from the ﬁrst alignment object.

Once again use the arrow button to center the object in the

ﬁnderscope and press ENTER. Then once centered in the

eyepiece press the ALIGN button.

6. Repeat the process for the third alignment star. When the

telescope has been aligned to the ﬁnal stars, the display will

read “Match Confirmed.” Press UNDO to display the

names of the three bright objects you aligned to, or press

ENTER to accept these three objects for alignment. You are

now ready to ﬁnd your ﬁrst object.

Tips for Using Sky Align

Remember the following alignment guidelines to make

using Sky Align as simple and accurate as possible.

• Be sure to level the tripod before you begin

alignment. The time/site information along with a

level tripod will help the telescope better predict the

available bright stars and planets that are above

the horizon.

• Remember to select alignment stars that are as far

apart in the sky as possible. For best results make sure

that the third alignment star does not lie in a straight

line between the ﬁrst two stars. This may result in a

failed alignment.

• Don’t worry about confusing planets for stars when

selecting alignment objects. SkyAlign works with the

four brightest planets (Venus, Jupiter, Saturn and Mars)

as well as the Moon. In addition to the planets, the hand

control has over 80 bright alignment stars to choose

from (down to 2.5 magnitude).

• Rarely SkyAlign will not be able to determine what

three alignment objects were centered. This sometime

happens when a bright planet or the Moon passes

near one of the brighter stars. In situations like these,

it is best to try to avoid aligning to either object

if possible.

• Be sure to center the objects with the same ﬁnal

movements as the direction of the GoTo Approach.

For example, if the scope normally nishes a GoTo with

the front of the scope moving right and up, you should

center all three alignment objects in the eyepiece using

the right and up arrow buttons (the up/down arrows

reverse at slew rates of 6 or lower). Approaching the star

from this direction when looking through the eyepiece

will eliminate much of the backlash between the gears

and assure the most accurate alignment possible.

Auto Two-Star Align

As with Sky Align, Auto Two-Star Align requires you to enter

all the necessary time/site information as before. Once this

information is entered, the hand control will prompt you to

select and point the telescope at one known star in the sky.

The LCM now has all the information it needs to automatically

choose a second star that will assure the best possible

alignment. Once selected, the telescope will automatically slew

to that second alignment star to complete the alignment. With

the LCM set up outside with all accessories attached and the

tripod leveled, follow the steps below to align the telescope:

1. Once the LCM is powered on, Press ENTER to

begin alignment.

2.UsetheUpandDownscrollkeys(10)toselectAuto Two-Star

Align and press ENTER.

3. The hand control will display the last time and location

information that was entered into the hand control. Use the

Up and Down buttons to scroll through the information. Press

ENTER to accept the current information or press UNDO

tomanuallyedittheinformation(seeSkyAlignsectionfor

detailedinstructiononenteringtime/siteinformation).

4. The display will now prompt you to select a bright star from

the displayed list on the hand control. Use Up and Down

buttons(6and9onthekeypad)toscrolltothedesiredstar

and then press ENTER.

5. Use the arrow buttons to slew the telescope to the star

you selected. Center the star in the ﬁnderscope and press

ENTER. Finally, center the star in the eyepiece and

press ALIGN.

6. Based on this information, the LCM will automatically display

the most suitable second alignment star that is above the

horizon. Press ENTER to automatically slew the telescope

to the displayed star. If for some reason you do not wish to

selectthisstar(perhapsitisbehindatreeorbuilding),you

can either:

• Press the UNDO button to display the next most suitable

star for alignment.

• Use the UP and DOWN scroll buttons to manually select

any star you wish from the entire list of available stars.

Once ﬁnished slewing, the display will ask you to use the

arrow buttons to align the selected star with the red dot of the

ﬁnderscope. Once centered in the ﬁnder, press ENTER. The

display will then instruct you to center the star in the ﬁeld of view

of the eyepiece. When the star is centered, press ALIGN to accept

this star as your second alignment star. When the telescope

has been aligned to both stars the display will read Align

Success, and you are now ready to ﬁnd your ﬁrst object.

Two Star Alignment

With the two-star alignment method, the LCM requires the user

to know the positions of two bright stars in order to accurately

align the telescope with the sky and begin ﬁnding objects. Here

is an overview of the two-star alignment procedure:

1. Once the LCM is powered on, use the Up and Down scroll

keys(10)toselectTwo-StarAlign,andpressENTER.

2. Press ENTER to accept the time/site information displayed

on the display, or press UNDO to enter new information.

3. The SELECT STAR 1 message will appear in the top row of

thedisplay.UsetheUpandDownscrollkeys(10)toselect

the star you wish to use for the ﬁrst alignment star.

Press ENTER.

4. The LCM then asks you to center in the eyepiece the

alignment star you selected. Use the direction arrow buttons

to slew the telescope to the alignment star and carefully

center the star in the ﬁnderscope. Press ENTER

when centered.

5. Then, center the star in the eyepiece and press ALIGN.

In order to accurately center the alignment star in the

eyepiece, you may wish to decrease the slew rate of the

motors for ﬁne centering. This is done by pressing the

RATE key (11) on the hand controller then selecting the

number that corresponds to the speed you desire. (9 =

fastest, 1 = slowest).

6. The LCM will then ask you to select and center a second

alignment star and press the ALIGN key. It is best to choose

alignment stars that are a good distance away from one

another. Stars that are at least 40º to 60º apart from each

other will give you a more accurate alignment than stars that

are close to each other.

Once the second star alignment is completed properly, the

display will read Align Successful, and you should

hear the tracking motors turn-on and begin to track.

One-Star Align

One-Star Align requires you to input all the same information

as you would for the Two-Star Align procedure. However,

instead of slewing to two alignment stars for centering and

alignment, the LCM uses only one star to model the sky based

on the information given. This will allow you to roughly slew

to the coordinates of bright objects like the Moon and planets

and gives the LCM the information needed to track objects in

altazimuth in any part of the sky. One-Star Align is not meant to

be used to accurately locate small or faint deep-sky objects or

to track objects accurately for photography.

To use One-Star Align:

1. Select One-Star Align from the alignment options.

2. Press ENTER to accept the time/site information displayed

on the display, or press UNDO to enter new information.

3. The SELECT STAR 1 message will appear in the top row of

thedisplay.UsetheUpandDownscrollkeys(10)toselect

the star you wish to use for the ﬁrst alignment star.

Press ENTER.

4. The LCM then asks you to center in the eyepiece the

alignment star you selected. Use the direction arrow buttons

to slew the telescope to the alignment star and carefully

center the star in the ﬁnderscope. Press ENTER

when centered.

5. Then, center the star in the eyepiece and press ALIGN.

6. Once in position, the LCM will model the sky based on this

information and display Align Successful.

Note: Once a One-Star Alignment has been done, you

can use the Re-alignment feature (later in this section) to

improve your telescope’s pointing accuracy.

Solar System Align

Solar System Align is designed to provide excellent tracking

andGoToperformancebyusingsolarsystemobjects(Sun,

Moonandplanets)toalignthetelescopewiththesky.Solar

System Align is a great way to align your telescope for daytime

viewing as well as a quick way to align the telescope for night

time observing.

Never look directly at the sun with the naked eye

or with a telescope (unless you have the proper

solar ﬁlter). Permanent and irreversible eye

damage may result.

1. Select Solar System Align from the alignment options.

2. Press ENTER to accept the time/site information displayed

on the display, or press UNDO to enter

new information.

3. The SELECT OBJECT message will appear in the top row of

thedisplay.UsetheUpandDownscrollkeys(10)toselect

thedaytimeobject(planet,MoonorSun)youwishtoalign.

Press ENTER.

4. The LCM then asks you to center in the eyepiece the

alignment object you selected. Use the direction arrow

buttons to slew the telescope to the alignment object

and carefully center it in the ﬁnderscope. Press ENTER

when centered.

5. Then, center the object in the eyepiece and press ALIGN.

Once in position, the LCM will model the sky based on this

information and display Align Successful.

Tips for Using Solar System Align

• For safety purposes, the Sun will not be displayed in any of

the hand control’s customer object lists unless it is enabled

from the Utilities Menu. To allow the Sun to be displayed

on the hand control, do the following:

1. Press the UNDO button until the display reads

“LCM Ready”

2. Press the MENU button and use the Up and Down keys to

select the Utilities menu. Press ENTER.

3. Use the UP and Down keys to select Sun Menu and

press ENTER.

4. Press ENTER again to allow the Sun to appear on the hand

control display.

The Sun can be removed from the display by using the

same procedure as above.

To improve the telescope pointing accuracy, you can use

the Re-Align feature as described below.

Re-Alignment

The LCM has a re-alignment feature which allows you to replace

either of the original alignment stars with a new star or celestial

object. This can be useful in several situations:

• Ifyouareobservingoveraperiodofafewhours,youmay

notice that your original two alignment stars have drifted

towardsthewestconsiderably.(Rememberthatthestarsare

movingatarateof15ºeveryhour).Aligningonanewstar

that is in the eastern part of the sky will improve your pointing

accuracy, especially on objects in that part of the sky.

• IfyouhavealignedyourtelescopeusingtheOne-staralign

method, you can use re-align to align to an additional object

in the sky. This will improve the pointing accuracy of your

telescope without having to re-enter addition information.

To replace an existing alignment star with a new alignment star:

1.Selectthedesiredstar(orobject)fromthedatabaseandslew

to it.

2. Carefully center the object in the eyepiece.

3. Once centered, press the UNDO button until you are at the

main menu.

4. With LCM Ready displayed, press the ALIGN key on the

hand control.

5. The display will then ask you which alignment star you want

to replace.

6. Use the UP and Down scroll keys to select the alignment star

to be replaced, and press ENTER. It is usually best to replace

the star closest to the new object. This will space out your

alignment stars across the sky. If you have used one of the

single object alignment methods then it is always best to

replace the object that is “unassigned” with an actual object.

7. Press ALIGN to make the change.

objeCT CaTaLog

Selecting an Object

Now that the telescope is properly aligned, you can choose

an object from any of the catalogs in the LCM’s database. The

hand control has a key designated for each of the catalogs in

its database. There are two ways to select objects from the

database;scrollingthroughthenamedobjectlistsandentering

object numbers:

• PressingtheLISTkeyonthehandcontrolwillaccessall

objects in the database that have common names or types.

Each list is broken down into the following categories:

Named Stars, Named Object, Double Stars, Variable Stars

and Asterisms. Selecting any one of these options will

display an alpha-numeric listing of the objects under that

list.PressingtheUpandDownkeys(10)allowsyoutoscroll

through the catalog to the desired object.

• Pressinganyofthecatalogkeys(M,CALD,NGC,orSTAR)

will display a blinking cursor below the name of the catalog

chosen. Use the numeric key pad to enter the number of any

object within these standardized catalogs. For example, to

ﬁnd the Orion Nebula, press the “M” key and enter “042.”

• PressingthePLANETbuttonwillallowyoutousetheUP

and DOWN arrow keys to scroll through and select the eight

planets as well as the Moon.

When scrolling through a long list of objects, holding down

either the Up or Down key will allow you to scroll through the

catalog at a rapid speed.

When entering the number for an SAO star, you are only

required to enter the ﬁrst four digits of the object’s six digit

SAO number. Once the ﬁrst four digits are entered, the hand

control will automatically list all the available SAO objects

beginning with those numbers. This allows you to scroll through

only the SAO stars in the database. For example, in searching

fortheSAOstar40186(Capella),therstfourdigitswouldbe

“0401”. Entering this number will display the closest match

from the SAO stars available in the database. From there you

can scroll down the list and select the desired object.

Slewing to an Object

Once the desired object is displayed on the hand control

screen, you have two options:

• Press the INFO Key. This will give you useful information

about the selected object such as magnitude, constellation

and fascinating facts about many of the objects.

• Press the ENTER Key. This will automatically slew the

telescope to the coordinates of the object. While the

telescope is slewing to the object, the user can still access

manyofthehandcontrolfunctions(suchasdisplaying

informationabouttheobject).

If you slew to an object that is below the horizon, LCM will

notify you by displaying a message reminding you that

you have selected an object outside of your slew limits

(see Slew Limits in the Scope Setup section of the manual).

Press UNDO to go back and select a new object. Press

ENTER to ignore the message and continue the slew. The

LCM hand control will only display objects that are below

the horizon if the Filter Limits are set below 0º in altitude.

See Filter Limits in the Utility Feature section of the manual

for more information on setting the ﬁlter limits.

Caution: Never slew the telescope when someone is looking

into the eyepiece. The telescope can move at fast

slew speeds and may hit an observer in the eye.

Object information can be obtained without having to do a

star alignment. After the telescope is powered on, pressing

any of the catalog keys allows you to scroll through object lists

or enter catalog numbers and view the information about the

object as described above.

Finding Planets

TheLCMcanlocateall8ofoursolarsystemsplanets(including

Pluto)plustheSunandMoon.However,thehandcontrolwill

only display the solar system objects that are above the horizon

(orwithinitslterlimits).Tolocatetheplanets,pressthe

PLANET key on the hand control. The hand control will display

all solar system objects that are above the horizon:

• UsetheUPandDOWNkeystoselecttheplanetthatyou

wish to observe.

• PressINFOtoaccessinformationonthedisplayedplanet.

• PressENTERtoslewtothedisplayedplanet.

To allow the Sun to be displayed as an option in the database,

see Sun Menu in the Utilities section of the manual.

Tour Mode

The LCM includes a tour feature which automatically allows

the user to choose from a list of interesting objects based on

the date and time in which you are observing. The automatic

tour will display only those objects that are within your set ﬁlter

limits. To activate the Tour mode, press the TOUR key on the

hand control. The LCM will display the best objects to observe

that are currently in the sky.

• Toseeinformationanddataaboutthedisplayedobject,

press the INFO key.

• Toslewtotheobjectdisplayed,pressENTER.

• Toseethenexttourobject,presstheDownkey.

Constellation Tour

In addition to the Tour Mode, the LCM telescope has a

Constellation Tour that allows the user to take a tour of all

the best objects within a particular constellation. Selecting

Constellation from the LIST menu will display all the

constellation names that are above the user deﬁned horizon

(lterlimits).Onceaconstellationisselected,youcanchoose

from any of the database object catalogs to produce a list of all

the available objects in that constellation.

• Toseeinformationanddataaboutthedisplayedobject,

press the INFO key.

• Toslewtotheobjectdisplayed,pressENTER.

• Toseethenexttourobject,presstheUpkey.

direCTion buTTonS

The LCM has four direction buttons in the center of the hand

controlwhichcontrolsthetelescopemotioninaltitude(up

anddown)andazimuth(leftandright).Thetelescopecanbe

controlled at nine different speed rates.

Rate Button

PressingtheRATEkey(11)allowsyoutoinstantlychangethe

speed rate of the motors from high speed slew rate to precise

guiding rate or anywhere in between. Each rate corresponds to

a number on the hand controller key pad. The number 9 is the

fastestrate(approximately3ºpersecond,dependingonpower

source)andisusedforslewingbetweenobjectsandlocating

alignment stars. The number 1 on the hand control is the slowest

rate(2xsidereal)andcanbeusedforaccuratecenteringof

objects in the eyepiece. To change the speed rate of the motors:

• PresstheRATEkeyonthehandcontrol.TheLCDwilldisplay

the current speed rate.

• Pressthenumberonthehandcontrolthatcorrespondstothe

desired speed.

The hand control has a “double button” feature that allows you

to instantly speed up the motors without having to choose a

speed rate. To use this feature, simply press the arrow button

that corresponds to the direction that you want to move the

telescope. While holding that button down, press the opposite

directional button. This will increase the speed to the maximum

slew rate.

SeT up proCedureS

The LCM contains many user deﬁned setup functions designed

to give the user control over the telescope’s many advanced

features. All of the set up and utility features can be accessed

by pressing the MENU key and scrolling through the options:

Tracking Mode — Once the LCM is aligned, the tracking

motors will automatically turn on and begin tracking the sky.

However, the tracking can be turned off for terrestrial use:

Alt-Az: This is the default tracking rate and is used

when the telescope has been properly aligned.

EQ North: Used to track the sky when the telescope

is polar aligned using an equatorial wedge in the

Northern Hemisphere.

EQ South: Used to track the sky when the telescope

is polar aligned using an equatorial wedge in the

Southern Hemisphere.

Off:Whenusingthetelescopeforterrestrial(land)

observation the tracking can be turned off so that the

telescope never moves.

Note: EQ North and EQ South tracking modes are only

needed with telescopes that can be polar aligned. The

LCM series are exclusively Alt-Az mounted telescopes and

do not require equatorial tracking.

Tracking Rate — In addition to being able to move the

telescope with the hand control buttons, the LCM will

continually track a celestial object as it moves across the night

sky. The tracking rate can be changed depending on what type

of object is being observed:

Sidereal: This rate compensates for the rotation of

the earth by moving the telescope at the same rate as

the rotation of the earth, but in the opposite direction.

When tracking in Alt-Az mode, the telescope must

make corrections in both altitude and azimuth.

Lunar: Used for tracking the Moon when observing the

lunar landscape.

Solar: Used for tracking the Sun when solar observing

using a proper solar ﬁlter.

View Time-Site — View Time-Site will display the last saved

time and longitude/latitude entered in the hand control.

User Deﬁned Objects — The LCM can store up to 50 different

user deﬁned objects in its memory. The objects can be daytime

land objects or an interesting celestial object that you discover

that is not included in the regular database. There are several

ways to save an object to memory depending on what type of

object it is:

Save Sky Object: The LCM stores celestial objects

to its database by saving its right ascension and

declination in the sky. This way the same object can

be found each time the telescope is aligned. Once

a desired object is centered in the eyepiece, simply

scroll to the “Save Sky Obj” command and press

ENTER. The display will ask you to enter a number

between 1-25 to identify the object. Press ENTER

again to save this object to the database.

Save Database (Db) Object: This feature allows you

to create your own custom tour of database objects

by allowing you to record the current position of

the telescope and save the name of the object by

selecting it from any one of the database catalogs.

These objects then can be accessed by selecting GoTo

Sky Object.

Save Land Object: The LCM can also be used as

a spotting scope on terrestrial objects. Fixed land

objects can be stored by saving their altitude and

azimuth relative to the location of the telescope at the

time of observing. Since these objects are relative to

the location of the telescope, they are only valid for

that exact location. To save land objects, once again

center the desired object in the eyepiece. Scroll down

to the “Save Land Obj” command and press

ENTER. The display will ask you to enter a number

between 1-25 to identify the object. Press ENTER

again to save this object to the database.

Enter R.A. - Dec: You can also store a speciﬁc set

of coordinates for an object just by entering the R.A.

and declination for that object. Scroll to the “Enter

RA-DEC” command and press ENTER. The display

will then ask you to enter ﬁrst the R.A. and then the

declination of the desired object.

GoTo Object: To go to any of the user deﬁned objects

stored in the database, scroll down to either GoTo

Sky Obj or Goto Land Obj and enter the

number of the object you wish to select and press

ENTER. The hand control will automatically retrieve and

display the coordinates before slewing to the object.

nine avaiLabLe SLeW SpeedS

1 = 2x 4 = 16x 7 = 1º / sec

2 = 4x 5 = 32x 8 = 2º / sec

3 = 8x 6 = 64x 9 = 3º / sec

To replace the contents of any of the user deﬁned objects,

simply save a new object using one of the existing identiﬁcation

numbers;LCMwillreplacetheprevioususerdenedobject

with the current one.

Get R.A./DEC. — Displays the right ascension and declination

for the current position of the telescope.

Goto R.A./ DEC. — Allows you to input a speciﬁc R.A. and

declination and slew to it.

Identify

Identify Mode will search any of the LCM database catalogs or

lists and display the name and offset distances to the nearest

matching objects. This feature can serve two purposes. First, it

can be used to identify an unknown object in the ﬁeld of view

of your eyepiece. Additionally, Identify Mode can be used to

ﬁnd other celestial objects that are close to the objects you are

currently observing. For example, if your telescope is pointed

at the brightest star in the constellation Lyra, choosing Identify

and then searching the Named Star catalog will no doubt

return the star Vega as the star you are observing. However,

by selecting Identify and searching by the Named Object

or Messier catalogs, the hand control will let you know that

theRingNebula(M57)isapproximately6°fromyourcurrent

position. Searching the Double Star catalog will reveal that

EpsilonLyraeisonly1°awayfromVega.Tousethe

Identify feature:

• PresstheMenubuttonandselecttheIdentifyoption.

• UsetheUp/Downscrollkeystoselectthecatalogthatyou

would like to search.

• PressENTERtobeginthesearch.

Note: Some of the databases contain thousands of

objects, and can therefore take a minute or two to return

the closest object.

SCope SeTup FeaTureS

Setup Time-Site — Allows the user to customize the hand

controldisplaybychangingtimeandlocationparameters(such

astimezoneanddaylightsavings).

Anti-backlash — All mechanical gears have a certain amount

of backlash or play between the gears. This play is evident

by how long it takes for a star to move in the eyepiece when

thehandcontrolarrowbuttonsarepressed(especiallywhen

changingdirections).TheLCM’santi-backlashfeaturesallows

the user to compensate for backlash by inputting a value

which quickly rewinds the motors just enough to eliminate the

play between gears. The amount of compensation needed

dependsontheslewingrateselected;theslowertheslewing

rate the longer it will take for the star to appear to move in the

eyepiece. Therefore, the anti-backlash compensation will have

to be set higher. You will need to experiment with different

values;avaluebetween20and50isusuallybestformost

visual observing, whereas a higher value may be necessary

for photographic guiding. Positive backlash compensation is

applied when the mount changes its direction of movement

from backwards to forwards. Similarly, negative backlash

compensation is applied when the mount changes its direction

of movement from forwards to backwards. When tracking is

enabled, the mount will be moving in one or both axes in either

the positive or negative direction, so backlash compensation

will always be applied when a direction button is released and

the direction moved is opposite to the direction of travel.

To set the anti-backlash value, scroll down to the anti-backlash

option and press ENTER. Enter a value from 0-100 for both

azimuth and altitude directions and press ENTER after each one

to save these values. The LCM will remember these values and

use them each time it is turned on until they are changed.

Slew Limits — Sets the limits in altitude that the telescope can

slew without displaying a warning message. The slew limits

prevent the telescope tube from slewing to an object below

the horizon or slewing to an object that is high enough that the

tube might hit one of the tripod legs. However, the slew limits

can be customized depending on your needs. For example, if

you would like to slew to an object that is close to the zenith

and are certain that the tube will not hit the tripod legs, you can

set the slew limits to 90º in altitude. This will allow the telescope

to slew to any object above the horizon without warning.

Filter Limits — When an alignment is complete, the LCM

automatically knows which celestial objects are above the

horizon. As a result, when scrolling through the database lists

(orselectingtheTourfunction),theLCMhandcontrolwill

display only those objects that are known to be above the

horizon when you are observing. You can customize the object

database by selecting altitude limits that are appropriate for

your location and situation. For example, if you are observing

from a mountainous location where the horizon is partially

obscured, you can set your minimum altitude limit to read +20º.

This will make sure that the hand control only displays objects

that are higher in altitude than 20º.

If you want to explore the entire object database, set the

maximum altitude limit to 90º and the minimum limit to

–90º. This will display every object in the database lists

regardless of whether it is visible in the sky from your

location or not.

Direction Buttons — The direction a star moves in the

eyepiece varies depending on the accessories being used. This

can create confusion when guiding on a star using an off-axis

guider versus a straight through guide scope. To compensate

for this, the direction of the drive control keys can be changed.

To reverse the button logic of the hand control, press the

MENU button and select Direction Buttons from the Utilities

menu.UsetheUp/Downarrowkeys(10)toselecteitherthe

Azimuthbuttons(leftandright)orAltitudebuttons(upand

down)andpressENTER.PressingENTERagainwillreversethe

direction of the hand control buttons from their current state.

DirectionButtonswillonlychangetheeyepiecerates(rate1-6)

andwillnotaffecttheslewrates(rate7-9).

Goto Approach — lets the user deﬁne the direction that the

telescope will approach when slewing to an object. This allows

the user the ability to minimize the effects of backlash For

example, if your telescope is back heavy from using heavy optical

or photographic accessories attached to the back, you would

want to set your altitude approach to the negative direction. This

would ensure that the telescope always approaches an object

from the opposite direction as the load pulling on the scope.

To change the goto approach direction, simply choose Goto

Approach from the Scope Setup menu, select either Altitude or

Azimuth approach, choose positive or negative and

press ENTER.

Cordwrap — Cord wrap safeguards against the telescope

slewing more than 360º in azimuth and wrapping accessory

cables around the base of the telescope. This is useful any

time that the telescope is powered using an external power

supply. By default, the cord wrap feature is turned off when the

telescope is aligned in altazimuth and turn on when aligned

on a wedge.

uTiLiTy FeaTureS

Scrolling through the MENU options will also provide access

to several advanced utility functions such as anti-backlash

compensation and slew limits.

GPS On/Off — This feature is only available when using

your telescope in conjunction with the optional CN 16 GPS

accessory. Allows you to turn off the GPS module. If you want

to use the LCM database to ﬁnd the coordinates of a celestial

object for a future date you would need to turn the GPS

module off in order to manually enter a date and time other

than the present.

Light Control — This feature allows you to turn off both the

red key pad light and LCD display for daytime use to conserve

power and to help preserve your night vision.

Factory Setting — Returns the LCM hand control to its original

factory setting. Parameters such as backlash compensation

values, initial date and time, longitude/latitude along with slew

and ﬁlter limits will be reset. However, stored parameters such

as PEC and user deﬁned objects will remain saved even when

Factory Settings is selected. The hand control will ask you to

press the “0” key before returning to the factory default setting.

Version — Selecting this option will allow you to see the

current version number of the hand control and motor control

software. The ﬁrst set of numbers indicate the hand control

software version. For the motor control, the hand control will

displaytwosetsofnumbers;therstnumbersareforazimuth

and the second set are for altitude.

Get Axis Position — Displays the relative altitude and azimuth

for the current position of the telescope.

Goto Axis Position — Allows you to enter a speciﬁc altitude

and azimuth position and slew to it.

Hibernate — Hibernate allows the LCM to be completely

powered down and still retain its alignment when turned back

on. This not only saves power, but is ideal for those that have

their telescopes permanently mounted or leave their telescope

in one location for long periods of time. To place your

telescope in Hibernate mode:

1. Select Hibernate from the Utility Menu.

2. Move the telescope to a desire position and press ENTER.

3. Power off the telescope. Remember to never move your

telescope manually while in Hibernate mode.

Once the telescope is powered on again, the display will read

Wake Up. After pressing Enter, you have the option of scrolling

through the time/site information to conﬁrm the current setting.

Press ENTER to wake up the telescope.

Pressing UNDO at the Wake Up screen allows you to

explore many of the features of the hand control without

waking the telescope up from hibernate mode. To wake

up the telescope after UNDO has been pressed, select

Hibernate from the Utility menu and press ENTER. Do not

use the direction buttons to move the telescope while in

hibernate mode.

Sun Menu

For safety purposes the Sun will not be displayed as a database

object unless it is ﬁrst enabled. The enable the Sun, go to the

Sun Menu and press ENTER. The Sun will now be displayed in

the Planets catalog and can be used as an alignment object

when using the Solar System Alignment method. To remove the

Sun from displaying on the hand control, once again select the

Sun Menu from the Utilities Menu and press ENTER.

Scrolling Menu

This menu allows you to change the rate of speed that the text

scrolls across the hand control display.

• PresstheUp(number6)buttontoincreasethespeedof

the text.

• PresstheDown(number9)buttontodecreasethespeed

of the text.

Calibrate Goto

Goto Calibration is a useful tool when attaching heavy visual or

photographic accessories to the telescope. Goto Calibration

calculates the amount of distance and time it takes for the

mount to complete its ﬁnal slow Goto when slewing to an

object. Changing the balance of the telescope can prolong the

time it takes to complete the ﬁnal slew. Goto Calibration takes

into account any slight imbalances and changes the ﬁnal Goto

distance to compensate.

Set Mount Position

The Set Mount Position menu can be used to recover an

alignment in cases where the telescope or tripod has been

manually moved. For instance, you might use this feature if you

needed to adjust the level of the tripod by raising or lowering

the tripod legs. After the mount has been moved, simply slew

to a bright star and center it up in the eyepiece, then select Set

Mount Position from the Utilities menu. Since the telescope has

been moved, the pointing accuracy will be diminished. But now

you can slew to a new set of alignment stars and replace any

of the original alignment stars with the new stars. This will help

you to avoid having to start the alignment process over from

the beginning.

LCM Series

lCm ready

hAnd conTroL Menu Tree:

Menu Tree showing The suB-Menus AssociATed wiTh The PriMAry coMMAnd FuncTions

TelesCope basICs

A telescope is an instrument that collects and focuses light.

The nature of the optical design determines how the light is

focused. Some telescopes, known as refractors, use lenses.

Other telescopes, known as reﬂectors, use mirrors. The LCM 60,

70, 80 and 90 telescopes are refractor telescopes that use

an objective lens to collect its light. The LCM 76 and 114 are

reﬂecting telescopes with a primary and secondary mirror to

gather and focus light.

Focusing

Once you have found an object in the telescope, turn the

focusing knob until the image is sharp. To focus on an object

that is nearer than your current target, turn the focusing knob

towardtheeyepiece(i.e.,sothatthefocusingtubemovesaway

fromthefrontofthetelescope).Formoredistantobjects,turn

the focusing knob in the opposite direction. To achieve a truly

sharp focus, never look through glass windows or across objects

that produce heat waves, such as asphalt parking lots.

Image Orientation

The image orientation of any telescope changes depending

on how the eyepiece is inserted into the telescope. When

observing through the LCM 60, 70, 80 or 90 using the diagonal,

the image will be right side up. When observing straight

through, with the eyepiece inserted directly into the telescope,

the image will be inverted.

When observing through the LCM 76 or 114, reﬂecting

telescopes, the image will be rotated when looking through

the eyepiece.

For astronomical viewing, out of focus star images are very

diffuse, making them difﬁcult to see. If you turn the focus knob

too quickly, you can go right through focus without seeing the

image. To avoid this problem, your ﬁrst astronomical target

shouldbeabrightobject(liketheMoonoraplanet)sothatthe

image is visible even when out of focus.

Calculating Magniﬁcation

You can change the power of your telescope just by changing

theeyepiece(ocular).Todeterminethemagnicationofyour

telescope, simply divide the focal length of the telescope by

the focal length of the eyepiece used. In equation format, the

formula looks like this:

Let’s say, for example, you are using the 25mm eyepiece.

To determine the magniﬁcation you simply divide the focal

lengthofyourtelescope(forexample,theLCM114hasafocal

lengthof1000mm)bythefocallengthoftheeyepiece,25mm.

Dividing 1000 by 25 yields a magniﬁcation of 40 power.

Although the power is variable, each instrument under average

skies has a limit to the highest useful magniﬁcation. The general

rule is that 60 power can be used for every inch of aperture. For

example,theLCM114is4.5”(114mm)indiameter.Multiplying

4.5 by 60 gives a maximum useful magniﬁcation of 270 power.

Although this is the maximum useful magniﬁcation, most

observing is done in the range of 20 to 35 power for every inch

of aperture which is 90 to 158 times for the LCM 114 telescope.

Determining Field of View

Determining the ﬁeld of view is important if you want to get

an idea of the angular size of the object you are observing. To

calculate the actual ﬁeld of view, divide the apparent ﬁeld of

theeyepiece(suppliedbytheeyepiecemanufacturer)bythe

magniﬁcation. In equation format, the formula looks like this:

As you can see, before determining the ﬁeld of view, you must

calculate the magniﬁcation. Using the example in the previous

section, we can determine the ﬁeld of view using the same

25mm eyepiece. The 25mm eyepiece has an apparent ﬁeld of

viewof50°.Dividethe50°bythemagnication,whichis40

power.Thisyieldsanactualeldofviewof1.25°.

To convert degrees to feet at 1,000 yards, which is more useful

for terrestrial observing, simply multiply by 52.5. Continuing

withourexample,multiplytheangulareld1.4°by52.5.This

produces a linear ﬁeld width of 66 feet at a distance of one

thousand yards. The apparent ﬁeld of each eyepiece that

Celestron manufactures is found in the Celestron Accessory

Catalog(#93685).

General Observing Hints

When working with any optical instrument, there are a

few things to remember to ensure you get the best

possible image:

• Never look through window glass. Glass found in

household windows is optically imperfect, and as a result,

may vary in thickness from one part of a window to the

next. This inconsistency can and will affect the ability to

focus your telescope. In most cases you will not be able to

achieve a truly sharp image, while in some cases, you may

actually see a double image.

• Never look across or over objects that are producing heat

waves. This includes asphalt parking lots on hot summer

days or building rooftops.

• Hazy skies, fog, and mist can also make it difcult to focus

when viewing terrestrially. The amount of detail seen

Magnification =

Focal Length of Telescope (mm)

Focal Length of Eyepiece (mm)

True Field =

Apparent Field of Eyepiece

Magnification

Magnification =

Focal Length of Telescope (mm)

Focal Length of Eyepiece (mm)

True Field =

Apparent Field of Eyepiece

Magnification

LcM 60/70/80/90 - inverTed iMAge when viewing

wiTh The eyePiece sTrAighT Through (no diAgonAL)

LcM 76/114 – uPside down iMAge, As viewed

wiTh The eyePiece direcTLy in TeLescoPe

under these conditions is greatly reduced. Also, when

photographing under these conditions, the processed

ﬁlm may come out a little grainier than normal with lower

contrast and underexposed.

• Ifyouwearcorrectivelenses(specicallyglasses),youmay

want to remove them when observing with an eyepiece

attached to the telescope. When using a camera, however,

you should always wear corrective lenses to ensure the

sharpest possible focus. If you have astigmatism, corrective

lenses must be worn at all times.

CelesTIal observIng

With your telescope set up, you are ready to use it for

observing. This section covers visual observing hints for both

solar system and deep sky objects as well as general observing

conditions which will affect your ability to observe.

Observing the Moon

Often, it is tempting to look at the Moon when it is full. At this

time, the face we see is fully illuminated and its light can be

overpowering. In addition, little or no contrast can be seen

during this phase.

One of the best times to observe the Moon is during its

partialphases(aroundthetimeofrstorthirdquarter).Long

shadows reveal a great amount of detail on the lunar surface.

At low power you will be able to see most of the lunar disk

atonetime.Changetohigherpower(magnication)tofocus

in on a smaller area. Choose the lunar tracking rate from the

hand control’s MENU tracking rate options to keep the moon

centered in the eyepiece even at high magniﬁcations.

Lunar Observing Hints

• To increase contrast and bring out detail on the lunar

surface, use eyepiece ﬁlters. A yellow ﬁlter works well at

improving contrast while a neutral density or polarizing

ﬁlter will reduce overall surface brightness and glare.

Observing the Planets

Other fascinating targets include the ﬁve naked eye planets.

You can see Venus go through its lunar-like phases. Mars can

reveal a host of surface detail and one, if not both, of its polar

caps. You will be able to see the cloud belts of Jupiter and the

greatRedSpot(ifitisvisibleatthetimeyouareobserving).

In addition, you will also be able to see the moons of Jupiter as

they orbit the giant planet. Saturn, with its beautiful rings,

is easily visible at moderate power.

Planetary Observing Hints

• Remember that atmospheric conditions are usually the

limiting factor on how much planetary detail will be visible.

So, avoid observing the planets when they are low on the

horizon or when they are directly over a source of radiating

heat, such as a rooftop or chimney. See the “Seeing

Conditions” section later in this section.

• To increase contrast and bring out detail on the planetary

surface, try using Celestron eyepiece ﬁlters.

Observing the Sun

Although overlooked by many amateur astronomers, solar

observation is both rewarding and fun. However, because

the Sun is so bright, special precautions must be taken when

observing our star so as not to damage your eyes or

your telescope.

Never project an image of the Sun through the

telescope. Tremendous heat build-up may result inside

the optical tube. This can damage the telescope and/or

any accessories attached to the telescope.

Forsafesolarviewing,useaCelestronsolarlter(seeOptional

Accessoriessectionofmanual)thatreducestheintensityof

the Sun’s light, making it safe to view. With a ﬁlter you can see

sunspots as they move across the solar disk and faculae, which

are bright patches seen near the Sun’s edge.

Solar Observing Hints

• The best time to observe the Sun is in the early morning or

late afternoon when the air is cooler.

• To center the Sun without looking into the eyepiece, watch

the shadow of the telescope tube until it forms a circular

shadow.

• To ensure accurate tracking on LCM models, be sure to

select solar tracking rate.

Observing Deep Sky Objects

Deep sky objects are simply those objects outside the

boundaries of our solar system. They include star clusters,

planetary nebulae, diffuse nebulae, double stars and other

galaxies outside our own Milky Way. Most deep sky objects

have a large angular size. Therefore, low-to-moderate power is

all you need to see them. Visually, they are too faint to reveal

any of the color seen in long exposure photographs. Instead,

they appear black and white. And, because of their low surface

brightness, they should be observed from a dark sky location.

Light pollution around large urban areas washes out most

nebulae making them difﬁcult, if not impossible, to observe.

Light Pollution Reduction ﬁlters help reduce the background sky

brightness, thus increasing contrast.

Seeing Conditions

Viewing conditions affect what you can see through your

telescope during an observing session. Conditions include

transparency, sky illumination, and seeing. Understanding

viewing conditions and the effect they have on observing will

help you get the most out of your telescope.

Transparency

Transparency is the clarity of the atmosphere which is affected

by clouds, moisture, and other airborne particles. Thick cumulus

clouds are completely opaque while cirrus can be thin, allowing

the light from the brightest stars through. Hazy skies absorb

more light than clear skies making fainter objects harder to see

and reducing contrast on brighter objects. Aerosols ejected

into the upper atmosphere from volcanic eruptions also affect

transparency. Ideal conditions are when the night sky is inky black.

Sky Illumination

General sky brightening caused by the Moon, aurorae, natural

airglow, and light pollution greatly affect transparency. While

not a problem for the brighter stars and planets, bright skies

reduce the contrast of extended nebulae making them difﬁcult,

if not impossible, to see. To maximize your observing, limit

deep sky viewing to moonless nights far from the light polluted

skies found around major urban areas. LPR ﬁlters enhance deep

sky viewing from light polluted areas by blocking unwanted

light while transmitting light from certain deep sky objects. You

can, on the other hand, observe planets and stars from light

polluted areas or when the Moon is out.

Seeing

Seeing conditions refers to the stability of the atmosphere

and directly affects the amount of ﬁne detail seen in extended

objects. The air in our atmosphere acts as a lens which bends

and distorts incoming light rays. The amount of bending

depends on air density. Varying temperature layers have

different densities and, therefore, bend light differently. Light

rays from the same object arrive slightly displaced creating an

imperfect or smeared image. These atmospheric disturbances

vary from time-to-time and place-to-place. The size of the air

parcels compared to your aperture determines the “seeing”

quality. Under good seeing conditions, ﬁne detail is visible

on the brighter planets like Jupiter and Mars, and stars are

pinpoint images. Under poor seeing conditions, images are

blurred and stars appear as blobs.

The conditions described here apply to both visual and

photographic observations.

seeing condiTions direcTLy AFFecT iMAge quALiTy. These drAwing rePresenT A PoinT source (i.e., sTAr)

under BAd seeing condiTions (LeFT) To exceLLenT condiTions (righT). MosT oFTen, seeing condiTions

Produce iMAges ThAT Lie soMe where BeTween These Two exTreMes.

TelesCope maInTenanCe

While your LCM telescope requires little maintenance, there

are a few things to remember that will ensure your telescope

performs at its best.

Care and CLeaning oF The opTiCS

Occasionally, dust and/or moisture may build up on the lens of

your telescope. Special care should be taken when cleaning any

instrument so as not to damage the optics.

Ifdusthasbuiltupontheoptics,removeitwithabrush(made

ofcamel’shair)oracanofpressurizedair.Sprayatanangle

to the lens for approximately two to four seconds. Then, use

an optical cleaning solution and white tissue paper to remove

any remaining debris. Apply the solution to the tissue and then

apply the tissue paper to the lens. Low pressure strokes should

go from the center of the corrector to the outer portion. Do

NOT rub in circles!

You can use a commercially made lens cleaner or mix your

own. A good cleaning solution is isopropyl alcohol mixed with

distilled water. The solution should be 60% isopropyl alcohol

and 40% distilled water. Or, liquid dish soap diluted with water

(acoupleofdropsperonequartofwater)canbeused.

To minimize the need to clean your telescope, replace all

lens covers once you have ﬁnished using it. This will prevent

contaminants from entering the optical tube.

CoLLiMaTion

The optical performance of your LCM telescope is directly related

to its collimation, which is the alignment of its optical system. Your

telescope was collimated at the factory after it was completely

assembled. However, if the telescope is dropped or jarred

severely during transport, it may have to be collimated. The LCM

60, 70, 80 and 90 are two refractor type telescopes that have

The view oF A coLLiMATed TeLescoPe As seen Through

The Focuser oF The LcM 76/114 reFLecTor TeLescoPe.

ﬁxed optical systems that should not come out of collimation. The

LCM 76, and 114 however has three collimation screws that can

be used to adjust the alignment of the primary mirror.

To check if your telescope is in collimation the following

diagram will help you. If you look into the eyepiece adapter

(withoutaneyepiece)atthetopofthefocuser,thisiswhat

you should see. If the reﬂection of your eye is off center, then

collimation is necessary.

Aligning the Secondary Mirror

The following describes the procedure for daytime collimation

of your telescope using the optional Newtonian Collimation

Tool(#94182)offeredbyCelestron.

If you have an eyepiece in the focuser, remove it. Using the

focusing knobs, rack the focuser tube in completely. You will

be looking through the focuser at a reﬂection of the secondary

mirror, projected from the primary mirror. During this step,

ignore the silhouetted reﬂection from the primary mirror. Insert

the collimating cap into the focuser and look through it. With

the focus pulled in all the way, you should be able to see the

entire primary mirror reﬂected in the secondary mirror. If the

primary mirror is not centered in the secondary mirror, adjust

the secondary mirror screws by alternately tightening and

loosening them until the periphery of the primary mirror is

centered in your view. DO NOT loosen or tighten the center

screw in the secondary mirror support, because it maintains

proper mirror position.

Aligning the Primary Mirror

Now adjust the primary mirror screws to re-center the reﬂection

of the small secondary mirror, so its silhouetted against the view

of the primary. As you look into the focuser, silhouettes of the

mirrors should look concentric. Repeat steps one and two until

you have achieved this. Remove the collimating cap and look

into the focuser, where you should see the reﬂection of your

eye in the secondary mirror.

Adjustments to the collimation of the telescope can be made

by turning the collimation adjustment knobs located at the rear

of the optical tube. First loosen the three Phillips head screws

on the rear cell of the tube. Turn each collimation knobs, one at

a time, until the reﬂected image of your eye in the secondary

mirror is centered in the primary mirror. Once the telescope

is collimated, tighten the Phillips head screws until you feel a

slight resistance. Do not over tighten the screw.

If your telescope is out of collimation, the best way to re-

collimate it is with a good collimation tool. Celestron offers a

NewtonianCollimationTool(#94183)withdetailedinstructions

that make it an easy chore.

newToniAn coLLiMATion views As seen Through The Focuser using The coLLiMATion cAP

Secondary mirror

needs adjustment

Primary mirror

needs adjustment

Secondary

Mirror

Primary

Mirror

Clip

Mirror Support

Screws

Collimation

Adjustment Knobs

Both mirrors

aligned with the

collimating cap in

the focuser

Both mirrors

aligned with your

eye looking into

the focuser

opTIonal aCCessorIes

You will ﬁnd that additional accessories enhance your viewing

pleasure and expand the usefulness of your telescope. For ease

of reference, all the accessories are listed in alphabetical order.

Adapter, Car Battery (#18769) — Celestron offers the Car

Battery Adapter that allows you to run the LCM drive off an

external power source. The adapter attaches to the cigarette

lighter of your car, truck, van, or motorcycle.

Barlow lens, OMNI 1.25” (#93326) — Double the

magniﬁcation of any of your Celestron eyepieces with this fully

multi-coated, low proﬁle Barlow lens

Eyepieces — Like telescopes, eyepieces come in a variety

of designs. Each design has its own advantages and

disadvantages. For the 1-1/4” barrel diameter there are four

different eyepiece designs available:

• OMNI Plössl — Plössl eyepieces have a 4-element lens

designed for low-to-high power observing. The Plössls offer

razor sharp views across the entire ﬁeld, even at the edges! In

the 1-1/4” barrel diameter, they are available in the following

focal lengths: 4 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm, 12.5 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm,

32 mm and 40 mm.

• X-Cel LX — This 6 element design allows each X-Cel Eyepiece

tohave16mmofeyerelief,60°eldofviewandmorethan

25mmoflensaperture(evenwiththe2.3mm).Theexcellent

refractive properties of these high grade eyepieces make

the X-Cel line especially well suited for high magniﬁcation

planetary viewing where sharp, color-free views are most

appreciated. X-Cel eyepiece come in the following focal

length: 2.3 mm, 5 mm, 7 mm, 9 mm, 12 mm, 18 mm, 25 mm.

Flashlight, Night Vision (#93588)—Celestron’spremium

model for astronomy, using two red LEDs to preserve night

vision better than red ﬁlters or other devices. Brightness is

adjustable.Operatesonasingle9voltbattery(included).

Filter, Light Pollution Reduction UHC/LPR (#94123)—

These ﬁlters are designed to

enhance your views of deep sky

astronomical objects when viewed

from urban areas. LPR Filters

selectively reduce the transmission

of certain wavelength of light,

speciﬁcally those produced by

artiﬁcial lights. This includes mercury

and high and low pressure sodium

vapor lights. In addition, they also

blockunwantednaturallight(sky

glow)causedbyneutraloxygen

emission in our atmosphere.

Filter, Solar 114LCM (#94229)—TheAstroSolar

ﬁlter is a

safe and durable ﬁlter that covers the front opening of the

telescope. View sunspots and other solar features using this

double-sided metal coated ﬁlter for uniform density and good

color balance across the entire ﬁeld. The Sun offers constant

changes and will keep your observing interesting and fun.

PowerTank (#18774)—12V7Amphourrechargeablepower

supply. Comes with two 12v output cigarette outlets, built-in

red ﬂash light, Halogen emergency spotlight. AC adapter and

cigarette lighter adapter included.

RS-232 Cable (#93920)—AllowsyourLCMtelescopetobe

controlled using a laptop computer or PC. Once connected,

the LCM can be controlled using popular astronomy

software programs.

Sky Maps (#93722)—CelestronSkyMapsaretheideal

teaching guide for learning the night sky. You wouldn’t set off

on a road trip without a road map, and you don’t need to try to

navigate the night sky without a map either. Even if you already

know your way around the major constellations, these maps can

help you locate all kinds of fascinating objects.

Vibration Suppression Pads (#93503)—Thesepadsrest

between the ground and tripod feet of your telescope. They

reduce the amplitude and vibration time of your telescope

when shaken by the wind or an accidental bump.

A full description of all Celestron accessories can be

found on our web site at www.celestron.com

uhc/LPr FiLTer - #94123

appendIx a - TeChnICal speCIfICaTIons

opTICal speCIfICaTIons

LCM 60 LCM 70 LCM 76 LCM 80 LCM 90 LCM 114

Design Refractor Refractor Reﬂector Refractor Refractor Reﬂector

Aperture 60 mm 70 mm 76 mm 80 mm 90 mm 114 mm

Focal Length 700 mm 900 mm 700 mm 900 mm 660 mm 1000 mm

F/ratio of the

Optical System

12 13 9 11 7 9

Optical

Coatings

Fully Coated Fully Coated Aluminum Fully Coated Fully Coated Aluminum

Highest Useful

Magniﬁcation

142x 165x

180x

189x 213x 269x

Resolution:

Rayleigh Criterion

Dawes Limit

2.31 arc

seconds

1.93 arc

seconds

1.99 arc

seconds

1.66 arc

seconds

1.83 arc

seconds

1.53 arc

seconds

1.73 arc

seconds

1.45 arc

seconds

1.55 arc

seconds

1.29 arc

seconds

1.21 arc

seconds

1.02 arc

seconds

Light

Gathering Power

73x

unaided eye

100x

unaided eye

118x

unaided eye

131x

unaided eye

165x

unaided eye

265x

unaided eye

Field of View:

Standard

Eyepiece

1.5º 1.2º 1.5º 1.2º 1.6º 1.1º

Linear Field

of View

(at1000yds)

79 feet 61 feet 79 feet 61 feet 84 feet 59 feet

Eyepiece

Magniﬁcation:

28x(25mm)

78x(9mm)

36x(25mm)

100x(9mm)

28x(25mm)

78x(9mm)

36x(25mm)

100x(9mm)

26x(25mm)

73x(9mm)

40x(25mm)

111x(9mm)

Optical

Tube Length

29 inches

36 inches 27 inches 36 inches 27 inches 18 inches

eleCTronIC speCIfICaTIons

Input Voltage 12 V DC Nominal

Batteries Required 8 AA Alkaline

Power Supply Requirements 12VDC-750mA(Tippositive)

meChanICal speCIfICaTIons

Motor: Type / Resolution DC Servo motors with encoders, both axes / 0.691 arc seconds

Slew speeds Nine slew speeds: 3º /sec, 2º /sec, 1º/sec, 64x, 32x, 16x, 8x, 4x, 2x

Hand Control

Double line, 16 character Liquid Crystal Display

19 ﬁber optic backlit LED buttons

sofTware speCIfICaTIons

Ports RS-232 communication port on hand control

Tracking Rates Sidereal, Solar and Lunar

Tracking Modes Alt-Az, EQ North & EQ South

Alignment Procedures Sky Align, Auto Two-Star, Two-Star, One-Star, Solar System Align

Database

99 user deﬁned programmable objects

Expanded information on over 100 objects

Total Object Database 4,033 Objects

appendIx b - glossary of Terms

A –

Absolute The apparent magnitude that a star

magnitude would have if it were observed from a

standard distance of 10 parsecs, or 32.6 light–

years. The absolute magnitude of the Sun is

4.8. at a distance of 10 parsecs, it would just

be visible on Earth on a clear moonless night

away from surface light.

Airy disk The apparent size of a star’s disk produced

even by a perfect optical system. Since

the star can never be focused perfectly, 84

per cent of the light will concentrate into a

single disk, and 16 per cent into a system of

surrounding rings.

Alt–Azimuth A telescope mounting using two

Mounting independent rotation axes allowing

movement of the instrument in Altitude

and Azimuth.

Altitude In astronomy, the altitude of a celestial object

is its Angular Distance above or below the

celestial horizon.

Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s primary lens or

mirror;thelargertheaperture,thegreaterthe

telescope’s light–gathering power.

Apparent A measure of the relative brightness of a

Magnitude star or other celestial object as perceived

by an observer on Earth.

Arc minute A unit of angular size equal to 1/60 of

a degree.

Arc second A unit of angular size equal to 1/3,600 of a

degree(or1/60ofanarcminute).

Asterism A small unofﬁcial grouping of stars in the

night sky.

Asteroid A small, rocky body that orbits a star.

Astrology The pseudoscientiﬁc belief that the positions

of stars and planets exert an inﬂuence on

humanaffairs;astrologyhasnothingin

common with astronomy.

Astronomical The distance between the Earth and the Sun.

unit (AU) It is equal to 149,597,900 km., usually

rounded off to 150,000,000 km.

Aurora The emission of light when charged particles

from the solar wind slams into and excites

atoms and molecules in a planet’s

upper atmosphere.

Azimuth The angular distance of an object eastwards

along the horizon, measured from due north,

betweentheastronomicalmeridian(the

vertical line passing through the center of the

sky and the north and south points on the

horizon)andtheverticallinecontainingthe

celestial body whose position is to

be measured.

B –

Binary Stars Binary(Double)starsarepairsofstars

that, because of their mutual gravitational

attraction, orbit around a common center of

mass. If a group of three or more stars revolve

around one another, it is called a multiple

system. It is believed that approximately

50 percent of all stars belong to binary or

multiple systems. Systems with individual

components that can be seen separately by

a telescope are called visual binaries or visual

multiples. The nearest “star” to our solar

system, Alpha Centauri, is actually our nearest

example of a multiple star system, it consists

of three stars, two very similar to our Sun and

one dim, small, red star orbiting around one

another.

C –

Celestial The projection of the Earth’s equator

Equator on to the celestial sphere. It divides the sky

into two equal hemispheres.

Celestial pole The imaginary projection of Earth’s rotational

axis north or south pole onto the

celestial sphere.

Celestial An imaginary sphere surrounding the Earth,

Sphere concentric with the Earth’s center.

Collimation The act of putting a telescope’s optics into

perfect alignment.

D –

Declination The angular distance of a celestial body

(DEC) north or south of the celestial equator. It may

be said to correspond to latitude on the

surface of the Earth.

E –

Ecliptic The projection of the Earth’s orbit on to the

celestial sphere. It may also be deﬁned as

“the apparent yearly path of the Sun against

the stars.”

Equatorial A telescope mounting in which the instrument

mount is set upon an axis which is parallel to the

 axisoftheEarth;theangleoftheaxismustbe

equal to the observer’s latitude.

F –

Focal length Thedistancebetweenalens(ormirror)and

the point at which the image of an object at

inﬁnity is brought to focus. The focal length

divided by the aperture of the mirror or lens is

termed the focal ratio.

G –

GoTo Term used to refer to a computerized

telescopeortotheactofslewing(moving)a

computerized telescope.

J –

Jovian Planets Any of the four gas giant planets that are

at a greater distance form the sun than the

terrestrial planets.

K –

Kuiper Belt A region beyond the orbit of Neptune

extending to about 1000 AU which is a source

of many short period comets.

L –

Light–Year (ly) A light–year is the distance light traverses in a

vacuum in one year at the speed of 186,000

mi/sec.(299,792km/sec.)With31,557,600

seconds in a year, the light–year equals a

distanceof5.88trillionmiles(9.46trillionkm).

M –

Magnitude Magnitude is a measure of the brightness

of a celestial body. The brightest stars are

assigned magnitude 1 and those increasingly

fainter from 2 down to magnitude 5. The

faintest star that can be seen without a

telescope is about magnitude 6. Each

magnitude step corresponds to a ratio of 2.5

in brightness. Thus a star of magnitude 1 is

2.5 times brighter than a star of magnitude 2,

and 100 times brighter than a magnitude 5

star. The brightest star, Sirius, has an apparent

magnitude of –1.6, the full moon is –12.7,

and the Sun’s brightness, expressed on a

magnitude scale, is –26.78. The zero point of

the apparent magnitude scale is arbitrary.

Meridian A reference line in the sky that starts at the

North celestial pole and ends at the South

celestial pole and passes through the zenith. If

you are facing South, the meridian starts from

your Southern horizon and passes directly

overhead to the North celestial pole.

Messier A French astronomer in the late 1700’s who

was primarily looking for comets. Comets are

hazy diffuse objects and so Messier cataloged

objects that were not comets to help his

search. This catalog became the Messier

Catalog, M1 through M110.

N –

Nebula Interstellar cloud of gas and dust. Also

refers to any celestial object that has a

cloudy appearance.

North Celestial The point in the Northern hemisphere around

Pole which all the stars appear to rotate. This is

caused by the fact that the Earth is rotating on

an axis that passes through the North and

South celestial poles. The star Polaris lies less

than a degree from this point and is therefore

referred to as the “Pole Star”.

Nova Although Latin for “new” it denotes a star that

suddenly becomes explosively bright at the

end of its life cycle.

O –

Open Cluster One of the groupings of stars that are

concentrated along the plane of the Milky

Way. Most have an asymmetrical appearance

and are loosely assembled. They contain from

a dozen to many hundreds of stars.

P –

Parallax Parallax is the difference in the apparent

position of an object against a background

when viewed by an observer from two

different locations. These positions and the

actual position of the object form a triangle

fromwhichtheapexangle(theparallax)and

the distance of the object can be determined

if the length of the baseline between the

observing positions is known and the angular

direction of the object from each position at

the ends of the baseline has been measured.

The traditional method in astronomy of

determining the distance to a celestial object

is to measure its parallax.

Parfocal Refers to a group of eyepieces that all require

the same distance from the focal plane of the

telescope to be in focus. This means when

you focus one parfocal eyepiece all the other

parfocal eyepieces, in a particular line of

eyepieces, will be in focus.

Parsec The distance at which a star would show

parallax of one second of arc. It is equal to

3.26 light–years, 206,265 astronomical units,

or30,800,000,000,000km.(Apartfromthe

Sun,nostarlieswithinoneparsecofus.)

Point Source An object which cannot be resolved into an

image because it to too far away or too small

is considered a point source. A planet is far

away but it can be resolved as a disk. Most

stars cannot be resolved as disks, they are too

far away.

R –

Reﬂector A telescope in which the light is collected by

means of a mirror.

Resolution The minimum detectable angle an optical

system can detect. Because of diffraction,

there is a limit to the minimum angle,

resolution. The larger the aperture, the better

the resolution.

Right The angular distance of a celestial

Ascension:(RA) objectmeasuredinhours,minutes,and

seconds along the Celestial Equator eastward

from the Vernal Equinox.

S –

Sidereal Rate This is the angular speed at which the Earth

is rotating. Telescope tracking motors drive

the telescope at this rate. The rate is 15 arc

seconds per second or 15 degrees per hour.

T –

Terminator The boundary line between the light and dark

portion of the moon or a planet.

U –

Universe The totality of astronomical things, events,

relations and energies capable of being

described objectively.

V –

Variable Star A star whose brightness varies over time

due to either inherent properties of the star

or something eclipsing or obscuring the

brightness of the star.

W –

Waning Moon The period of the moon’s cycle between

full and new, when its illuminated portion

is decreasing.

Waxing Moon The period of the moon’s cycle between

new and full, when its illuminated portion

is increasing.

Z –

Zenith The point on the Celestial Sphere directly

above the observer.

Zodiac The zodiac is the portion of the Celestial

Sphere that lies within 8 degrees on either

side of the Ecliptic. The apparent paths of

the Sun, the Moon, and the planets, with the

exception of some portions of the path of

Pluto, lie within this band. Twelve divisions,

or signs, each 30 degrees in width, comprise

the zodiac. These signs coincided with the

zodiacal constellations about 2,000 years

ago. Because of the Precession of the Earth’s

axis, the Vernal Equinox has moved westward

byabout30degreessincethattime;the

signs have moved with it and thus no longer

coincide with the constellations.

appendIx C – maps of TIme Zones

sky maps

2835ColumbiaStreet•Torrance,CA90503U.S.A.

Telephone:310.328.9560•Fax:310.212.5835

Allrightsreserved.•PrintedinChina•01-11

22050-INST•$10.00

Product design and speciﬁcations are subject to change

without prior notiﬁcation.

Designed and intended for those 13 years of age and older.

FCC Statement

This device complies with Part 15 of FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:

1. This device may not cause harmful interference, and

2. This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.

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