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Looking at or near the Sun will cause instant and irreversible damage to your eye! 33

appendIx d: basIc astronomy

Appendix D: Basic astronomy

In the early 17th century Italian Scientist Galileo, using a telescope smaller

than your Messier, turned it skyward instead of looking at the distant trees

and mountains. What he saw, and what he realized about what he saw,

has forever changed the way mankind thinks about the universe. Imagine

what it must have been like being the first human to see moons revolve

around the planet Jupiter or to see the changing phases of Venus! Because

of his observations, Galileo correctly realized Earth‘s movement and posi-

tion around the Sun, and in doing so, gave birth to modern astronomy. Yet

Galileo‘s telescope was so crude, he could not clearly make out the rings of

Saturn.

Galileo‘s discoveries laid the foundation for understanding the motion

and nature of the planets, stars, and galaxies. Building on his foundation,

Henrietta Leavitt determined how to measure the distance to stars, Edwin

Hubble gave us a glimpse into the possible origin of the universe, Albert

Einstein unraveled the crucial relationship of time and light, and 21st-

century astronomers are currently discovering planets around stars outside

our solar system. Almost daily, using sophisticated successors to Galileo‘s

telescope, such as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-Ray

Telescope, more and more mysteries of the universe are being probed

and understood. We are living in the golden age of astronomy. Unlike

other sciences, astronomy welcomes contributions from amateurs. Much

of the knowledge we have on subjects such as comets, meteor showers,

double and variable stars, the Moon, and our solar system comes from

observations made by amateur astronomers. So as you look through your

Bresser Messier-Series telescope, keep in mind Galileo. To him, a telescope

was not merely a machine made of glass and metal, but something far

more—a window of incredible discovery. Each glimpse offers a potential

secret waiting to be revealed.

Objects in Space

Listed below are some of the many astronomical objects that can be seen

with your Messer series telescope:

The Moon

The Moon is, on average, a distance of 239,000 miles (380,000km) from

Earth and is best observed during its crescent or half phase when Sunlight

strikes the Moon’s surface at an angle. It casts shadows and adds a sense

of depth to the view (Fig. 50).

No shadows are seen during a full Moon, causing the overly bright Moon to

appear flat and rather uninteresting through the telescope. Be sure to use a

neutral Moon filter when observing the Moon. Not only does it protect your

eyes from the bright glare of the Moon, but it also helps enhance contrast,

providing a more dramatic image.

Using your Messier-Series telescope, brilliant detail can be observed on the

Moon, including hundreds of lunar craters and maria, described below.

Craters are round meteor impact sites covering most of the Moon’s surface.

With no atmosphere on the Moon, no weather conditions exist, so the only

erosive force is meteor strikes. Under these conditions, lunar craters can

last for millions of years.

Maria (plural for mare) are smooth, dark areas scattered across the lunar

surface. These dark areas are large ancient impact basins that were filled

with lava from the interior of the Moon by the depth and force of a meteor

or comet impact.

Fig. 42: The moon. Note the deep

shadows in the craters.

Fig. 43: The giant planet, Jupiter.

The four largest moons can be

observed in a different position

every night.

Fig. 43a: Jupiter, here in a higher

magnification. Note the detailed

cloud structures.

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