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Acronis
Disk Director Server 10.0
User’s guide
2
Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010. All rights reserved.
Windows and MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
All other trademarks and copyrights referred to are the property of their respective
owners.
Distribution of substantively modified versions of this document is prohibited without the
explicit permission of the copyright holder.
Distribution of the work or derivative work in any standard (paper) book form for
commercial purposes is prohibited unless prior permission is obtained from the copyright
holder.
DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED «AS IS» AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS,
REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT,
ARE DISCLAIMED, EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT THAT SUCH DISCLAIMERS ARE HELD TO BE
LEGALLY INVALID.
Third party code may be provided with the Software and/or Service. The license terms for
such third-parties are detailed in the license.txt file located in the root installation
directory. You can always find the latest up-to-date list of the third party code and the
associated license terms used with the Software and/or Service at
http://kb.acronis.com/content/7696.
Table of contents
Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
3
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 5
1.1 WHAT IS ACRONIS DISK DIRECTOR SERVER? ...................................................................................... 5
1.2 WHAT’S NEW IN ACRONIS DISK DIRECTOR SERVER 10.0? ................................................................... 5
1.3 SOFTWARE USE CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................ 6
1.4 TECHNICAL SUPPORT ........................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2. INSTALLATION AND USE ............................................................................................. 7
2.1 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.2 INSTALLATION PROCESS ...................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 UPGRADING ACRONIS DISK DIRECTOR SERVER .................................................................................. 8
2.4 REMOVING SOFTWARE ........................................................................................................................ 8
2.5 USER INTERFACE ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.6 BEFORE YOU RUN ACRONIS DISK DIRECTOR SERVER ......................................................................... 8
2.7 RUNNING ACRONIS DISK DIRECTOR SERVER ....................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 3. BEGINNING THE WORK .............................................................................................. 11
3.1 ACRONIS DISK DIRECTOR SERVER LOGICAL ORGANIZATION ............................................................ 11
3.2 ACRONIS DISK DIRECTOR SERVER MAIN WINDOW ........................................................................... 12
3.3 CALLING PARTITION OPERATIONS ..................................................................................................... 13
3.4 PARTITION OPERATION PROPERTIES .................................................................................................. 14
3.5 PROTECTING ACRONIS DISK DIRECTOR SERVER WITH A PASSWORD................................................ 18
3.6 VIEWING LOGS ................................................................................................................................... 19
CHAPTER 4. AUTOMATIC PARTITION OPERATIONS ................................................................ 20
4.1 CREATING A NEW PARTITION ............................................................................................................ 20
4.2 INCREASING PARTITION FREE SPACE ................................................................................................. 29
4.3 COPYING PARTITIONS ........................................................................................................................ 31
CHAPTER 5. MANUAL PARTITION OPERATIONS ........................................................................ 36
5.1 MAIN PARTITION OPERATIONS .......................................................................................................... 36
5.2 ADDITIONAL PARTITION OPERATIONS ............................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 6. WORKING IN THE COMMAND-LINE MODE.......................................................... 65
6.1 SUPPORTED COMMANDS .................................................................................................................... 65
6.2 DISKDIRECTORCMD.EXE USAGE EXAMPLES ........................................................................................ 66
CHAPTER 7. WORKING WITH ACRONIS RECOVERY EXPERT ............................................... 67
7.1 AUTOMATIC RECOVERY .................................................................................................................... 68
7.2 MANUAL RECOVERY ......................................................................................................................... 71
CHAPTER 8. WORKING WITH ACRONIS DISK EDITOR ............................................................. 74
8.1 GENERAL INFORMATION .................................................................................................................... 74
8.2 THE SELECTION OF THE PARTITION OR A DISK FOR EDITING ............................................................... 74
8.3 MAIN WINDOW OF THE PROGRAM ..................................................................................................... 75
8.4 EDIT HARD DISKS .............................................................................................................................. 76
8.5 WRITE BLOCK TO A FILE AND READ FROM A FILE ............................................................................. 77
8.6 VIEW .................................................................................................................................................. 78
8.7 SEARCH.............................................................................................................................................. 79
8.8 WORKING WITH DIFFERENT ENCODINGS ........................................................................................... 81
CHAPTER 9. BOOTABLE MEDIA BUILDER .................................................................................... 82
9.1 GENERAL INFORMATION .................................................................................................................... 82
9.2 CREATING BOOTABLE MEDIA ............................................................................................................. 82
CHAPTER 7. HARD DISK AND FILE SYSTEMS .............................................................................. 85
A.1 HARD DISK ORGANIZATION ............................................................................................................... 85
A.2 HARD DISK PARTITION ...................................................................................................................... 86
A.3 PARTITION TYPES .............................................................................................................................. 86
A.4 PRIMARY PARTITIONS ........................................................................................................................ 87
A.5 EXTENDED PARTITIONS ..................................................................................................................... 88
A.6 LOGICAL PARTITIONS ........................................................................................................................ 88
Table of contents
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A.7 FORMATTING HARD DISKS ................................................................................................................ 88
A.8 FILE SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................................... 89
A.9 FILE SYSTEM MAIN SPECIFICATIONS ................................................................................................. 89
APPENDIX B. GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................... 93
Introduction
Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
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Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 What is Acronis Disk Director Server?
Acronis Disk Director Server is a complex program that includes partition manager and
hard disk data editing tools. With it, you can:
• Create hard disk partitions
• Resize, move, split and merge partitions without data loss or destruction
• Convert partitions to other file systems without data loss
• Copy (move) partition contents
• Delete partitions
• Create, delete and resize hard disk partitions using the command-line mode
• Recover hard disk partitions that were accidentally deleted or damaged due to a
hardware or software error
• Format, label, assign letters, hide and unhide partitions, set active partitions and
perform additional disk management operations
• Recover boot records, files and folders structure, find lost clusters, remove viruses,
etc.
Some terms of this guide might be unfamiliar. Chapter 7 «Hard Disk And File Systems
» and
Appendix B «Glossary» provide descriptions of some hard disk data storage compo
nents and
used terms.
1.2 What’s new in Acronis Disk Director Server 10.0?
• Splitting/merging partitions
You can split a partition in two, moving the selected folders to the new partition and
leaving the rest of the data on the old one. This operation can also be used for
creating an empty partition from another partition’s free space. You can merge two
partitions, as well, even if their file systems are different. All data will stay intact and
reside on the resulting partition.
• Exploring and managing partitions contents
You can explore or manage partition contents before configuring operations on that
partition directly from Acronis Disk Director Server. It enables you to copy, paste,
rename and delete files and folders, create folders on the selected partition, and
even edit text files.\
• Working in the command-line mode
An administrator might need a console interface to create, delete and resize the
partitions. Acronis Disk Director Server supports this mode with
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
diskdirectorcmd.exe utility. The file is located in a folder where Acronis Disk
Director Server has been installed, by default it is C:\Program
Files\Acronis\DiskDirector.
• Viewing logs
Acronis Disk Director Server now keeps working logs. They store information about
implemented partition operations, including reasons for failure, if any.
• The new Bootable Media Builder, common for all Acronis products
The new Bootable Media Builder is able to create bootable media for every Acronis
product installed on the computer, or one bootable disk for several products. It also
supports creating a bootable disk ISO image on the hard disk and storing the
bootable programs versions on PXE server.
1.3 Software use conditions
The conditions of use are listed in the supplied «License Agreement». The unique serial
number is the confirmation of your legal purchase and usage of Acronis Disk Director
Server on your system.
Under current legislation, the «License Agreement» is considered a contract between you
and Acronis Inc. The contract is a legal document and its violation may result in legal
action.
Illegal use and/or distribution of this software will be prosecuted.
1.4 Technical support
Users who have legally purchased and registered their copy of Acronis Disk Director Server
will receive free technical support from Acronis. If you have installation or working problems
that you can’t solve by yourself using this manual and the readme.txt file, e-mail the
technical support team. You will need to provide the serial number of your Acronis Disk
Director Server copy bundled with the program.
Before you do this, you will have to register your copy at:
http://www.acronis.com/enterprise/my/products/registration/ .
Support URL:
http://www.acronis.com/support/
Installation And Use
Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
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Chapter 2. Installation And Use
2.1 System Requirements
To take full advantage of Acronis Disk Director Server you should have:
• A PC-compatible computer with a Pentium or similar CPU
• 128 MB RAM
• A floppy or a CD-RW/DVD-RW drive
• A mouse (recommended)
2.2 Supported operating systems
• Windows NT Server
• Windows 2000 Server
• Windows 2000 Advanced Server
• Windows 2003 Server
• Windows 2003 Server x64 Edition.
2.3 Installation Process
2.3.1 Acronis Disk Director Server installation
To install Acronis Disk Director Server:
1. Run the installation program.
2. Follow the setup program instructions.
3. You will be prompted to choose Typical, Custom or Complete installation. If you
pick Custom, you can choose not to install the Bootable Media Builder, a tool for
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
creating bootable media (see Chapter 9 “Bootable Media Builder”). You might not need
this tool if you purchased a boxed product that contains a bootable CD.
If you have another Acronis product with its own Bootable Media Builder, such as Acronis
True Image, installed on your computer, the installation program will automatically detect
it and will not install another Bootable Media Builder regardless of your setting. You can
create bootable media for all Acronis products using either product.
4. After installation, reboot your PC.
2.4 Upgrading Acronis Disk Director Server
If you already have Acronis Disk Director Server installed on your PC, the installation
program will automatically find it and prompt you on its replacement with the new
version.
Software upgrades (with certain bug fixes) may be downloaded free from the Acronis
Web site:
http://www.acronis.com/support/updates/.
2.5 Removing Software
To remove Acronis Disk Director Server, select Start → Settings → Control Panel →
Add or Remove Programs
→ Acronis Disk Director Server → Remove. You will
see a dialog to confirm removal. Click Yes to confirm and Acronis Disk Director Server will
be completely removed.
2.6 User Interface
When Acronis Disk Director Server software is installed, it has a graphical user interface
that is controlled by the mouse or by Tab, Shift+Tab,
Left, Right, Up, Down, Space,
Enter and Escape keys.
If you regularly work with Windows or X Window applications, you should not encounter
any problems with the Acronis Disk Director Server interface.
Acronis Disk Director Server uses a series of dialogs requiring the user to choose among
several actions or to mark partitions or disks to be manipulated.
2.7 Before You Run Acronis Disk Director Server
PLEASE NOTE: Operations on system, application or data partitions must be done very
carefully to avoid potential hard disk booting or data storage problems.
Acronis Disk Director Server has been thoroughly tested to work with numerous hard
disks, so if problems arise, they are likely caused by improper use, not the software.
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A power loss, turning off the PC or pressing the Reset button on your PC during the
repartitioning procedure could result in partition damage and data loss.
Please take all necessary precautions and following these simple rules:
1. Create a disk image of the disk on which partitions are to be reconfigured. This will
ensure that your data will not be lost under any circumstances.
Almost all current PCs feature CD-RW drives. Having your most important data backed up
to a hard disk or CD will enable you to work on the disk partitions with full confidence that
your data is safe.
Acronis offers extremely effective hard disk and partition disk imaging software — Acronis
True Image (visit
http://www.acronis.com/products/trueimage/). It creates a backup stored
in a compressed archive file whose contents can be restored at any time.
2. Test your disk to make sure it’s fully functional and does not contain bad sectors or file
system errors.
You can invoke system hard disk checking tools directly from Acronis Disk Director Server
by selecting Disk
Check or clicking Check the selected partition for errors toolbar
button.
3. Do not perform any partition operations while running other software that has low-
level disk access, such as antivirus or backup tools. Close such programs before running
Acronis Disk Director Server.
If you follow these simple rules, you will protect yourself against data loss.
2.8 Running Acronis Disk Director Server
2.7.1 Running under Windows
Under Windows, select Start Programs Acronis DiskDirector Acronis Disk
Director Server.
Under Windows, Acronis Disk Director Server
can perform operations on any partitions,
including primary, logical, system or data
without
rebooting your PC.
2.7.2 Running Acronis Disk Director Server for the first time
When you run the program for the first time, you will be prompted to choose whether you
want to work in Automatic Mode or Manual Mode.
Automatic Mode provides enough functionality to create almost any partition configuration
on your PC hard disks.
If you need a detailed partition structure representation with a complete set of partition
operations and controls, select Manual Mode.
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You can switch between modes at any time (see 3.1.3 «Switching modes»).
2.7.3 Running from bootable diskettes or CD
Previously, we explained how to create bootable diskettes or a CD (see
2.2 «Installation
Process»). While working with Acronis Disk Director Server, you may need to use the
bootable media: (1) after a serious Windows failure or (2) to work on a Linux-based PC.
(See also
Chapter 9 «Bootable Media Builder».)
Your PC BIOS must be set correctly to boot and run the software from bootable diskettes
or CD.
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
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Chapter 3. Beginning The Work
3.1 Acronis Disk Director Server Logical Organization
Acronis Disk Director Server provides two operation modes (see 2.7 «Running Acronis Disk
Director Server»):
• «Automatic partition operations» mode is designed for the most frequent
operations suitable for the majority of users
• «Manual partition operations» mode for any partition operations. This mode is
intended for experienced users with some knowledge of disk data storage
organization; it provides full operational control
3.1.1 Automatic partition operations
In this mode, all actions are performed through task-based wizards.
• Create partition wizard — enables you to create a partition from unallocated disk space
or other partitions
• Increase free space wizard — enables you to enlarge a partition at the expense of
unallocated disk space or other partitions
• Copy partition wizard — enables you to copy a partition
• Recover partitions wizard – enables you to recover any deleted or damaged partitions.
Working with Recover partitions wizard is described in detail in a separate chapter of this
guide. See the section
Chapter 6 «Working with Acronis Recovery Expert». With these
wizards, even an inexperienced user will be able to perform the recovery operations
using step-by-step instructions.
3.1.2 Manual partition operations
In this mode, experienced users have access to all Acronis Disk Director Server features.
Partition operations are performed by entering necessary parameters into dialog boxes.
The main difference between the automatic and manual modes is that wizards perform
operations series in the automatic mode and only single disk/partition operations in the
manual mode.
3.1.3 Switching modes
Having selected an operation mode during installation (see
2.2 «Installation Process»),
you can switch to another mode at any time. Select View
Automatic Mode for the
automatic mode or View
Manual Mode for the manual.
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
3.2 Acronis Disk Director Server Main Window
The program is controlled through the main window. It includes the menu, toolbar, and
disk and partition tree (shown/hidden through the View menu). This represents the
computer disk and partition list.
The main window appearance differs depending on the selected operation mode (see
3.1
«Acronis Disk Director Server Logical Organization»). The difference applies to the
available operation list in the main menu, partition context menus, sidebar and toolbar,
and the amount of partition structure details represented.
Acronis Disk Director Server main window, Automatic Mode
In the manual partition operations mode, the main window also includes all unallocated
disk space, while only partitions are shown in the automatic mode. Partition creation, free
space and copy wizards automatically recognize unallocated disk space in this mode.
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Acronis Disk Director Server main window, Manual Mode
Disk and partition information
The main window shows the partition’s disk number, assigned letter, label, type, status,
size, free space size and file system. Disk and partition information is also provided in the
partition and disk tree.
The bottom part of the main window graphically indicates the selected disk and its
partitions as rectangles with basic data on them (label, letter, size, type, file system).
3.3 Calling Partition Operations
All partition operations in both modes are called and executed similarly.
3.3.1 Calling the main operations
Any operation can be launched:
• By selecting it from the Disk submenu
• From customizable toolbars
• From the partition context menu (both in the main window and the graphical panel)
• From Operations and Advanced sidebar lists
Note that the list of available operations in the Disk submenu and the Operations
sidebar
depends on the selected partition type. This holds true for unallocated space as well.
3.3.2 Advanced operations
Advanced operations are:
• Convert — convert the FAT16 partition file system to FAT32, Ext2 to Ext3, and vice
versa
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• Hide/Unhide — hide/unhide a partition
• Set Active — set an active partition
• Resize Root — resize FAT16 partition root
• Change Bytes per i-node — resize i-node table (Linux Ext2/Ext3)
• Change Cluster Size — change FAT16/FAT32 partition cluster size
• Change Type — change partition type
• Recover — recover deleted or damaged partitions (see Chapter 6 Chapter 7 «Working
with Acronis Recovery Expert»).
• Edit — edit hard disk data (see Chapter 8 «Working with Acronis Disk Editor»).
Advanced partition operations are called from the Advanced sidebar list, the same partition
context menu item or toolbar button.
Note that the additional operations list of the partition context menu or toolbar depends
on the s
election of a partition type. For example, the FAT16 partition menu contains
Advanced
Resize Root; this is absent in the FAT32 partition menu. The Linux Ext2/Ext3
partition context menu contains Advanced
Change Bytes per i-node, which is not found on
the FAT menus.
3.3.3 Invoking Acronis Disk Director Server wizards
Wizards are invoked from the Wizards submenu and the corresponding sidebar list. For
example, select Wizards
Create Partition for the partition creation wizard.
3.4 Partition Operation Properties
3.4.1 Displaying operation results
Results of any disk partition operation are immediately displayed in the Acronis Disk
Director Server main window.
If you create a partition, it will be immediately shown in the hard disk partition list in the
main window, as well as in graphical form on the bottom of the main windows.
Any partition changes, including resizing, relocating and labeling are also immediately
displayed in the main window.
3.4.2 Pending operations
All operations are pending until the user issues the command for the changes to be made
permanent. Until then, Acronis Disk Director Server will only show the new partition
structure that is provided by operations to be performed.
Therefore, you can view the graphical representation of the new partition structure first
and then decide whether to perform or cancel specific operations.
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3.4.3 Viewing delayed operations
All pending operations are added to the pending operations list. You can view it in the
Pending Operations window by clicking Operations
Show:
Pending operations list
This organization enables you to control all planned operations, double-check your
intended work, and undo operations fully or partially, if needed.
3.4.4 Performing pending operations
To execute planned hard disk operations, the user has to select one of the two following
commands:
• Select Operations Commit in the main menu
• Click Commit Pending Operations toolbar button
To prevent you from performing any unintentional change on your disk, the program will
first display the list of all pending operations. Clicking Proceed will launch their
execution. You will not be able to undo any actions or operations after you Proceed the
operation.
3.4.5 Modifying pending operations
All of your actions result in the creation of pending operations. For example, you can
create a new partition by providing its type, file system, size, location and label. You
can easily view the pending operation for the partition you are working on (see
3.4.3
«Viewing delayed operations»).
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You can always change any operation parameter, including type, file system, size,
location, etc. before performing the operation. Using Change type, Convert, Move, Resize,
and similar operations, you will also see that your actions
do not
result in creating new
pending operations. These actions will only change the existing pending operation
parameters.
If you decide to change the label of a different, existing partition, Acronis Disk Director
Server will immediately create a new pending operation. Thus the same actions
sometimes result in the creation of a new pending operation or modification of existing
operations.
3.4.6 Undoing user actions
Calling wizards or dialog boxes for planning disk partition operations are user actions.
User entries are necessary operation parameters on the wizard or dialog box pages.
One user action in Acronis Disk Director Server enables you to plan a list of partition
operations, for example, calling a wizard for partition creation or resizing. (You can easily
verify your actions by looking at the Pending Operations when the wizard finishes its
work.)
You can also create a partition by selecting Disk Create Partition. This requires a list of
actions to be performed (enter a label, select partition type, file system, size and
location), resulting in the creation of a single partition create operation only.
The difference between user actions and partition operations should be kept in mind if
you wish to undo user actions.
Any user action in Acronis Disk Director Server can be undone or redone before
committing the operation. To undo a user action:
• Select Operations Undo from the main menu (or press Ctrl+Z)
• Click the Undo Last Action toolbar button
To redo a user action:
• Select Operations Redo from the main menu (or press Ctrl+Y)
• Click the Redo Last Action toolbar button
As user actions result in creating pending partition operations, as mentioned above,
undoing them results in canceling one or more partition operations. And conversely,
redoing a user action results in the addition of one or more pending operations.
Depending on the situation, undoing an action may cancel a pending operation or undo
changes of an existing operation (see
3.4.5 «Modifying pending operations»).
Similarly, redoing an action might add a pending operation to the list again or redo a
change of a pending operation parameter.
You can undo user actions one at a time or all at once by selecting Operations
Undo All.
Similarly, you can redo user actions (along with the corresponding graphical
representation of partition reconfiguration) one-by-
one or all at once by selecting
Operations
Redo All.
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3.4.7 Wizard operations
Pending partition operations created by Acronis Disk Director Server wizards differ in that a
user must provide a list of operation parameters to perform them. Each parameter is entered
on a separate wizard page.
Entering operation parameters, you change wizard pages using Back and Next buttons
until you reach the Preview page with the Finish button.
On the Preview wizard page, you can click Back to return and change any operation
parameter.
After clicking Finish on the last wizard page:
• The new partition structure is graphically represented in the Acronis Disk Director
Server main window
• The wizard creates a list of pending operations; you can see it by selecting Operations
Show
Remember that no actions are performed on your disks when the wizard finishes working!
If you are sure that the new structure is suitable, select Operations
Commit or click
Commit Pending operations. Wizard-created pending operations will then be performed at
this time.
Before you select Operations Commit or click Commit Pending operations, you can
undo your actions (calling a wizard) and wizard-created pending operations in the usual
way (selecting Operations Undo or pressing Ctrl+Z) or clicking Undo Last Action.
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Acronis Disk Director Server shows the wizard and its results as a user action by creating
the list of operations. Any pending actions can be fully undone by any of the mentioned
methods, i.e. pressing Undo Last Action will undo a user action and all operations planned
by the wizard.
3.5 Protecting Acronis Disk Director Server With A Password
You should always be aware of possible unauthorized access to your data. To protect
your hard disk, partition, applications and data, Acronis Disk Director Server provides
password protection.
If you need to protect Acronis Disk Director Server with a password:
1. Select Disk Set Password.
2. Enter a password in the New Password and Confirm New Password fields in the Set
Password window.
3. Click OK to enable password protection.
After you run the program, you’ll be prompted to enter a password in the Password
Protected window:
If you enter a wrong password, you'll be asked to re-enter it. Clicking Cancel will close the
program.
If you need to change the password:
1. Select Disk Set Password.
2. Enter the old password in the Old Password field and the new password in the New
Password and Confirm New Password fields in the Set Password window.
3. Click OK to enable password protection.
If you protect Acronis Disk Director Server with a password and forget it, you will have to
uninstall Acronis Disk Director Server (see 2.4 Removing Software), and install it again.
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3.6 Viewing logs
Acronis Disk Director Server allows users to view its working logs. They provide
information about partition operations, including reasons for failure, if any.
To invoke the log window, select Show log on the toolbar or from the Tools menu.
The log browsing window contains two panes: the left one features the log list, while the
right one shows selected log contents.
The left panel can contain up to 50 logs. If there are more, you can browse the list using
the More and Less buttons with the left and right arrows.
To delete a log, select it and click Delete.
If any step was terminated by an error, the corresponding log will be marked with a red
circle with a white cross inside.
The right window features the list of steps contained in the selected log. The three
buttons to the right control message filters: the white cross in the red circle filters error
messages, the exclamation sign in a yellow triangle filters warnings, and the “i” in the
blue circle filters information messages.
To select columns (step parameters) to display, right-click the headers line or left-click the
Choose Details button. Then check the desired parameters.
To sort messages by a particular parameter, click its header (click again to reverse order)
or the Arrange Icons by button (the second from the right) and select the desired
parameter.
You can also change column width by dragging the borders with a mouse.
Automatic Partition Operations
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
Chapter 4. Automatic Partition Operations
The «Automatic partition operations» mode enables you to perform the following typical
operations:
• Create a new partition
• Increase partition free space
• Copy a partition
• Recover partitions
These operations are performed with wizards, enabling you to enter operation parameters
step-by-step and return to any step as needed. Each parameter is provided with detailed
instructions.
For a detailed description of the Recover Partitions Wizard see section «Working with
Acronis Recovery Expert»
4.1 Creating A New Partition
You might need a new hard disk partition to:
• Store several same-type files — for example, an MP3 collection or video files on a
partition
• Store backups (images) of other partitions/disks on a partition
• Install a new operating system (or swap file) on a partition
Create partition wizard lets you create a partition of any type (Active, Primary or
Logical), select a file system, label, assign a letter, and other disk management functions.
1. If you need to create a partition:
1. Run the create partition wizard by selecting Wizards Create partition or a similar
Wizards list item on the sidebar, or by clicking
Create partition on the toolbar.
2. The wizard will analyze computer disks and partitions. If the wizard finds unallocated
space, you will see the Action Selection wizard page.
It will ask you to select how to create a new partition:
(1) using disk unallocated space.
(2) using existing partitions free space
Unallocated space is the space not used by any existing partitions. In contrast, partition
free space is the space free from any data.
Automatic Partition Operations
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Partition creation method selection window
2. If you want to create a partition using unallocated disk space:
1. Set the switch to Unallocated space.
2. The wizard will offer to create a partition on the largest unallocated area.
For example, if you have 5 GB and 12 GB unallocated areas, the wizard will offer to
create a partition on the 12 GB area.
If you want to create a partition on the 5 GB unallocated space, you will have to reject the
wizard’s suggestion and simply select this area and click Create a new partition. You can do
this in the «Manual partition operations» mode.
3. On the Partition Size wizard page, set the partition size.
New partition size window
Automatic Partition Operations
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4. On the next wizard page, select partition type — Active (Active Primary), Primary or
Logical.
5. Typically Primary is selected to install an operating system to a partition. If the
partition is for data storage, select Logical.
6. Select Active if you want to install an operating system on this partition to boot at
startup.
Note that if you enter a size of more than
2 GB, you will not be able to use the FAT16 file
system on this partition. It will be disabled in the File System wizard page.
Partition type selection window
A hard disk can contain up to four primary partitions. If t
hey already exist, Active and
Primary options will be disabled and you will be able to select only the Logical partition
type.
7. On the next File System wizard page, select a file system. The wizard will offer you
one of the Windows file systems — FAT16, FAT32 or NTFS, — or Linux file systems —
EXT2, EXT3, ReiserFS, Swap — or to leave the partition Unformatted.
More details about the properties of main file systems, the operating systems, and disks
are provided in the A.9 «File System Main Specifications» appendix.
Automatic Partition Operations
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23
Partition file system selection window
Selecting a partition file system results in partition formatting, i.e. creating partition
data storage structures
– boot record, file allocation table, etc.
8.
On the next wizard page, you will be asked to select a partition letter.
Partition Logical Drive Letter selection window
At startup, an operating system assigns letters (C:, D:,…) to partitions. These letters are
used by applications and the operating system to locate files on partitions. For example,
C:\Program Files\Acronis\Disk Director\DiskDirector.exe. See also
Appendix B «Glossary»
— «Letter (of a drive, partition)».
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
Hard disk partitions are not only assigned letters, but are also numbered. That means some
operating system partitions are assigned letters and numbers, in others, only numbers.
Create-, delete- and move-partition operations, as well as hiding/unhiding a partition and
direct letter change may result in problems running applications, opening files (as some
shortcuts become unusable) or booting an operating system.
Therefore, when performing partition operations, you must be careful and remember that
each operating system works differently with partition letters. Each OS has its own
partition letter assignment rules.
Windows 98/Me
Windows 98/Me assign partition letters automatically in fixed order, according to these
rules:
• Partition letters start from C: and continue until Z:. The C: partition is considered
system, i.e. used for OS startup.
Note that these OS cannot recognize all partitions, but only 1 (FAT12), 4 and 6 (FAT16),
11 (FAT32), 12 (FAT32 LBA) and 13 (FAT16 LBA) types. File system type is determined
not by partition type, but by its contents. Partitions of other types are passed (no letters are
assigned to them).
•
The first primary active partition found on the first hard disk is assigned C:. If there’s
no such partition, C: is assigned to the first suitable primary partition
• Similarly and consecutively, one of the primary partitions from other hard disks is
considered. They are assigned D:, E:, etc. (If there is no suitable partition found on
the first disk, then C:, D:, etc. are assigned.)
• Next, all suitable logical partitions are considered in the sequence order on the first,
second, third, etc. hard disks. They are assigned E:, F:, G:, for example
• Finally, in order, letters are assigned to all remaining suitable primary partitions of the
first, second, third, etc. disks.
Partition operations in the mentioned operating systems may result in problems running
applications, opening files and other problems if letter assignments change.
Windows NT/2000/XP
Windows NT/2000/XP operating systems' initial letter assignment is done automatically:
similar to Windows 98. Windows NT 4.0 does not support FAT32, but assigns letters to
such partitions.
Please note that letter order in these operating systems can differ depending on the
number of hard disks and other disk drives recognized by the BIOS.
All these operating systems enable you to change initially assigned letters. Partition
create, delete and move operations do not affect letters assigned to other partitions.
Automatic Partition Operations
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25
Assigning a partition a new letter or hiding it will prevent only its applications and files
from running or opening. Other partitions will not be affected by these operations.
OS startup problems may appear if you directly change the letter assigned to the system
partition or a partition with PAGEFILE.SYS swap file.
Hard disk partition letter assignment in various operating systems is further explained in all
guide chapters where the partition operations might affect PC operation or booting.
9.
On the next page, you can enter an optional partition label that will enable you to
distinguish one created partition from another.
In Windows, a partition label is shown in the Explorer disk and folder tree; for example,
WIN98(C:), WINXP(D:), DATA(E:), etc. WIN98, WINXP and DATA are partition labels.
See also Appendix B «Glossary» — «Label».
10.
The last wizard page graphically shows you the new disk partition structure, including
those just created.
Created partition in the disk partition structure
Clicking Finish on this page will make Acronis Disk Director Server create a pending
operation for new partition creation, (your actions may only modify an existing
operation. See
3.4.5 «Modifying pending operations»). The new partition structure will be
graphically represented in the Acronis Disk Director Server main window.
More details about the Finish command results are provided in 3.4.7. «Wizard
operations».
3. If you want to create a new partition using other partition free space:
1. On the Action Selection wizard page, set the switch to Free space of the existing
partitions.
Automatic Partition Operations
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
2. On the Select Hard Disk Drive wizard page, select a disk on which to create a
partition.
Partition disk selection page
Note that this wizard page represents physical disks actually connected to your PC. The
next page shows logical
disks (or partitions) on the selected physical disk. See also
Appendix B «Glossary» — «Physical disk», «Logical disk».
3. On the next Select Partitions wizard page, select the disk partition(s) whose space
you want to use to create a new partition.
This means that if these partitions have free space, their size can be reduced. As a result,
the freed space will be automatically considered as unallocated (not used by any
partitions). A new partition can be created in this space.
Automatic Partition Operations
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27
The window of existing partition selection to create a new partition
By creating a partition using the free space of other partitions, Acronis Disk Director
Server can collect it in such a way that the final partition size is not smaller than
110% of data-occupied space.
When creating a partition with the switch set to Free space of the existing partitions,
you provide a small partition size. If it is possible to create it using unallocated disk
space, the partition will be created this way; the existing partitions will not be resized.
If a partition cannot be created using unallocated space only, then the deficit
will be
taken from existing partitions.
If you do not select a partition to take space from on the Select Partitions wizard page
and there is no unallocated disk space, you will see an error message:
Error message of deficient disk space for partition creation
Automatic Partition Operations
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
In this case, you will have to return to the previous wizard page and select a different
partition from which to take the necessary space.
4 On the Partition Size wizard page, enter the size of the created partition (the wizard
automatically determines minimum and maximum partition sizes).
Created partition size window
5 The next wizard pages provide partition type, file system, letter (if you work in
Windows NT/2000/XP), and optional labeling.
Further actions for partition creation are the same as described in
4.1 «Creating A New
Partition» section.
Clicking Finish on the last wizard page allows Acronis Disk Director Server to create a
pending operation list for new partition creation (these actions may only modify an existing
operation. See 3.4.5 «Modifying pending operations»).
The list will include not only the operation of partition creation itself, but also operations
of partition resizing for creating a new partition.
If you want to create a new partition and there is no free space on disks:
Run the create partition wizard, by clicking
Create a new partition.
You will immediately see the Select Hard Disk Drive wizard page, passing the Action
Selection page.
Further actions for partition creation are the same as described in
4.1 «Creating A New
Partition» section.
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Click Finish on the last wizard page to allow Acronis Disk Director Server to create a
pending operation list for new partition creation (these actions may only modify an existing
operation. See
3.4.5 «Modifying pending operations»).
4.2 Increasing Partition Free Space
You might need to increase partition free space in some cases:
• There is no free space to install new applications or store data
• Some programs, like defragmenters, could stop working correctly if partition
free space is smaller than a certain value
Reducing system partition free space below a certain value might cause operating system
problems. The Increase free space wizard will enable you to enlarge a partition using
other partitions' free space. If there is not enough free space in other partitions, it can
use unallocated disk space.
If you need to increase partition free space:
1. Run the Increase free space wizard by selecting Wizards Increase free space or a
similar item in the Wizards sidebar list or by clicking
Increase free space on a
partition on the toolbar.
2. On the Select Partition To Increase wizard page, select a partition that you want to
enlarge.
Selecting a partition to increase free space
3. On the Select Partitions wizard page, select a disk partition whose space will be used
to increase the selected partition.
Automatic Partition Operations
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
«Enlarging a partition at the expense of another partition» is described above: see
4.1 «Creating A New Partition».
Selecting a partition to use to increase free space
4. On the next wizard page, you will see the maximum size available for the selected
partition. You must select the size yourself.
Entering the size to increase partition free space
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31
Note that although selected partition size is increased at the expense of other partition
space, unallocated space also will be used if needed. Unallocated space is automatically
considered to be the maximum partition size.
5. In the last Preview wizard window, you will see a graphical representation of the
new partition structure, including the resized partition.
Clicking Finish on the last wizard page will allow Acronis Disk Director Server to create
the pending operation list for partition resizing (your actions may only modify an existing
operation. See 3.4.5 «Modifying pending operations»).
The new partition structure will be graphically represented in the Acronis Disk Director
Server main window.
Similar to creating a new partition (see 4.1 «Creating A New Partition»), Acronis Disk
Director Server considers the results of partition free space increase as a single complex
operation that can be undone only as a whole.
4.3 Copying Partitions
Having copied a partition, you get the duplicate of all its data. Partition copy can be used:
• As a partition backup (or rather as a data backup)
• A system partition backup is advised if you want to upgrade the existing operating
system
• To quickly move all data from an old disk to a new disk
We again recommend our backup solution — Acronis True Image. It enables you to create
a backup (image) of a partition and/or entire hard disk in a compressed archive file, while
allowing comments and password protection. See
http://www.acronis.com/products/trueimage/).
The copy partition wizard will let you create a partition copy on the selected disk space. It
can be created on unallocated disk space or at the expense of existing partition space,
inserted between other partitions or resized after comparison with the original. It can also
change the type or file system and assign a label or a letter if needed.
If you need to copy a partition:
1. Run the wizard by selecting Wizards Copy partition or a similar item in the
Wizards sidebar list, or by clicking
Copy a partition on the toolbar.
2. On the Select Partition To Copy wizard page, select a partition to copy.
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
Selecting a partition to copy
3.
On the next Partition Location wizard page, a record of copied partition parameters
will be created.
The page for selecting a disk location for partition copy
You will have to select a copy location on one of the disks, among existing partitions. To
make your selection, click before or after a partition to mark where you want to locate the
copy.
In this example, the copy will be located before the PROGRAM(H:) partition in the figure
below.
Automatic Partition Operations
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33
The copy will be located after the PROGRAM(H:) partition in the figure below.
The figure below shows the result of locating a partition copy after clicking after the
PROGRAM(H:) partition.
You can locate a copy anywhere on
your disk(s). The copy partition wizard will
automatically perform all necessary operations, even if it has to resize or move other
partitions.
1. The selected disk might lack space for a copy. Nevertheless, you can copy a partition
by selecting another partition whose space will be partly used. This can be done in the
Select Partitions window.
Automatic Partition Operations
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
The page to select a partition, which will be partly used for a copy location
If you do not select a partition to be partly used as the copy location on the Select
Partitions wizard page and there is not enough unallocated disk space, you will see an
error message:
Error message showing not enough disk space for a partition copy
In that case, the wizard will prompt you to select a partition from which to take some
space.
If there is not enough space, the partition will not be copied!
2. On the next Partition Size wizard page, you can provide a desired size. The wizard will
automatically determine the minimum and maximum copy size.
Automatic Partition Operations
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35
The page for partition copy size selection
The minimum copy size is determined by the data area size of a copied parti
tion. The
maximum size is determined by the available disk space. It includes the space taken
from a partition and unallocated disk space.
By copying a partition at the expense of existing partition free space, Acronis Disk
Director Server
can take the partition space to make sure that partition size is not
smaller than 110% of data-occupied space.
3. On the next Partition Type wizard page, you can select partition copy type: Active,
Primary and Logical.
As a rule, Primary is selected if a partition contains an operating system. If a partition is
intended for data storage, you should select Logical.
Select Active if you want to boot the partition’s operating system at startup.
By copying a partition at the expense of existing partition free space, Acronis Disk
Director Server
can take the partition space to make sure that partition size is not
smaller than 110% of data-occupied space.
Further actions for copying a partition are the same as described in sections 4-7 of 4.1
«Creating A New Partition».
Copying a partition in Windows 98/Me and assigning it a letter can change the order of
letters assigned to other partitions. As a result, some shortcuts might stop working. For a
detailed discussion of partition letter assignment rules for various operating systems, see
4.1 «Creating A New Partition».
Clicking Finish on the last wizard page will allow Acronis Disk Director Server to create
the pending operation list for copying a partition (your actions may only modify an existing
operation. See
3.4.5 «Modifying pending operations»).
The new partition structure will be graphically represented in the Acronis Disk Director
Server main window.
Manual Partition Operations
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
1. Select a hard disk and a partition to copy.
Selecting a partition to copy
2. Select Disk Copy or a similar item in the Operations sidebar list or click Copy
the selected partition to another free space on the toolbar.
3. Acronis Disk Director Server will automatically compare the size of a copied partition
and disk free space as shown in the Copy Partition window.
Free space available for copying
Note that the unallocated space is smaller than copied partition size, but its data area is
smaller than unallocated space. Therefore copying is possible.
If there is not enough free space to copy a partition on a hard disk, no unallocated space
will be available for selection.
Manual Partition Operations
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39
4. Select the unallocated disk space to copy a selected partition to it.
5. In the next wizard page, enter partition copy type (Logical — Primary), size and
location.
While copying a partition, you might have to change its type. For example, you have to copy
a primary partition, but there are already four primary partitions on the disk. You will be able
to copy it only as a logical partition. If you need to restore the primary partition from a copy,
you will be able to change its type again.
Entering partition copy parameters
The size and location of a partition copy can be provided with a mouse or by entering
data into the Unallocated space before, Partition size (and Unallocated space after) fields.
6. By clicking OK in the Copy Partition wizard, you'll add the pending operation of
partition copying and location (your actions may only undo or modify already
existing operation; see
3.4.5 «Modifying pending operations»).
The new partition structure will be graphically represented in the Acronis Disk Director
Server main window.
Copying a partition in Windows 98/Me and assigning it a letter can change the order of
letters assigned to other partitions. As a result, some shortcuts might stop working. A
detailed discussion of partition letter assignment rules for various operat
ing systems
appears in 4.1 «Creating A New Partition».
5.1.3 Moving a partition to unallocated disk space
You might need to move a partition to:
• Change order of letters assigned by operating system
Manual Partition Operations
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Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
For example, Windows 98/Me, unlike Window
s NT/2000/XP, does not let users assign
random letters to partitions, so you must move a partition to as
sign it the necessary
letter.
• Work with some older OS (MS-DOS, Windows NT 4.0), that can boot only from binary
partitions located in the beginning of the disk
• Speed up partition operations
For example, you might have a special partition for a swap file. If you move this partition
closer to the beginning of a disk, OS might work much faster with it.
•
Change partition configuration
If you need to move a partition to unallocated disk space:
1. Select the hard disk and partition to move.
Selecting a partition to move
2. Select Disk Move or a similar item in the Operations sidebar list or click Move
the selected partition to another free space on the toolbar.
3. Acronis Disk Director Server will automatically compare moved partition size and
available free space, indicating it in the Move Partition window.
Hard Disk And File Systems
Copyright © Acronis, Inc., 2000–2010
85
Appendix A. Hard Disk And File Systems
These appendices contain additional information about hard disk construction and data
storage, partitions, file systems and interaction of operating systems with hard disks.
A.1 Hard Disk Organization
All hard drives have basically the same structure. Inside the case, there are several disks
with a magnetic coating set on a single axis (spindle). A special motor provides the
necessary rotation speed to the spindle, e.g. 5,400 rpm, 7,200 rpm, or 10,000 rpm.
Information on disks resides on concentric tracks. Each track has a number. The
outermost track is number 0, and the numbers grow inwards.
Each of the tracks is divided into sectors that contain minimal information blocks that can
be written to the disk or read from it. Sectors also have numbers. On every disk, there is
a marker that indicates the beginning of sector enumeration. The sector that is the closest
to this marker is number 1.
At the beginning of a sector, there is a header (prefix portion) that marks the beginning
of the sector and its number. At the end of a sector in the suffix portion, a checksum is
used to check data integrity. The data area between the prefix and suffix portions is 512
bytes in size.
Both sides of each disk on the spindle are used to store data. All tracks that have the
same number on all the surfaces of all disks comprise a cylinder. For each work surface of
a disk in the drive, there is a head that enables reading and writing data from/to the disk.
Heads are assembled into a block and are numbered, starting with 0.
To perform an elementary read or write operation, the head block should be positioned at
the necessary cylinder. When the appropriate sector (with the appropriate number in the
service area) of the rotating disks approaches the head, data is exchanged between the
head and the electronic circuit board of the disk drive.
Sector structure of a hard disk is created via low-level formatting during which each of the
tracks of the disk is marked up. This process generally takes place when the drive is
manufactured.
Modern disk drives usually contain relatively few magnetic disks (1–2) to make the head
block lighter and speed up access to sectors (a drive like this has 2–4 heads respectively).
There can be up to several tens of thousands of cylinders per disk. The greater the
amount of data that can be stored on one side of a disk,, the more cylinders can be
created on it and the larger the capacity of the disk.
This design has a lot of technical implementation peculiarities, but those issues are not
germane to this explanation.
… 85 …

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